气压烧结Al2O3/TiCN复合材料的研究

运用气压烧结工艺克服了热压工艺的局限性,制备了Al2O3/TiCN复合材料,考察了材料在不同温度烧结时的致密化行为及其力学性能,结果表明气压烧结制备的Al2O3-30wt%TiCN陶瓷复合材料,相对密度达到99.5%,抗折强度为772MPa,硬度为19.6GPa,断裂韧性高达5.82MPa/m2.     

层状Ti3SiC2陶瓷的组织结构及力学性能

利用热压烧结TiH₂,Si和C粉获得了致密度大于98%的层状Ti₃SiC₂陶瓷。利用压痕法,在不同的载荷下测定了材料的维氏硬度, 发现其硬度值随载荷的增加而降低,在最大载荷30kg时,硬度值为4GPa。压痕对角线没有发现径向裂纹的出现。 这归因于多重能量吸收机制——颗粒的层裂、裂纹的扩展、颗粒的变形等。利用三点弯曲法和单边切口梁法测定了材料的强度和韧性分别为270MPa和6.8MPa·m1/2。Ti₃SiC₂材料的断口表现出明显的层状性质,大颗粒易于发生层裂和穿晶断裂,小颗粒易被拔出。当裂纹沿平行于Ti₃SiC₂基面的方向扩展造成颗粒的层裂,当裂纹沿垂直于基面的方向扩展时,裂纹穿过颗粒的同时,在颗粒内部发生偏转,使裂纹的扩展路径增加。裂纹的扩展路径类似人们根据仿生结构设计的层状复合材料。裂纹在颗粒内的多次偏转、裂纹钉扎以及颗粒的层裂和拔出等是材料韧性提高的主要原因。此外,在室温下得到的荷载-位移曲线,说明Ti₃SiC₂材料不象其它陶瓷材料的脆性断裂,而是具有金属一样的塑性。     

SiC_w／Al_2O_3－（Ti，W）C复相陶瓷的微观结构及其力学性能

本文对Ａｌ_２Ｏ_３（Ｔｉ，Ｗ）Ｃ和ＳｉＣｗ－Ａｌ_２Ｏ_３（Ｔｉ，Ｗ）Ｃ的力学性能进行了分析对比，研究了热压工艺、ＳｉＣ晶须含量、晶须分散效果和晶须／基体的复合情况等对Ａｌ_２Ｏ_３（Ｔｉ，Ｗ）Ｃ复相陶瓷力学性能的影响。从热膨胀系数失配角度分析和微观结构的观察证实，ＳｉＣ晶须及（Ｔｉ，Ｗ）Ｃ固溶体对改善Ａｌ_２Ｏ_３陶瓷力学性能的效果是显著的，ＳｉＣ_ｗ－Ａｌ_２Ｏ_３．（Ｔｉ，Ｗ）Ｃ陶瓷材料的增韧机制主要是裂纹偏转和裂纹桥接。     

Al_2O_3-ZrO_2-SiCw陶瓷复合材料的断裂特点和韧化机理

本文通过 XRD,SEM,TEM 以及三点弯曲试验技术研究了 Al_2O_3-25 v.-%ZrO_2(2mol%Y_2O_3)-25v.-% SiCw(AZS)三元陶瓷复合材料的断裂特点和韧化机理。结果表明,该材料的载荷-位移曲线因晶须的反复阻止作用呈锯齿状,ZrO_2与 SiC 晶须同时起增韧作用,材料的良好韧性是 ZrO_2的相变增韧、微裂纹增韧和裂纹偏转与分枝增韧以及 SiC 晶须的裂纹桥接与拔出效应共同作用的结果,但其综合效果不是简单叠加。本文还建立了 ZrO_2-SiC_W 的复合韧化模型,并进行了讨论。     

