麦麸膳食纤维的提取及在食品中的应用

膳食纤维作为“第七大营养素”对维护人体健康起着必不可少的作用,麦麸作为丰富且理想的谷物膳食纤维来源,已受到普遍关注与广泛研究利用。本文综述了麦麸膳食纤维的提取方法及食品应用研究进展,并对未来的研究与发展方向进行了展望,旨在为麦麸膳食纤维有针对性的开发利用提供借鉴与帮助。     

酶解麦麸产品抗氧化活性研究

采用黑曲霉发酵制备阿魏酸酯酶和阿拉伯木聚糖酶混合酶制剂，利用该酶制剂降解麦麸获得麦麸酶解产物（E—HWB）；通过测定它的DPPH清除能力、还原能力和对亚油酸过氧化的抑制作用，探讨了其抗氧化能力。结果表明，EHWB的抗氧化活性强于Vc及阿魏酸，是一种天然、无毒、高效的天然抗氧化剂。     

不同来源的谷物麸皮水溶性膳食纤维理化和功能性质研究

以稻花香米糠、长粒香米糠、籼米米糠、小米米糠、麦麸粗麸、麦麸细麸、燕麦麸皮、甜荞皮粉、苦荞皮粉、小米皮粉等10种谷物麸皮为实验原料提取水溶性膳食纤维（soluble dietary fiber, SDF）,研究了其理化特性、功能特性以及分子结构之间的差异性。结果表明：苦荞皮粉SDF的持水能力最强,小米皮粉SDF的持油能力最强,麦麸细麸SDF吸水膨胀性最强。稻花香米糠SDF、长粒香米糠SDF、小米米糠SDF和甜荞皮粉SDF不具有吸水膨胀性。10种SDF葡萄糖结合能力在56.95～432.83 mg/g之间。SDF胆固醇吸附能力在0.41～66.21 mol/g之间,具有显著性差异。麦麸粗麸SDF的ABTS自由基清除率和DPPH清除率最高,小米米糠SDF羟自由基清除率最高。10种SDF总抗氧化能力在2.00～5.59μmol/g之间,具有显著性差异。扫描电镜结果显示,10种SDF微观结构不同,有的表面凹凸不平呈颗粒状,有的平滑多孔;傅里叶红外吸收光谱呈现不同的强弱峰。综上所述,不同来源SDF的分子结构、理化特性、功能特性存在明显差异性,可根据需要选择不同结构和功能的SDF进行利用。     

高纤维软化麦麸粉在面包中的应用

高纤维软化麦麸是以小麦麸皮为原料,通过新的技术与工艺、配方精制成的粉状产品,将其应用于焙烤制品中,可制得多种多样的高纤维含量制品。本试验仅是其中的一例。     

Effects of enzymatic treatment conditions on dietary fibre content of wheat bran and use of cellulase-treated bran in cookie

A commercial cellulase preparation (Viscozyme Cassava C) was employed to process wheat bran to improve the ratio of insoluble to soluble dietary fibre. The effects of initial moisture content, enzyme dosage, and incubation time on the content of soluble and insoluble fibre during the enzymatic treatment were investigated. The appropriate conditions for the cellulase treatment were initial moisture content of 0.75 g water g⁻¹ dry matter, enzyme dosage of 9 U g⁻¹ dry matter and incubation time of 120 min under which the ratio of insoluble to soluble fibre of wheat bran was lowered by 42%. Untreated and cellulase-treated wheat bran was incorporated into cookies at levels of 0%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%. Cookie with 50% cellulase-treated bran showed 21% lower ratio of insoluble to soluble fibre as well as 14% lower hardness and 13% higher overall acceptability than sample with the same amount of untreated bran.     

Extraction of protein and solids from wheat bran

The influence of pH, time, temperature, cellulase treatment and washing conditions on the recovery of solids and protein from Australian wheat bran was investigated. Highest yields (83% of available protein, 72% of total solids) were achieved by extracting at pH 12 and washing with water at pH 7. However, acceptable yields could be obtained under near neutral conditions by extracting at pH 6.5 for 16 h followed by three washes at pH7. Under these conditions 72% of the protein and 55% of the total solids were extracted and greater stability of the vitamins thiamin, riboflavin and pyridoxine was expected. The use of cellulase in an attempt to disrupt the aleurone cell walls did not improve the recoveries of either protein or solids.     

小麦麸皮膳食纤维在食品中的应用

介绍了小麦麸皮作为食品添加剂在食品中的应用，并对其制成品的生产工艺进行了简要介绍。     

Rice bran and its constituents: Introduction and potential food uses

Rice bran (RB) is one of the by-products during the milling of rice. RB is underutilised due to its ease of susceptibility towards enzymatic activity. RB contains various bioactive compounds such as γ-oryzanol, phytosterols, tocols and squalene. High nutritional properties make RB, and its constituents play their different roles in the food industry, such as gluten flour substitutes, alternate shortening, organogelators, stabilisers and other types of additives. This review will briefly introduce the RB and its constituents and discuss their potential applications in the food industry.     

