TiC颗粒增强钛基复合材料的摩擦磨损性能

采用Ti粉末分别与碳化物Mo2C和VC粉末混合,通过冷等静压、真空高温烧结原位生成6种不同成分的TiC颗粒增强钦基复合材料,用UMT-3型摩擦试验机研究合金元素Mo和V以及Mo2C、VC添加量对钛基复合材料干磨擦性能的影响.测定不同样品的洛氏硬度和基体的显微硬度,用金相显微镜(OM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)观察和分析样...     

Microstructure of Fe-Based Alloy Composite Coatings Reinforced by Ti (C0.3 N0.7) Particles Through Laser Cladding Technology

Fc-bascd alloy layer reinforced by Ti(C, N) particles was produced on the surface of cast steel. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used for phase identification in the composite coating. The microstructure of laser cladding layer was analyzed by means of optical microscope (OM), electron probe microscope analyzer (EPMA), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The results show that Ti(C_0.3 N_0.7) particle is introduced by an in-situ metallurgical reaction of TiN particle and graphite powder in the process of laser cladding. The shape of lots of Ti(C_0.3 N_0.7) particle is irregular. The sizes of Ti(C_0.3 N_0.7) particles range from 0.1 to 6.0 μm, and they arc dispersed evenly in the matrix, which is fine dendritic or cellular crystal. A new kind of phase named Ti(C_0.3 N_0.7) particles arc tightly bonded with α-Fe microstructure, and there is a clean and smooth phase interface between ceramic reinforcement phase and the matrix.     

不同陶瓷颗粒增强铁基复合材料力学性能的研究(英文)

Mechanical properties of iron matrix composites reinforced by different types of ceramic particles(SiC,Cr3C2,TiC and Ti(C,N)) prepared by the two-stage resistance sintering were studied experimentally.It was found that tensile strength of SiC/Fe composite shows the highest among the four types of composites.The elongation of all the composites decreases as increasing of reinforcement volume fraction.The stress-strain curves of the composites were simulated by Eshelby approach modeling to reveal the strengthening mechanisms.The modeling and microstructure observations suggest that the strengthening mechanism of the iron matrix composites relies not only on load sharing of the reinforcements but also on reinforcement increasing matrix strength.     

Structure Formation in Alloys of the Cr3C2–TiN System and the Properties of Materials Based on Them

The addition of 10-20% TiN to chromium carbide made it possible to obtain almost pore-free Cr₃C₂–TiN alloy specimens by hot pressing in the range from 1500 to 1850°C at a pressure of 35.7 MPa for 25 min. The 90% Cr₃C₂–10% TiN alloy had the maximum hardness (89 HRA) while the alloy containing 15% TiN had the maximum bending strength (480 MPa). Activation of solid-phase sintering is shown to cause a Cr₃C₂ solid solution to form in the titanium nitride. In alloys containing 50% or more TiN sintering is activated by the formation of a liquid phase based on the Ti–Cr–C–N eutectic.     

钛合金表面硬化与固体润滑处理层的电化学腐蚀行为研究

分别利用等离子氮化技术和离子束增强沉积(IBED)技术使钛合金表面获得硬质抗磨层和MoS2，MoS2-Ti固体润滑膜层。通过电化学测试技术研究了膜层和钛合金基材在含Cl^-介质中的抗蚀性能和接触腐蚀敏感性：研究结果表明：Ti与MoS2的复合改善了MoS2膜的环境适应性，MoS2—17Ti复合膜层与钛合会接触相容；IBED TiN较钛合金电化学活性低，阳极极化行为与Ti6Al4V合金相近，与钛合金基体间电偶腐蚀敏感性低；钛合金等离子氮化处理层在NaCl水溶液中无论处于自然腐蚀电位还上弱阳极极化状态，均较钛合金电化学活性低，且与钛合金基体间电偶腐蚀敏感性低。     

纳米SiC增强纯Al基复合材料的微观组织和力学性能

与采用微米尺度SiC颗粒为增强相制备的Al基复合材料相比,以纳米SiC颗粒为增强相制备的Al基复合材料具有更加优异的力学性能,可极大提高SiC增强Al基复合材料的服役可靠性及应用范围。采用传统粉末冶金方法制备纳米SiC颗粒增强纯Al基复合材料,研究烧结温度和增强相体积分数对复合材料微观结构和力学性能的影响。研究表明,烧结温度和增强相体积分数均对复合材料的微观结构和力学性能有重要影响。随烧结温度升高,复合材料中的残留微孔减少,密度和强度均得到显著提高。含体积分数为3%纳米SiC颗粒的复合材料在610℃具有最高的强度,进一步提高纳米SiC颗粒的含量并不能提高材料的力学性能,这主要是由于当纳米SiC颗粒的体积分数超过3%时将出现明显的团聚,从而降低强化效应。     

