不同煎炸食材对高油酸菜籽油煎炸稳定性的影响

为研究高油酸菜籽油作为煎炸油的潜力,使用高油酸菜籽油煎炸土豆、鸡柳和豆腐3种不同食材18 h,分析煎炸过程中油样的总极性组分含量、酸值、过氧化值、碘值和脂肪酸组成的变化,并对煎炸食品进行了吸油率测定和感官评价,研究煎炸食材对高油酸菜籽油煎炸稳定性的影响。结果表明:3种食材对高油酸菜籽油总极性组分含量、酸值、过氧化值和碘值影响大小顺序均为土豆>鸡柳>豆腐;煎炸18 h时,3组高油酸菜籽油的单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)和多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)含量降低,而饱和脂肪酸(SFA)含量增加,其中煎炸土豆的高油酸菜籽油PUFA含量降幅最大,煎炸鸡柳的高油酸菜籽SFA含量增幅最大;煎炸3 h,3种食材感官评分分别达到了9.32、9.24分和9.12分,之后随着煎炸时间的延长感官评分降低,但豆腐的降幅最小。综上,结合豆腐水分含量高的特性,推测高油酸菜籽油更适合用于高水分含量食材的煎炸,且最佳煎炸时间应控制在3 h之内。     

不同炒籽工艺对低芥酸浓香菜籽油风味的影响北大核心CSCD

为了研究不同炒籽工艺对低芥酸浓香菜籽油风味的影响,以低芥酸油菜籽为原料,研究入炒水分、炒籽温度、炒籽时间对低芥酸浓香菜籽油风味物质含量及感官品质的影响。结果表明:从低芥酸浓香菜籽油中共鉴定出65种挥发性风味物质;随炒籽温度上升、炒籽时间延长,低芥酸浓香菜籽油中呈现烤香味的杂环类物质总含量逐渐增加;随炒籽温度上升和入炒水分的增加,呈现刺激味的硫苷降解产物(含硫类化合物、腈类化合物)总含量逐渐增加;在感官上,低芥酸浓香菜籽油主要体现为烤香味、焦糊味,还能感知到腌菜味和刺激味;随炒籽温度升高,低芥酸浓香菜籽油中烤香味感官属性得分先上升后降低,150℃时得分最高,而焦糊味、腌菜味等感官属性得分逐渐升高;随炒籽时间延长,烤香味感官属性得分逐渐降低,焦糊味感官属性得分逐渐升高;随入炒水分增加,烤香味、焦糊味感官属性得分在一定范围内稳定波动。炒籽过程中一定的炒籽温度及增加水分能够明显提升消费者喜好度。     

Effect of storage on chemical and sensory profiles of peanut pastes prepared with high‐oleic and normal peanuts

BACKGROUND: Peanut paste and peanut butter have high oil contents and are thus susceptible to developing rancidity and off‐flavours through lipid oxidation. Preservation of the chemical and sensory quality of these products is one of the main problems in the peanut industry. The purpose of this study was to compare the chemical and sensory stability of peanut paste prepared with high‐oleic peanuts (cv. Granoleico, GO‐P) with that of peanut paste prepared with normal peanuts (cv. Tegua, T‐P) from Argentina. RESULTS: Chemical (peroxide and p‐anisidine values and conjugated dienes) and sensory (roasted peanutty, oxidised and cardboard flavours) indicators of lipid oxidation were measured in peanut pastes stored at 4, 23 and 40 °C. Chemical indicator values and oxidised and cardboard flavours showed lower increments in GO‐P than in T‐P during storage. T‐P had significantly higher peroxide value than GO‐P. Roasted peanutty flavour showed a lower decrease in GO‐P. Peanut paste prepared with high‐oleic peanuts had four (at 4 °C), two (at 23 °C) and three (at 40 °C) times longer shelf‐life than peanut paste prepared with normal peanuts. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that high‐oleic Granoleico kernels provide peanut paste with higher protection against lipid oxidation. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