麦胚与麦麸保健食品的研制开发

麦麸和小麦胚芽是面粉加工厂的主要副产物,过去一直作为饲料利用,而现代科学研究表明,小麦胚和麦麸富含多种营养活性成分如蛋白质、氨基酸、维生素E、脂肪、矿物质和膳食纤维等,是重要的保健食品原料。主要研究如何利用现代食品技术,对这些副产物进行综合利用,以生产符合现代消费需求的营养保健食品,同时提高面粉企业的经济效益。     

Rice bran proteins: Properties and food uses

Rice bran, a good source of protein and fat, is at present underutilized as a food material. The potential of producing rice bran at the global level is 27.3 million t. The presence of enzyme lipase in rice bran causes rapid deterioration of oil to free fatty acids and glycerol. Various stabilization techniques involving heat treatment, low‐temperature storage, chemical treatment, control of relative humidity during storage, and simultaneous milling and extraction were evolved to inactivate lipase. Multiple forms of rice bran lipase have been identified. Fractional classification of proteins reveals a high percentage of albumins and globulins. Proteins can be extracted from full‐fat or defatted rice bran by alkaline extraction and acid or heat precipitation. Extraction procedures influence the protein content of concentrates, which ranged from 19.4 to 76.1% in concentrates from full‐fat rice bran and 17.5 to 85.0% in concentrates from defatted rice bran. The PER of rice bran ranges from 1.59 to 2.04 and that of protein concentrates from 1.99 to 2.19. Available lysine contents of protein concentrates ranged from 54 to 58.8%. The essential amino acid profiles of protein concentrates indicate that threonine and isoleucine are limiting amino acids. Various functional properties of rice bran protein concentrates have also been investigated that are known to be influenced by drying technique and stabilization treatment of rice bran. Rice bran has been used in food as full‐fat rice bran, defatted rice bran, and in the form of rice bran oil and protein concentrates. Full‐fat and defatted rice bran have been used in bakery products, breakfast cereals, wafers, as a protein supplement, binder ingredients for meats and sausages, and as a beverage base. Incorporation of protein concentrates have been studied in bread, beverages, confections, and weaning foods.     

The effects of aqueous extraction on the performance of wheat bran in bread

Wheat bran was sieved into coarse, medium and fine fractions prior to extraction with tap water. Bran, bran extract and bran residue were analysed for moisture, protein, fat, ash, pentosan and phytic acid. Farinograph measurements and baking tests showed maximum dough resistance and loaf volume of a white flour were both increased by the addition of the residue. Both these parameters were substantially decreased by bran extract and, to a lesser degree, by the bran itself. These findings were common amongst the size fractions although the residue from the coarse bran had the greatest effect on loaf volume and dough properties.     

Optimisation of ultrasound-assisted extraction of phenolic compounds from wheat bran

Wheat bran, an important by-product of the cereal industry, is rich in potentially health-promoting phenolic compounds. In this paper, the phenolic compounds from wheat bran were extracted by ultrasound-assisted extraction technology. The experiments were carried out according to a five level, three variable central composite rotatable design (CCRD), and the best possible combination of solvent concentration, extraction temperature and extraction time with the application of ultrasound, for maximum extraction of phenolic compounds from wheat bran, was obtained, through response surface methodology (RSM). The optimum extraction conditions were as follows: ethanol concentration, 64%; extraction temperature, 60 °C; and extraction time, 25 min; and the extraction time was the most significant parameter for the process. Under the above-mentioned conditions, the experimental total phenolic content was 3.12 mg gallic acid equivalents/g of wheat bran tested, which is well matched with the predicted content.     

Wheat bran-based biorefinery 1: Composition of wheat bran and strategies of functionalization

Wheat, together with maize and rice, accounts to about 90% of the world's cereal production. During the milling process, wheat bran, besides other valuable compounds such as wheat germ and parts of the endosperm, remains as major by-product. Wheat bran is composed of various histological cell layers, called the pericarp, testa, hyaline and aleurone layer and its weight ratio to milled wheat is about 25%. Annually, over 650 million tons of wheat are produced in the world, of which more than 69% are used for food. The thereby accruing biomass of wheat bran can be estimated as 150 million tons, which are basically used in the feed industry. Even if numerous studies have investigated potential health benefits of consuming more whole grain foods, the addition of bran to existing food systems may confer difficulties in terms of processing, nutrition or sensory acceptance by consumers. This review will summarize state-of-the-art technological approaches such as mechanical, thermal or enzymatic treatment used to modify the functional properties of wheat bran and coincidently describe the impact on the food system.     

