钙钛矿叠层太阳电池结构与性能优化:模型预测和实验研究

随着光电性质优越的有机-无机金属卤化物钙钛矿材料的快速发展,钙钛矿太阳电池受到了众多研究者的关注,以钙钛矿太阳电池作为顶层电池的叠层电池也受到了研究者的重视。经研究发现这种叠层电池的光电转换效率理论值高于35%,并且制作成本低,生产工艺简单,从而有可能孕育出光伏器件发展的新突破。主要介绍钙钛矿叠层太阳电池的结构、工艺制备,及其性能、效率等方面的最新进展。     

杂化钙钛矿材料在太阳电池中的应用与发展

杂化钙钛矿是近年来发展非常迅速的一类新型光电材料。自从2009年日本学者首次研究钙钛矿敏化太阳电池, 经过五年的发展, 有机铅卤化物钙钛矿太阳电池光电转换效率从最初的3.1%跃升到19.3%。本文介绍了有机铅卤化物钙钛矿的结构及其在有机/无机杂化钙钛矿太阳电池中的应用, 并从有机铅卤化物钙钛矿太阳电池的发展历程、器件结构、制备方法等方面做了总结。最后简要讨论了钙钛矿太阳电池的长期稳定性、环境问题, 并就未来发展趋势进行展望。     

一步溶液法制备有机金属卤化物钙钛矿薄膜的研究进展

有机金属卤化物钙钛矿太阳能电池兼具很高的光电转换能力和低成本制备优势,俨然已成为最具发展潜力的一类光伏技术。目前,伴随着钙钛矿薄膜质量的不断提升,该技术的最高光电转换效率已经超过22%。一步溶液法制备技术操作简单、商业应用前景广阔,在简要介绍钙钛矿薄膜的制备工艺基础上,重点分析了一步溶液制备法中提高薄膜质量的4种方法,并综述了相关研究进展;最后针对现有钙钛矿太阳能电池存在的问题提出发展展望。     

新型钙钛矿太阳能电池的研究进展

太阳能光伏发电是解决目前日益严重的能源与环境问题的一种有效手段,在最近几年里,新型钙钛矿太阳能电池得到迅猛发展,其最高光电转换效率已经达到20%,已成为可再生能源领域的研究热点之一。钙钛矿太阳能电池是以具有钙钛矿结构的有机-金属卤化物等作为核心光吸收、光电转换、光生载流子输运材料的太阳能电池,具有能量转换高和成本低的优点且其核心光电转换材料具有廉价、容易制备的特点,因此获得了学术界的特别关注。首先总结了钙钛矿太阳能电池的结构与原理,然后综述了钙钛矿太阳电池在结构和材料方面的最新研究进展,特别是无铅钙钛矿太阳能电池的一些研究,最后分析了钙钛矿太阳能电池的发展趋势及发展中亟需解决的问题。     

合肥物质科学研究院应用所在研制高效稳定的2D/3D钙钛矿太阳电池方面取得新进展

<正>近期,中科院合肥物质科学研究院应用所新能源中心潘旭课题组在研究制备高效稳定的2D/3D钙钛矿太阳电池方面取得新进展。过去几年里,有机-无机金属卤化物钙钛矿太阳电池的研究取得飞速发展,认证光电转换效率已达到23.7%。2D钙钛矿材料由于其相对于3D钙钛矿具有更高的稳定性而引起了广泛关注,掀起了研究热潮。然而,铵盐的本质疏水性能对电池的长期湿度稳定性有很大影响,引入长链烷基铵     

钙钛矿太阳电池廉价新材料有望面世

正廉价的空穴传输材料的提出和利用降低了钙钛矿电池的成本,提高了电池的稳定性,为钙钛矿太阳电池的大规模生产提供了技术借鉴。随着钙钛矿太阳电池技术的发展,目前其最高光电转换效率已超过15%,高于新一代薄膜太阳电池的效率。但是,目前报道的钙钛矿太阳电池所采用的电荷传输材料都是有机聚合物,大大增加了成本。为解决这一问题,美国圣母大学研究人员在研究钙钛矿太阳电池技术时,首次提出了利用廉价的性能优异的碘化铜(CuI)无机空穴传输材料替代常用的价格昂贵的有机空穴传输聚合物材料(spiro—OMeTAD)。     