层状Al2O3-TiC复相陶瓷的制备与性能

利用流延到工艺制备了Ａｌ２Ｏ３－ＴｉＣ复相陶瓷薄膜，通过叠层，预压，脱粘和热压烧结工工艺，制行了层状结构复相陶瓷，讨论了分散剂，ｐＨ值，固含量对浆粘粘度的影响，用ＴＧＡ分析了陶瓷膜的脱粘过程，用ＳＥＭ和光学显微镜分析了素坯膜的微观形貌和材料在压力作用下裂纹扩展情况，由于裂纹沿弱界面扩散应力松弛，有效地提高了材料的断裂韧性和断裂功，为陶瓷的结构设计提供了一条新思路。     

Hybrid nanoreinforced carbon/epoxy composites for enhanced damage tolerance and fatigue life

Hybrid nano/microcomposites with a nanoparticle reinforced matrix were developed, manufactured, and tested showing significant enhancements in damage tolerance properties. A woven carbon fiber reinforced polymer composite, with the polymer (epoxy) matrix reinforced with well dispersed carbon nanotubes, was produced using dispersant-and-sonication based methods and a wet lay-up process. Various interlaminar damage tolerance properties of this composite, including static strength, fracture toughness, fatigue life, and crack growth rates were examined experimentally and compared with similarly-processed reference material produced without nanoreinforcement. Significant improvements were obtained in interlaminar shear strength (20%), fracture toughness (180%), shear fatigue life (order of magnitude), and fatigue crack growth rate (factor of 2). Observations by scanning electron microscopy of failed specimens showed significant differences in fracture surface morphology between the two materials, related to the differences in properties and providing context for understanding of the enhancement mechanisms.     

Al/Al2O3复合材料伪半固态触变模锻成形

在粉末成形的基础上,结合金属半固态加工技术提出了金属/陶瓷复合材料伪半固态触变模锻成形工艺,并成功制备出 Al/Al₂O₃复合材料杯形件。微观组织观察及力学性能分析表明制件微观组织致密、力学性能优异。当铝体积分数增加到37%时,不同成形压力下复合材料制件抗弯强度可达430~690 MPa,断裂韧性达8.5~16.8 MPa·m1/2,与原位反应及高温氧化工艺相比抗弯强度及断裂韧性大幅度提高。同时分析了成形温度、成形压力等工艺参数对制件性能的影响。研究结果证明采用该工艺成形金属/陶瓷复合材料是可行的。     

Effects of crystalline particles on mechanical properties of strip-cast Zr-base bulk amorphous alloy

Effects of crystalline phase particles formed in a strip-cast Zr-base bulk amorphous alloy on strength, ductility, and fracture toughness were investigated by directly observing microfracture processes using an in situ loading stage installed inside a scanning electron microscope chamber. The compressive and fracture toughness test results indicated that strength, ductility, and fracture toughness of the strip-cast amorphous alloy were higher than those of the as-cast monolithic amorphous alloy, although the strip-cast alloy contained a considerable amount (4.5 vol.%) of hard, brittle crystalline particles. According to the in situ microfracture observation, crystalline particles were easily cracked under low stress levels, acted as blocking sites of shear band or crack propagation, and provided initiation sites of multiple shear bands. Thus, the improvement of mechanical properties in the strip-cast alloy could be explained by mechanisms of (1) blocking of crack propagation, (2) formation of multiple shear bands, and (3) crack deflection by crystalline particles.     