PM processing and characterisation of Ti–7Fe low cost titanium alloys

Abstract

This work studies a set of low cost beta alloys with the composition Ti–7Fe, processed by conventional powder metallurgy (PM). The materials were prepared by conventional blending of elemental Ti hydride–dehydride powder with three different Fe powder additions: water atomised Fe, Fe carbonyl and master alloy Fe–25Ti. The optimal sintering behaviour and the best mechanical properties were attained with the use of Fe carbonyl powder, which reached a sintered density of up to 93% of the theoretical density, with UTS values of 800 MPa in the ‘as sintered’ condition. Coarse water atomised powder particles promoted reactive sintering, and coarse porosity was found due to the coalescence of Kirkendall porosity and by the pores generated during the exothermic reaction between Ti and Fe. The addition of Fe–25Ti produced brittle materials, as its low purity (91·5%) was found to be unsuitable for formulating Ti alloys.     

Superplasticity in a high strength powder aluminum

The superplastic properties of a rapidly solidified, high strength P/M Al alloy and the same alloy reinforced with SiC particulates (SiC _p ) have been studied. To prepare superplastic test materials, a matrix alloy powder of composition 7.2Zn-2.4Mg-2Cu-0.2Zr-0.12Cr-0.2Co (Kaiser PM-64) and the powder mixed with 10 to 20 vol pct SiC _p (~5 μm diameter) were thermomechanically processed to very fine equiaxed grain structures of ~6 μm and ~8 μm, respectively. Superplasticity in these materials was evaluated by characterizing (1) high temperature stability, (2) dynamic grain growth, (3) strain rate sensitivity, (4) flow stress behavior, (5) cavitation and cavitation control, and (6) total superplastic strain. It was observed that the PM-64 alloy could achieve a total elongation of over 800 pct, while the SiC_p reinforced alloy could attain an elongation greater than 500 pct before failure. Also, it was shown that with the use of hydrostatic pressure during superplastic flow, cavitation could be controlled. Observations were made of the effect SiC _p reinforcement particles had on the superplastic flow stress behavior. Interpretations are proposed to explain the role of particulates during superplastic straining.     

Structurization in the sintering of heterophase materials TiN-Ni

Conclusions As a result of the investigation of the structurization in the quasibinary system TiN-Ni after high-temperature liquid-phase and low-temperature solid-phase sintering it was established that structurization in short-term liquid-phase sintering is accompanied by the denitration of TiN, decrease of its microhardness, change of the compositon of its metal bond and of its amount in consequence of diffusion of Ti from TiN (formation of the eutectic Ti(Ni) + Ni₃Ti).The considerable increase of microhardness of grains of TiN and the linear increase of its lattice period after lengthy isothermal sintering are due to the dissolution of nickel in TiN. In the metal bond there appear excess crystals of Ni₃Ti and of the eutectic Ni₃Ti + TiNi.The growth of TiN grains in the heterophase material TiN-Ni proceeds by the mechanism of coalescence and dissolution-segregation. After solid-phase sintering the phase composition of Ni and TiN did not change, the grain size of TiN remained stable.Translated from Poroshkovaya Metallurgiya, No. 4(328), pp. 25–30, April, 1990.     

石墨烯增强铝基复合材料制备技术研究进展

石墨烯具有独特的结构特点和优异的物理化学性能,是理想的复合材料增强体。本文综述了石墨烯增强铝基复合材料制备方法的现状,着重介绍了石墨烯的分散工艺和复合材料的成型方法,讨论了这些方法对复合材料性能的影响,并从混粉和烧结工艺方面提出了石墨烯增强铝基复合材料制备方法的发展方向。     

真空退火对TC4钛合金表面Ti/TiN多层复合涂层性能的影响

金属基体材料表面硬质膜层在服役过程中,残余应力在膜基界面以及膜层内部界面之间的积聚会导致膜层发生界面剥落失效。以TC4钛合金基体表面Ti/TiN多层复合膜层为研究对象,探讨真空退火对复合膜层结构及性能的影响,并表征退火前后复合膜层的界面划痕失效以及抗粒子冲蚀性能。结果表明,真空退火促进了膜层内部以及膜基界面两侧原子的热扩散,使得界面结构特征明显弱化。界面状态的改变使得复合膜层的表面显微硬度降低以及膜基结合强度提高。在划痕载荷作用下,复合膜层抵抗裂纹沿界面扩展的能力得到增强。真空退火有助于提高膜层的强韧性匹配,可有效抵抗小角度冲蚀粒子的犁削以及大角度粒子冲蚀下的疲劳,因此Ti/TiN多层复合膜层表现出较好的抗冲蚀性能。     