基于印刷技术制备钙钛矿太阳电池

近年来,钙钛矿太阳电池(Perovskite solar cells,PSCs)以其优异的光电转换性能和溶液制备成本低等优势受到了科研工作者和产业界人士的广泛关注,被认为是新一代薄膜太阳电池技术中的杰出代表。目前,钙钛矿太阳电池的光电转换效率(Power conversion efficiency,PCE)已经从2009年报道的3.8%迅速提升到现在的22.7%,达到商业化多晶硅、碲化镉、铜铟镓硒等太阳电池水平。目前,溶液旋涂法是实验室制备钙钛矿太阳电池的常用方法。虽然旋涂法操作简单、成膜速度快、重复性好,然而该法缺点也很明显:(1)材料浪费严重;(2)不具备图案化功能;(3)不适用于工业化的连续生产。因此,溶液旋涂技术无法满足钙钛矿太阳电池今后大规模工业化生产所需的大面积、低成本等制造要求。从实验室小面积器件制备转变到可大面积的产业化制备以及降低钙钛矿太阳电池的生产成本,将是钙钛矿太阳电池产业化过程中的一个重要课题。在钙钛矿太阳电池的制备方法中,印刷技术因具有材料利用率高、成本低、工艺效率高、可大面积制备、适用于柔性基底等特点而备受关注。基于印刷工艺制备的小面积钙钛矿太阳电池效率已接近20%,大面积(10cm2)钙钛矿太阳电池效率在10%～16%之间,大面积柔性钙钛矿太阳电池效率为10%左右。然而,从实验室小器件转变到大规模工业化生产依旧存在许多问题亟待解决。例如:(1)为了加快钙钛矿材料的结晶,在钙钛矿薄膜退火过程中通常采用溶剂工程或惰性气体辅助的方式,这将导致印刷的大面积钙钛矿薄膜质量难以控制以及重复性降低;(2)退火过程中较高的退火温度会限制柔性基底和界面材料的选择;(3)钙钛矿材料本身对空气湿度敏感,需提高钙钛矿层制备过程的环境适应性,降低制备工艺本身对环境条件的限制等。基于此,完善钙钛矿太阳电池的印刷制备工艺并使其适用于工业化生产显得十分重要。本文综述了基于喷墨打印(Inkjet-printing)、喷涂(Spray-coating)、狭缝涂布(Slot-die coating)、刮涂(Doctor-blading)等印刷技术制备钙钛矿太阳电池的研究进展,并对印刷技术制备钙钛矿太阳电池的前景进行了展望。     