电沉积Co-Ni-Al2O3复合镀层微观结构及高温性能

在氨基磺酸盐电解液中,利用复合电沉积技术制备得到了Co-Ni合金基中弥散分布Al₂O₃颗粒的金属基复合镀层。通过SEM,AFM以及XRD等分析测试方法,研究了Co-Ni-Al₂O₃复合镀层的表面形貌和微观晶体结构。结果发现:Co-Ni-Al₂O₃的表面形貌和微观晶体结构主要受镀层中钴含量的影响。高钴含量复合镀层具有Hcp结构,其表面形貌比具有Fcc结构的低钴含量镀层的表面更加均匀细致。Al₂O₃颗粒在Co-Ni合金中的共沉积,没有改变合金固溶体的相组成,但却改变了各晶面的优势生长。通过研究复合镀层的硬度、高温耐磨性、高温抗氧化性、热膨胀系数和热导率表明:Co-Ni-Al₂O₃具有较好的高温耐磨性和高温抗氧化能力,并且高钴含量的复合镀层相对于低钴镀层具有较低的热膨胀系数和较高的热导率。      

Fracture toughness and fatigue crack growth in Ti‐6Al‐4V friction stir welds

Friction stir welding of titanium holds the promise for producing joints with microstructures and mechanical properties that are more comparable to wrought material than traditional fusion welding processes. Extensive data exist on the microstructure and static mechanical properties of titanium friction stir welds, but very little are available on the durability (fatigue) and even less on the damage tolerance (fracture toughness and fatigue crack growth). This paper presents the results of an investigation into the damage tolerance of friction stir welds made in 6 mm thick Ti‐6Al‐4V after a post‐weld heat treatment. It was found that the apparent fracture toughness was lower than the wrought base material, 7–25% depending on the crack orientation relative to the weld, but the crack growth performance (ΔK vs. da/dN) of the weld in the absence of weld‐induced residual stresses was identical to the base material.     

rGO/SiC复合材料的制备与性能研究

碳化硅(SiC)陶瓷具有优异的力学性能, 但是其断裂韧性相对较低。石墨烯的引入有望解决碳化硅陶瓷的断裂韧性较低的问题。本研究采用热压烧结工艺, 制备了具有不同还原-氧化石墨烯(rGO)掺入量的SiC复合材料。经过2050℃保温、40 MPa保压1 h后, 所制备的复合材料均烧结致密。对复合材料中rGO的掺入量、微观结构和力学性能的相互关系进行分析和讨论。加入4wt%的rGO后, 复合材料的三点抗弯强度达到564 MPa, 比热压SiC陶瓷提高了6%; 断裂韧性达到4.02 MPa•m^1/2, 比热压SiC陶瓷提高了54%。加入6wt%的rGO后, 复合材料的三点抗弯强度达到420 MPa, 略低于热压SiC陶瓷, 但其断裂韧性达到4.56 MPa•m^1/2, 比热压SiC陶瓷提高了75%。裂纹扩展微观结果显示, 主要增韧机理有裂纹偏转、裂纹桥连和rGO片的拔出。     

Interfacial fracture toughness of APS bond coat/substrate under high temperature

Thermal barrier coating (TBC) is an essential requirement of a modern gas turbine engine. The TBC failure is the delamination and spallation. The failure mechanism is interfacial expansion mismatch and oxidation of bond coat (BC). The oxidation damage under high temperature results in the reduction of interfacial adhesion. The interfacial fracture toughness is an important property to analyze the TBC failure. Using the simple tensile test, pushout test method and three-point or four-point-bending test and so on, the interfacial fracture toughness of ceramic top coat/BC has been researched in the past. However, the fracture toughness of the BC/substrate due to the Al depletion was very few studied. In this study, a NiCrAlY bond coat by air plasma spray (APS) was deposited. The substrate is directionally solidified superalloy (DZ40M). The Young’s modulus of bond coat was obtained by the nanoindentation and average Young’s modulus of bond coat is 66.9 GPa. Isothermal oxidation was performed at 1,050^?C for 100 h. Using the HXZ-1000 micro-hardness equipment and fracture mechanics approach, the five different times was chosen to test the hardness and the crack length, and then the fracture toughness was obtained. While the oxidation exposure time increased at 1,050^?C, the hardness of the substrate close to the bond coat decreased with the increase of the bond coat in hardness. Meanwhile, the interfacial fracture toughness of the bond coat–substrate decreased because of the Al depletion.     

