稀土镧镁合金的研究进展

镁合金材料被誉为“21世纪绿色工程金属结构材料”,而稀土镧作为一种重要的合金化元素,其具有改善镁合金的铸造性能,显著细化晶粒,提高镁合金力学性能和耐腐蚀性能的作用。本文综述了稀土镧对镁合金显微组织、力学·挂能及耐腐蚀性能的影响。     

Mn对Mg-4Zn变形镁合金组织与性能的影响

目的 研究Mn对Mg-4Zn合金再结晶组织演变和力学性能的影响,发展高性能Mg-Zn-Mn变形镁合金。方法 以Mg-Zn镁合金为研究对象,利用Mn元素的固溶强化增塑、刺激再结晶形核和钉扎再结晶晶界的特点,通过Mg-Zn-Mn挤压镁合金的显微组织以及室温力拉伸和压缩力学性能测试,分析挤压过程中显微组织的演变和成分对力学性能的影响。结果 Mg-4Zn-2Mn合金平均晶粒尺寸为~7 μm,其拉伸屈服强度、抗拉强度、伸长率、压缩屈服强度和拉压不对称性分别为226 MPa,316 MPa,17%,171 MPa,0.75。结论 合金化元素Mn可有效细化变形镁合金的再结晶组织,随Mn元素含量的增加,Mg-Zn合金再结晶组织不断细化,未再结晶区域增加,合金力学性能增加,拉压不对称性改善。     

稀土镁合金抗高温蠕变性能的研究进展

稀土元素在镁合金中能够细化晶粒尺寸,可以利用其固溶强化和第二相强化机制提高合金力学性能,改善镁合金的抗高温蠕变能力。介绍了镁合金的蠕变机理,以及稀土Y元素、Gd元素、Sc元素和Ce元素对镁合金组织和蠕变性能的影响,综述了目前国内外开发的Mg-Y、Mg-Gd、Mg-Sc、Mg-Ce等一系列稀土镁合金的研发现状,对稀土镁合金的发展现状给予意见,并对稀土镁合金的发展前景进行展望。     

添加Al-5Ti-B和Al-2Zr-Er对铸态铝锌镁合金力学性能的影响

铝锌镁合金以其优异的力学性能广泛应用于航空、航天、交通运输等工业领域,而铝合金的细化一直是铝加工行业的研究重点.为细化晶粒并提高其力学性能,本文将传统细化剂Al-Ti-B与RE复合添加到铝锌镁合金中,借助于XRD、光学显微镜、扫描电镜、拉伸实验等测试方法研究了不同细化剂对Al7Zn2.4Mg合金组织及其力学性能的影响.试验结果表明,合金中加入Al-5Ti-B和Al-Zr-Er后细化效果明显,单独添加Al-Ti-B的细化效果最好,但仍有少部分的晶粒保留的树枝晶形态.随着Al-Ti-B和Al-Zr-Er添加量的增多,合金的晶粒发生明显变化,塑性也随之增加,其中,添加0.4wt.%Al-5Ti-B细化剂对合金的塑性影响最大,而抗拉强度呈先增大后减小的趋势,复合添加0.2wt.%Al-2Zr-Er和0.2wt.%Al-5Ti-B细化剂的合金晶粒圆整且未出现树枝晶,晶界析出物最少平均抗拉强度最高.Al-Ti-B和Al-Zr-Er均可细化铸态铝锌镁合金的晶粒,同时添加两种细化剂更有利于提高合金的综合力学性能.     

稀土在镁合金中作用的研究现状

稀土元素在镁合金中具有阻燃、净化熔体等作用,能有效改善合金的铸造性能;可细化显微组织、形成准晶相、抑制形变织构,提高镁合金的室温及高温强度和塑韧性等力学性能;并改变镁合金表面腐蚀层结构、控制阴极相数量和分布以及影响电化学过程,从而改善镁合金的耐腐蚀性能。总结了利用稀土元素改善镁合金组织性能的研究现状,并对稀土镁合金的发展前景进行了展望。     

稀土在镁及镁合金中的作用

综述了稀土元素在镁合金溶液中去氧化夹杂、除氢和与熔剂的相互作用,以及稀土元素对镁及镁合金的组织、性能、起燃温度、耐蚀性等方面的影响.阐述了RE在镁合金显微组织中细化晶粒、强化晶粒和晶界、提高合金力学性能的机理,以及与氧等元素反应在镁合金表面生成MgO、Al2O3、RE2O3、Mg17Al12组成的致密保护膜和由于Ce、Y、Le等元素的加入形成稀土转化膜对镁合金起燃温度、耐蚀性的作用.并对含稀土镁合金进行了评价与展望.     