烘烤预处理油菜籽的储藏方式对压榨菜籽油品质的影响研究

以烘烤预处理油菜籽为原料,将其分别进行真空包装与编织袋包装。然后进行为期42 d的真空和常压室温储藏,每隔6 d对两种储藏方式的油菜籽进行低温压榨制油,并测定压榨菜籽油的质量指标,动态监测不同储藏方式对压榨菜籽油品质的影响。结果表明:两种储藏条件下压榨菜籽油的酸价、过氧化值和茴香胺值均随储藏时间延长而升高,DPPH自由基清除能力、铁离子还原能力、氧化诱导期均随储藏时间延长而逐渐降低,且真空包装储藏的变化趋势更小,而脂肪酸组成和含量均未发生显著变化;储藏42 d后,真空包装储藏保留了原料中85. 29%的植物甾醇含量、78. 44%的Canolol含量和77. 28%的多酚含量。相对于常压室温储藏,真空包装储藏方式下压榨菜籽油的理化指标变化更小,营养成分损失率更低,抗氧化活性更高。因此,真空包装储藏能够很好地保持烘烤预处理油菜籽的制油品质,可以成为一种绿色的油菜籽储藏方法。     

油菜籽炒籽温度对其油脂风味及综合品质的影响

采用顶空固相微萃取与气相色谱-质谱联用技术对不同温度炒籽后压榨所制取菜籽油中挥发性风味物质进行分析,并对菜籽油中多环芳烃(PAHs)、3-氯丙醇酯(3-MCPD酯)、缩水甘油酯(GEs)、维生素E、甾醇等进行检测,分析炒籽条件对菜籽油风味、安全品质和营养品质等综合品质的影响。结果表明:冷榨菜籽油中共鉴定出47种挥发性风味物质,其中以醛类成分最多(相对百分含量为42.28%)。炒籽后压榨所制取菜籽油中共鉴定出110种挥发性物质,其中硫苷降解产物的相对百分含量最高,以3-甲基-2-丁烯腈为主;杂环类化合物中吡嗪类的种类最多,以2,5-二甲基吡嗪、3-乙基-2,5-二甲基吡嗪、2-甲基吡嗪为主。160℃炒籽温度时硫苷降解产物和吡嗪类的相对百分含量最高,醛类含量最低,风味也较好。随炒籽温度升高菜籽油中PAHs及3-MCPD酯、GEs含量均呈升高趋势。180℃炒籽温度,菜籽油中3-MCPD酯和GEs分别为0.15、0.82 mg/kg,相比于140℃炒籽分别增加了4倍和12.67倍。炒籽压榨所制取菜籽油中维生素E和甾醇含量均比冷榨菜籽油高,160℃炒籽制取菜籽油中维生素E和甾醇含量最高。菜籽油酸值和过氧化值随炒籽温度升高而提高。综合菜籽油风味、安全品质、营养品质和质量指标,浓香菜籽油生产中以炒籽温度不超过160℃、炒籽时间不超过20 min为佳。     

基于脂肪酸组成结合主成分分析识别不同比例大豆油和菜籽油调配的调和油

结合脂肪酸组成和化学计量学方法,对大豆油、菜籽油及其不同比例的二元调和油的识别进行基础研究,并分析不同比例调和油中脂肪酸含量的变化。结果表明在大豆油和菜籽油中,共检出脂肪酸组分17种,主要以油酸、亚油酸、棕榈酸和亚麻酸为主。在以不同比例低芥酸菜籽油和大豆油调配的调和油中,脂肪酸含量随调和比例的改变而呈现一定趋势的增加或减小。结合脂肪酸组成,对所有的139个样品进行了主成分分析(PCA),结果表明大豆油和菜籽油可以互相实现区分,不同比例的调和油样品分布在调配的溯源样品之间,基本按照比例关系分布成一条直线。研究通过对菜籽油、大豆油及其不同比例调配的调和油的脂肪酸组成进行了定量分析,分析了它们之间脂肪酸组成的变化,并结合化学计量学手段进行一些识别分析,为规范调和油的生产和保障公平有序的调和油市场提供参考。     

Influence of seed roasting process on the changes in composition and quality of sesame (Sesame indicum) oil

The composition and quality changes of sesame oils prepared at different roasting temperatures (180–260°C) from sesame seed were evaluated and compared with an unroasted oil sample. There were no apparent differences in characteristics, such as acid value, iodine value, saponification value and refractive index, of sesame oils prepared at a roasting temperature between 180 and 220°C. The colour units and total polar content of oils increased in relation to an increase in roasting temperature. The phospholipid content was reduced from 690 mg kg^?1 in unroasted oil to 0 mg kg^?1 in the oil prepared using a 260°C roasting temperature. The fatty acid content of the oil was reduced markedly, especially in oleic and linoleic acids, when the roasting temperature was over 220°C. The amounts of chlorophyll and sesamolin decreased with increasing roasting temperature. However, the highest level of sesamol and γ-tocopherol was found in oils prepared with a 200–220°C roasting temperature. The sesame oil prepared at a 200°C roasting temperature had the best flavour score when compared with the other samples.     