Al_2O_3-ZrO_2/W/Cr/Ni/Co金属陶瓷的断裂韧性

以Al2O3-ZrO2复合粉末、W、Cr、Ni、Co粉末为原料,采用热压烧结工艺制备了性能优良的Al2O3-ZrO2/W/Cr/Ni/Co金属陶瓷复合材料。通过SEM,EDS,XRD等手段分析其微观组织,单边梁开口法(SENB)测量其断裂韧性。实验结果表明在1320℃,20MPa条件下热压烧结制备的Al2O3-ZrO2/W/Cr/Ni/Co金属陶瓷的断裂韧性为7.16±0.4MPa.m1/2,硬度为83.3HRA,横向断裂强度为540MPa,相对致密度为97.4%;对维氏压痕下裂纹扩展进行了分析,其增韧机理为延性金属对裂纹的桥梁作用和氧化锆相变增韧,在裂纹通过时硬质相以沿晶断裂为主。     

ZrO2(Y2O3)含量对双峰晶粒度分布Mo-12Si-8.5B-ZrO2(Y2O3)复合材料力学性能的影响

多相Mo-12Si-8.5B合金是一种很有应用前景的高温结构材料,为了同时提高Mo-12Si-8.5B合金的强度和韧性,提出了采用纳米ZrO₂(Y₂O₃)强韧化具有双峰晶粒度分布Mo-12Si-8.5B复合材料的方法。首先采用溶胶-凝胶和高温氢还原法制备了纳米Mo-ZrO₂(Y₂O₃)复合粉末,然后以纳米Mo-ZrO₂(Y₂O₃)粉末和微米Mo粉末为原材料,采用放电等离子烧结(SPS)技术制备了具有双峰晶粒度分布的Mo-12Si-8.5B-ZrO₂(Y₂O₃)复合材料。结果表明,随着ZrO₂(Y₂O₃)含量的增加,制备的Mo-ZrO₂(Y₂O₃)纳米粉末的粒度和烧结体相对致密度均逐渐减小,ZrO₂(Y₂O₃)含量小于2.5wt%时,烧结体的相对致密度均大于98.1%。当ZrO₂(Y₂O₃)含量为1.5wt%和2.5wt%时,复合材料具有较高的硬度(9.76~9.98 GPa),抗弯强度(672~678 MPa)和断裂韧性(12.68~12.82 MPa·m1/2)。Mo-12Si-8.5B-ZrO₂(Y₂O₃)复合材料中Mo晶粒细化、粗细Mo晶粒的晶界强化和纳米ZrO₂(Y₂O₃)颗粒第二相强化是提高硬度和抗弯强度主要原因;复合材料中粗晶粒Mo和纳米ZrO₂(Y₂O₃)有助于断裂韧性的提高,材料的增韧机制主要是裂纹偏转和裂纹桥接。      

Ti添加对WC-Ni3Al硬质合金微观组织与力学性能的影响

为提高WC-Ni₃Al硬质合金的力学性能，采用放电等离子烧结制备Ti掺杂的WC-Ni₃Al硬质合金，并研究不同Ti添加量对WC-Ni₃Al硬质合金微观组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明: Ti的添加减小WC-Ni₃Al块体样品中反应生成的少量Al₂O₃的尺寸，并且使Al₂O₃的分布更加均匀。一方面，小尺寸的Al₂O₃与原位生成的(Ti, W)C协同提高WC-Ni₃Al块体样品的硬度；另一方面，适量Ti的添加还提高WC-Ni₃Al硬质合金的断裂韧度，这是由于原位生成的(Ti, W)C与WC有较好的界面结合，增加对裂纹扩展的桥接与偏转作用。当添加3%(质量分数)的Ti时，WC-Ni₃Al硬质合金获得了优异的力学性能，硬度和断裂韧度分别为(19.29±0.18) GPa和(13.14±0.24) MPa·m^1/2。     