制造工艺对铜－铅－碳纤维复合轴承材料性能的影响

采用冷压烧结、复压复烧、二次复压复烧和热压几种不同的工艺分别制得了短碳纤维增强铜铅合金（铜－铅－碳纤维）复合轴承材料。试验结果表明：制造工艺对碳纤维复合材料性能的影响比传统的粉末冶金材料更明显；碳纤维的存在对复合材料的制造提出了特殊的工艺要求；制造纤维复合材料时不能任意沿用传统的粉末冶金工艺。     

Effect of TiN inclusions on the impact toughness of low-carbon microalloyed steels

Microalloying with various elements, including titanium, coupled with thermomechanically controlled processing, has become a major technology for the manufacture of high-quality steel plate. In this research, the influence of TiN inclusions on the impact toughness of low-carbon plate steels microalloyed with titanium, vanadium, and boron was investigated. The three experimental steels had Ti/N ratios of 2.44, 3.5, and 4.2, and all three had a granular bainite microstructure. However, Charpy V-notch testing showed that steel A had very high toughness at both room temperature and −20 °C, whereas steels B and C showed very low toughness at −20 °C and moderate toughness at room temperature. Scanning electron microscope fractography revealed that coarse TiN inclusions had acted as cleavage fracture initiation sites in steels B and C. The effect of Ti and N levels on TiN formation and growth is analyzed using alloy thermodynamics. It is shown that not only is the Ti/N ratio important, but also the product of total Ti and N plays a most important role in TiN formation and growth. It is concluded that the product of the total Ti and N contents should not be greater than the solubility product of TiN at the solidus temperature to prevent the precipitation of TiN particles before solidification. Furthermore, the ratio of Ti to N should also be maintained lower than the stoichiometric ratio of 3.42 to ensure a low coarsening rate for the TiN inclusions during soaking before rolling.     

Co-Cr-Mo-Si颗粒强化铁基材料的研制

采用烧结 -熔渗和后续热处理工艺制备了Co Cr Mo Si硬质相颗粒强化的高性能铁基粉末冶金气门座材料。研究了不同状态下材料的显微组织以及Co Cr Mo Si硬质相颗粒和合金元素对材料性能和组织变化的影响。结果表明 ,材料烧结态孔隙多 ,硬质相颗粒与基体结合不完全。熔渗后 ,孔隙明显减少 ,致密度较高 ,显微组织为针状珠光体、铁素体、粒状碳化物和游离铜 ,硬质相颗粒作为独立相存在于组织中 ,并且与基体形成较为理想的界面结合强度。热处理后 ,显微组织为细针状的马氏体、残余奥氏体、游离铜 ,细小粒状的碳化物和以独立相存在的硬质相颗粒。这种组织可以明显提高材料的硬度、密度和强度 ,并且还具有一定的塑性和冲击韧性。合金元素的加入 ,可以细化晶粒 ,提高材料的机械性能     

Composition,structure, and properties of SHS-compacted cathodes of the Ti-C-Al-Si system and vacuum-arc coatings obtained from them

The phase composition, structure, and properties of self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS)-compacted materials of the Ti-C-Al-Si system are investigated. It is shown that metal-like titanium compounds can be used as cathodes for vacuum-arc evaporators. The coatings fabricated from SHS cathodes are single-phase and represent cubic titanium nitride of the (Ti, Al, Si)N composition. The volume of a microdrop phase in them is smaller by a factor of 2.5–3.0 as compared with TiN, while their microstructure is not fragmented into low-strength columnar elements; the CSR size is twice smaller than that of titanium nitride. Being approximately identically hard, the (Ti, Al, Si)N coatings substantially surpass TiN coatings in elastic and plastic failure resistance due to the lower elasticity modulus. When milling the tungsten-copper alloy, the hardness of hard-alloy milling cutters with the (Ti, Al, Si)N coating is higher by a factor of 2.4 than with the TiN coating fabricated from the titanium cathode with the magnetic plasma flow separation.     

Syntheses of full-density nanocrystalline titanium nitride compacts by plasma-activated sintering of mechanically reacted powder