微量硼添加对镁合金组织和性能影响的研究进展

在21世纪的今天,由于石油、煤炭等资源的过度开发与使用,人们对节能减排的重视程度越来越高,轻质结构材料也因此受到越来越多的关注。镁合金作为最轻的金属结构材料,具有良好的阻尼减震特性、电磁屏蔽性以及比强度、比刚度高等优点,在航空航天、3C产品、汽车等领域表现出了极大的应用潜力。但是镁合金的综合力学性能和耐腐蚀性能还有待进一步提高。晶粒细化可以同时提高金属的强度和塑性,因此开发出一种高效、低成本的晶粒细化剂是改善镁合金综合性能的重要途径。现在常用的镁合金晶粒细化剂通常有Zr、Si、稀土类元素以及含碳变质剂等。其中Zr与Al共存会恶化其晶粒细化作用,因此Mg-Al系的合金不能采用Zr作为晶粒细化剂,Zr的应用极为有限;Si的大量使用则会使Mg合金中生成粗大的Mg_2Si相,恶化其力学性能,即使少量加入,也会大大降低镁合金的耐腐蚀性能;稀土通常开采成本较高,密度较大,不仅大大增加了使用成本,而且会削弱镁合金的轻量化优势,因此阻碍了其应用推广;含碳变质剂通常对大多数Mg-Al系合金有着较好的细化晶粒的效果,但是诸如CCl_4、C_2Cl_6等会造成一系列环境问题,而且碳的引入会加剧镁合金的腐蚀速率。B作为轻元素,其本身具有密度小、熔点高以及耐腐蚀性强等特点,早在铝合金中就常用作孕育剂和晶粒细化剂。近些年来,有许多研究者对硼化物进行深入的研究,发现B可以与绝大多数金属形成化合物,且晶格类型大多为密排六方结构,且与镁合金的亲和度较强,有潜力成为镁合金中的异质形核剂并有效细化其晶粒。不同含B合金的添加形式对镁合金组织和性能的影响不尽相同,据笔者所知,目前并未有人总结过微量B的添加对镁合金组织和性能的影响及其机理。本文对不同B的添加形式对镁合金组织和性能的影响进行了全面系统的总结和深入探讨,分析了B元素在镁合金中的晶粒细化机制和强韧化效果,最后对B在镁合金中的合金化改性作用前景进行了探讨和展望。认为B是一种在镁合金的开发中有较大研究和应用价值的元素,尤其是在Mg-Al系合金中表现出优异的晶粒细化作用。     

挤压变形对MB15镁合金及组织性能的影响

对MB15镁合金进行热处理,然后进行挤压试验,挤压变形MB15镁合金组织以剪切条纹和细小的α再结晶等轴晶为基本特征.挤压变形可显著地细化镁合金晶粒并提高镁合金的力学性能.随挤压比的增大,晶粒细化程度增加;强度、硬度随挤压比的增大而增大.所制定的工艺合理,挤压出的管材、型材有较好的力学性能.     

镁合金的塑性变形机制和孪生变形研究

概述了镁合金的塑性变形机制,介绍了镁合金的主要孪生系及其表征技术,详细分析了变形温度、变形速率、受力方向和晶粒尺寸等对镁合金孪生变形的影响,讨论了孪生变形对镁合金塑性变形、动态再结晶、力学性能与断裂的影响。孪生通常发生在粗大晶粒中,晶粒细化可以激活镁合金中的非基面滑移,抑制孪生变形和降低镁合金的各向异性,指出细晶镁合金的研制和工业化生产是变形镁合金发展的重要方向。     

稀土在镁合金中作用的研究现状

稀土元素在镁合金中具有阻燃、净化熔体等作用，能有效改善合金的铸造性能；可细化显微组织、形成准晶相、抑制形变织构，提高镁合金的室温及高温强度和塑韧性等力学性能；并改变镁合金表面腐蚀层结构、控制阴极相数量和分布以及影响电化学过程，从而改善镁合金的耐腐蚀性能。总结了利用稀土元素改善镁合金组织性能的研究现状，并对稀土镁合金的发...     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...