基于印刷技术制备钙钛矿太阳电池

近年来,钙钛矿太阳电池(Perovskite solar cells,PSCs)以其优异的光电转换性能和溶液制备成本低等优势受到了科研工作者和产业界人士的广泛关注,被认为是新一代薄膜太阳电池技术中的杰出代表.目前,钙钛矿太阳电池的光电转换效率(Power conversion efficiency,PCE)已经从2009年报道的3.8%迅速提升到现在的22.7%,达到商业化多晶硅、碲化镉、铜铟镓硒等太阳电池水平.目前,溶液旋涂法是实验室制备钙钛矿太阳电池的常用方法.虽然旋涂法操作简单、成膜速度快、重复性好,然而该法缺点也很明显:(1)材料浪费严重;(2)不具备图案化功能;(3)不适用于工业化的连续生产.因此,溶液旋涂技术无法满足钙钛矿太阳电池今后大规模工业化生产所需的大面积、低成本等制造要求.从实验室小面积器件制备转变到可大面积的产业化制备以及降低钙钛矿太阳电池的生产成本,将是钙钛矿太阳电池产业化过程中的一个重要课题.在钙钛矿太阳电池的制备方法中,印刷技术因具有材料利用率高、成本低、工艺效率高、可大面积制备、适用于柔性基底等特点而备受关注.基于印刷工艺制备的小面积钙钛矿太阳电池效率已接近20%,大面积(>10 cm2)钙钛矿太阳电池效率在10%~16%之间,大面积柔性钙钛矿太阳电池效率为10%左右.然而,从实验室小器件转变到大规模工业化生产依旧存在许多问题亟待解决.例如:(1)为了加快钙钛矿材料的结晶,在钙钛矿薄膜退火过程中通常采用溶剂工程或惰性气体辅助的方式,这将导致印刷的大面积钙钛矿薄膜质量难以控制以及重复性降低;(2)退火过程中较高的退火温度会限制柔性基底和界面材料的选择;(3)钙钛矿材料本身对空气湿度敏感,需提高钙钛矿层制备过程的环境适应性,降低制备工艺本身对环境条件的限制等.基于此,完善钙钛矿太阳电池的印刷制备工艺并使其适用于工业化生产显得十分重要.本文综述了基于喷墨打印(Inkj et-printing)、喷涂(Spray-coating)、狭缝涂布(Slot-die coating)、刮涂(Doctor-blading)等印刷技术制备钙钛矿太阳电池的研究进展,并对印刷技术制备钙钛矿太阳电池的前景进行了展望.     

钙钛矿太阳电池廉价新材料有望面世

正廉价的空穴传输材料的提出和利用降低了钙钛矿电池的成本,提高了电池的稳定性,为钙钛矿太阳电池的大规模生产提供了技术借鉴。随着钙钛矿太阳电池技术的发展,目前其最高光电转换效率已超过15%,高于新一代薄膜太阳电池的效     

半透明钙钛矿及叠层太阳电池中的透明电极研究综述

钙钛矿太阳电池由于具有独特的光电性能及制造工艺简单、低成本等特点而引起人们极大的关注。在钙钛矿太阳电池出现后的短短几年之内,其效率取得了突飞猛进的发展。在这个过程中,半透明钙钛矿太阳电池由于应用潜力巨大也受到越来越多的关注。特别是其与传统的硅电池或者铜铟镓硒电池组成的叠层太阳电池,由于其能够更加合理地利用太阳光谱而被认为是提升太阳电池光电转换效率的一条有效途径。到目前为止,半透明钙钛矿太阳电池的最高效率已达17.9%,叠层太阳电池的最高效率已达25.5%。顶部透明电极是半透明钙钛矿及叠层太阳电池的关键研究内容之一。对半透明钙钛矿及叠层太阳电池来说,理想的顶部透明电极应具有高透过率、低电阻、良好的化学稳定性以及能够在低温下制备等特点。截至目前,多种透明电极已经被应用于半透明钙钛矿及叠层太阳电池中,包括银纳米线、碳纳米管、超薄金属、石墨烯、导电聚合物以及透明导电氧化物等。银纳米线透明电极的光电性能良好,但稳定性较差,易与钙钛矿中的卤离子反应导致器件恶化,且在空气中易被氧化和腐蚀。超薄金属电极往往不能同时具有较高的导电性和光学透过率,需要引入合适的缓冲层来促使其均匀生长,但同样存在稳定性较差的问题。碳基透明电极的稳定性很强,但是其光电性能有待提高。透明导电氧化物具有良好的光电性能和稳定性,但往往采用溅射的方式制备,在溅射的过程中容易损伤钙钛矿活性层,需要引入合适的缓冲层。本文归纳了应用于半透明钙钛矿及叠层太阳电池中的透明电极的研究进展,分别对透明电极的种类、光电性能、制备工艺进行了系统的介绍,对比了各种透明电极光电性能及制备工艺的优缺点,分析了它们在研究中面临的问题并展望了其发展前景,以期为应用于半透明钙钛矿及叠层太阳电池的透明电极研究提供有益的参考。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...