Nearly equiatomic nanocrystalline titanium nitride (Ti₅₆N₄₄) powder with an average grain size of 5 nm has been synthesized by ball milling elemental Ti powder under nitrogen gas flow at room temperature. During the first stage of reactive ball milling (RBM) (time <3.6 ks), the metallic Ti powder tends to agglomerate to form powder particles with a larger diameter. At the second stage (3.6 to 22.0 ks), the agglomerated particles of Ti fragment to form smaller particles. These smaller particles that have new or fresh surfaces begin to react with the milling atmosphere (nitrogen) during the third stage of milling (22 to 86 ks) to form TiN powder coexisting with unreacted Ti powder. Toward the end of milling (86 to 173 ks), a single phase of nanocrystalline TiN (NaCl structure) is obtained. The powder of this end-product has a spherical-like morphology with an average particle size of about 0.4 μm diameter. A sintering procedure using plasma activation has been employed to consolidate the powder particles at several stages of the RBM. The as-milled and as-consolidated powders have been characterized as a function of the RBM time by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), optical metallography, and chemical analyses. Density measurements of the consolidated samples show that after 86 to 173 ks of the RBM time, the compacted samples are essentially fully dense (above 96 pct of the theoretical density for TiN). The results also show that the consolidated TiN compacts still maintain their unique nanocrystalline properties with an average grain size of about 65 nm. The hardness and some mechanical properties of the consolidated TiN compacts have been determined as a function of the RBM time.     

镁钛复合处理对不锈钢凝固组织的影响及机制

摘要：TiN是铁素体不锈钢有效的异质形核剂,但钢中大尺寸的TiN颗粒会对不锈钢板材表面质量带来不利影响。为此,提出依靠镁钛复合处理来细化TiN颗粒及控制宏观晶粒的方法。通过良好气氛保护的电阻炉试验,研究了添加Mg和Ti元素对于铁素体不锈钢宏观铸态组织和TiN颗粒细化效果的影响规律,并对其细化机理进行了详细分析。经研究得知,向铁素体不锈钢中添加了微量Mg和Ti元素后试样宏观等轴晶比例由37%提高至50%,TiN颗粒平均尺寸由处理前的5μm细化至2μm。镁钛复合处理后,钢液中形成的MgO和MgAl2O4与TiN之间的晶格错配度很低,分别为1.14和5.29,均属于有效形核范围,可以成为TiN异质形核核心,促进在晶内均匀析出更多的TiN。同时基于TiN与铁素体相之间的良好的晶格匹配关系,其进一步促进了δ-Fe形核,从而有效细化了铁素体宏观组织,这将有利于提高铁素体不锈钢力学性能和表面质量。     

Effect of the Ti/N ratio on the hardenability and mechanical properties of a quenched-and-tempered C-Mn-B steel

Ten experimental 0.18 pct C-1.2 pct Mn- 0.002 pct B steels with various Ti/N ratios were evaluated in this study. The hardenability of these steels was first determined using Jominy tests. Slab sections were then rolled to produce 12.5-mm-thick plates, and subsequently quenched and tempered for mechanical property evaluation. The volume fraction of coarse (greater than 1 μm) TiN particles was measured in all steels using quantitative metallographic techniques. Scanning transmission electron microscopy was used to investigate fine precipitates, and scanning electron microscopy was used to examine the fracture surface of Charpy specimens. The results show that a complete boron (B) hardenability effect is obtained with Ti/N ratios ≥2.9, a value slightly below the stoichiometric Ti/N ratio of 3.4. Any excess Ti, above that which combines with N, provides an additional increase in hardenability on quenching (effect of Ti in solution) and an increase in strength on tempering (Ti (C,N) precipitation). Steels with a higher (Ti)(N) product develop a higher volume fraction of coarse TiN particles during solidification. These coarse TiN particles result in reduced toughness levels of the heat-treated plates evaluated in the present study.     

Compaction and Structure Formation during Sintering of Composite Materials Based on Nitrides of Groups IV and V Transition Metals. Part 5. Sintering of Composite Materials of the Systems (TiN,ZrN)

Features of sintering in argon and structure formation of materials of the systems (TiN, ZrN) – Ni are studied. It is shown that sintering is accompanied by the release of nitrogen from nitrides, reciprocal dissolution of nickel in nitrides and also Ti and Zr in nickel, formation of nickel intermetallics, and an increase in the microhardness of solid phase grains. The main reason for the quite high porosity of sintered TiN – Ni and ZrN – Ni composites are the accumulation of nitrogen released from the nitrides within closed volumes with formation of closed pores. Sintering of materials is accompanied by the growth and faceting of solid phase grains due to dissolution and recrystallization through a liquid phase, and also an increase in metal phase content.     

Features of the Interphase Reaction of Tungstenless Hard Alloys with Chisel Steel

It is shown that for a boring tool it is desirable to use materials consisting of a steel matrix reinforced with hard alloy particles. Wetting kinetics and the mechanism of interphase reaction in the systems of hard alloys (LTsK-20, TV-4, TN-20, KTFKh) chisel steel 06Kh6G9MF are studied. The optimum reinforcing addition is selected on the basis of experimental results the composite material based on titanium carbide, i.e. KTFKh, for which granule forming and sintering technology is developed. The granules obtained are recommended for preparing the teeth of a boring tool by centrifugal casting.