Influence of the thermomechanical processing on the fracture mechanisms of high strength aluminium/pure aluminium multilayer laminate materials

The microstructure and mechanical properties, with emphasis in the impact fracture toughness behaviour, of two multilayer laminate materials have been investigated. The multilayer materials are constituted by alternated sheets of pure aluminium (Al 1200 or Al 1050) and high strength Al 7075 alloy. Stacked layers of these alloys have been successfully joined using two processing routes with different total hot rolling strains. Both laminates have been tested at room temperature under impact Charpy tests, three-point bend tests and shear tests on the interfaces. Both laminates exhibited more than eight times improvement in impact fracture toughness over the monolithic Al 7075-T6. The toughness increase in the higher rolling strained laminate is almost entirely due to crack blunting mechanism, while in the lower strained laminate, crack deflection by delamination and crack renucleation processes were active.     

Al2O3/(纳米)Fe3Al复合材料位错形貌的TEM观测

利用TEM对Fe₃Al/Al₂O₃复合材料的位错形貌进行了观测分析,观察到Fe₃Al/Al₂O₃中丰富的位错组态。根据透射电镜观察,引入Fe₃Al后,Al₂O₃晶内产生大量位错,位错多产生于Fe₃Al于Al₂O₃相界面附近,亚界面的形成使基体晶粒再细化,使强度提高。在Fe₃Al中观察到超点阵位错,对材料起到"有序强化"作用。      

Si_3N_4陶瓷的微波烧结

用微波烧结技术和常规无压烧结技术烧结了 Si_3N_4陶瓷。用 XRD,TEM 等方法研究了不同技术烧结的 Si_3N_4样品的组成和显微结构;用三点弯曲和压痕法分别测量了两类样品的抗弯强度和断裂轫性。结果表明,N_2气压的引入可有效地控制微波烧结过程中 Si_3N_4的分解,微波烧结可大幅度降低 Si_3N_4的致密化温度,提高相转变速度,缩短烧结时间,其力学性能也明显地提高。     

TiC含量对WC-TiC-TaC硬质合金材料微观组织及力学性能的影响

本研究采用真空热压烧结技术, 在1600℃下制备了WC-TiC-TaC硬质合金材料, 研究了TiC含量对其微观组织及力学性能的影响。结果表明, 随着TiC含量的增多, 硬质合金材料的晶粒显著增大。当TiC的含量从10wt% 增加到25wt%时, 硬质合金材料的硬度逐渐增大, 最高可达19.81 GPa, 这是由于TiC的硬度高于基体WC的硬度; 与此同时, 硬质合金材料的抗弯强度和断裂韧度逐渐减小。当TiC的含量为10wt%时, 材料的抗弯强度有最大值, 其值为1147.24 MPa, 这是由于在材料内部形成了均匀、细小的晶粒组织; 在此含量下, 复合材料的增韧机理为细晶增韧、裂纹偏转、裂纹分支、裂纹桥接和韧窝增韧, 其断裂韧度有最大值, 为14.60 MPa·m^1/2。     

Microwave sintering of Si3N4 with LiYO2 and ZrO2 as sintering additives

Phase transformation, microstructure development and mechanical properties of 2.45 GHz microwave-sintered silicon nitride (Si₃N₄) with lithium yttrium oxide (LiYO₂) and zirconia (ZrO₂) sintering additives were investigated. It was found that α to β phase transformation completed at a lower temperature of 1500 °C. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs revealed a bimodal microstructure with a large number of elongated β-Si₃N₄ grains in addition to smaller grains. Surface residual porosity was observed in all sintered samples due to selective localized over heating of grain-boundary glassy phase. The high aspect-ratio of β-Si₃N₄ grains exhibited significant crack deflection, debonding and pull-out. It was observed that Vickers hardness and indentation fracture toughness increased with increasing sintering temperature.