彩色小麦的理化特性及麸皮粉的品质评价

目的研究彩色小麦和普通小麦的理化特性、营养组成及小麦皮层和胚乳中淀粉粒的结构形态和类型,为进一步了解彩色小麦的特性提供理论依据,为彩色小麦的营养加工奠定良好的基础。方法采用国标方法,对彩色小麦的理化指标和营养组成进行综合分析;采用扫描电子显微镜方法观察分析彩色小麦的皮层和胚乳中淀粉粒的结构形态和类型。结果彩色小麦在千粒重、容重等物理特性方面低于普通小麦,且彩色小麦籽粒的长宽比大,没有普通小麦籽粒饱满。在营养组分方面,绿麦3104、紫麦3202、黑麦3201的蛋白质含量分别比普麦烟农19高29.5%、24.4%、21.3%;湿面筋含量分别比普麦烟农19高29.6%、19.0%、17.0%;粗脂肪含量分别比普麦烟农19高31%、10.4%、22.2%。通过扫描电镜对小麦皮层结构分析发现彩色小麦糊粉层中含有大量的糊粉颗粒,集中了小麦籽粒大部分的营养物质。干法制备的麸皮粉,随着碾磨道数的增加,其灰分含量呈升高趋势,出粉率和白度呈降低趋势。结论彩色小麦在营养组成方面与普通小麦相比有很大优势,麸皮粉的品质特性与普通小麦相似,但彩色小麦的胚乳淀粉粒的形态和类型与普通小麦存在很大差异。     

小麦麸皮中膳食纤维提取工艺与应用的研究

论述了国内膳食纤维的常用提取工艺,讨论了微波辐射在提取膳食纤维中的应用,概述了膳食纤维在食品中的应用状况及其对食品品质的影响。     

冬小麦抗冻蛋白制备及其在汤圆中的应用研究

研究了冬小麦麸皮抗冻蛋白的制备方法及其在速冻汤圆中的应用。研究确定冬小麦麸皮抗冻蛋白的提取工艺为:pH8.0,提取时间3h,液料比5:1,该条件下小麦麸皮水溶性蛋白质提取率达到38%,其中含抗冻蛋白1.6%。抗冻蛋白粗品在汤圆中的应用实验结果显示,2.5%的蛋白添加量对汤圆的品质有明显的改善效果。      

小麦麸皮水不溶性阿拉伯木聚糖提取及其酶解产物分析

以小麦麸皮为原料,采用碱提法对小麦麸皮中的水不溶性阿拉伯木聚糖进行提取。以水不溶性阿拉伯木聚糖得率为响应值,采用单因素试验和响应面分析法对其提取工艺进行优化,并利用不同木聚糖酶对其进行酶解,采用薄层色谱（TLC）法对酶解产物进行分析。结果表明,水不溶性阿拉伯木聚糖的最佳提取工艺为料液比1∶193（g∶mL）、提取温度61 ℃、提取时间5 h。在此最优提取工艺条件下,水不溶性阿拉伯木聚糖的得率为51.61%,较优化前提高20.71%。用不同种类木聚糖酶对提取的水不溶性阿拉伯木聚糖进行酶解,TLC分析结果表明,链霉菌10904来源的木聚糖酶A对水不溶性阿拉伯木聚糖有较好的底物特异性,酶解产物丰富且以木二糖为主,为阿拉伯低聚木糖的制备提供理论依据。     

Thermogravimetric analysis of water release from wheat flour and wheat bran suspensions

Bran is hygroscopic and competes actively for water with other key components in baked cereal products like starch and gluten. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of flour–water mixtures enriched with bran at different incorporation levels was performed to characterise the release of compartmentalised water. TGA investigations showed that the presence of bran increased compartmentalised water, with the measurement of an increase of total water loss from 58.30 ± 1.93% for flour only systems to 71.80 ± 0.37% in formulations comprising 25% w/w bran. Deconvolution of TGA profiles showed an alteration of the distribution of free and bound water, and its interaction with starch and gluten, within the formulations. TGA profiles showed that water release from bran-enriched flour is a prolonged event with respect to the release from non-enriched flour, which suggests the possibility that bran may interrupt the normal characteristic processes of texture formation that occur in non-enriched products.     

Effect of wheat bran dietary fibre on the rheological properties of dough during fermentation and Chinese steamed bread quality

The effects of wheat bran dietary fibre (WBDF) on the rheological properties of dough during fermentation and quality of Chinese steamed bun (CSB) were investigated. The study revealed that with the increase of the content of WBDF, the dough extensibility and time at which gas starts to escape from the dough significantly decreased but the dough firmness significantly increased (P < 0.05). The elastic modulus and viscous modulus showed an upward trend, probably due to the increased molecular weight of the viscoelastic body resulting from the presence of WBDF. Additionally, by changing the quality of the gluten network, the specific volume and L^* value significantly decreased from 2.52 to 1.31 mL g⁻¹, and from 87 to 51, respectively, these adverse effects on CSBs could be moderated by the fermentation process.