Refining of high oleic safflower oil: Effect on the sterols and tocopherols content

The purpose of this work was to study the influence of the industrial process steps on free fatty acids, peroxide value (PV), p-anisidine value (PAV), trans fatty acids, tocopherols and sterols (free, esterified and total) in high oleic safflower oil. Degumming, bleaching and deodorization steps removed 91.4% of free fatty acids, 96.31% of oxidation primary products (PV), and 54.57% of oxidation secondary products (PAV), from crude high oleic safflower oil. Degumming neither affected the content of sterified sterols nor its proportion with respect to the crude oil. A significant increment (p<0.05) in the content of free sterols was observed during degumming and bleaching due to the acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of steryl esters. A significant reduction (p<0.05) in the content of total sterols during bleaching was observed, which is attributed to a reduction in the sterified sterol fraction. During deodorization, free sterols were distilled from oil, with a gradual reduction in the total sterol content as a function of the deodorization temperature. α- and γ-tocopherols represented 93.3% of the total tocopherols in high oleic safflower crude oil. The refining process removed 28.5% of the tocopherols. Deodorization was the main step which increased the level of trans fatty acids as an effect of temperature and heating time.     

Influence of quinoa roasting on sensory and physicochemical properties of allergen‐free,gluten‐free cakes

The objectives of this study were to determine pasting properties of non‐roasted (NR) and roasted quinoa (RQ) and to investigate the effect of RQ on consumer acceptance and physicochemical properties of an allergen‐free, gluten‐free cake formulation. Quinoa seeds were roasted at 177 °C for 15 (R15), 30 (R30) and 45 min (R45), and flours were analysed for pasting properties. Five cakes including a commercial chocolate cake (CCC) and cakes made with NR and RQ flours were evaluated for preference by fifty panelists. Quality parameters included colour, water activity, moisture content, firmness, weight and height. Peak and final viscosity increased with roasting time. The NR cake had the highest sensory scores for appearance, colour and texture. On flavour and overall acceptability, CCC was the highest. Regarding quality data, CCC, NR and R15 cakes had similar L* values, while CCC had the lowest a*, b*, a_w, moisture content and firmness values.     

炒籽温度对芝麻油香气活性组分 和感官品质的影响

利用SPME-GC-MS-O分析了不同炒籽温度下芝麻油的香气活性组分,利用描述性分析技术比较了芝麻油的感官品质差异,利用9点快感标度评价了芝麻油的消费者接受度。结果表明：随着炒籽温度的升高,芝麻油挥发性成分的含量逐渐增多,其中主要的香气活性物质吡嗪类含量增加最为显著。炒籽温度为160 ℃时,检测到25种香气活性物质,芝麻油整体香气最弱,具有生芝麻味;炒籽温度为180 ℃时,检测到28种香气活性物质,芝麻油香气和口感最佳,刺激感最低,消费者接受度最高;炒籽温度为200 ℃时,检测到31种香气活性物质,芝麻油整体香气较强,但焦糊味、苦味和刺激感等负面感官强度明显增加     

不同产地菜籽油中微量元素的ICP-MS/MS法测定及统计比较

研究菜籽油中微量元素含量的分布规律及其与菜籽油产地之间的关系。采用电感耦合等离子体串联质谱(ICP-MS/MS)法测定了15种菜籽油中Be、Ti、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Se、Sr、Cd、Ba、Hg、Pb 16种微量元素的含量,将测定数据进行标准化处理后利用SPSS主成分分析与聚类分析对微量元素的分布进行评价。结果表明:菜籽油经煤油稀释后直接进样分析,在MS/MS模式下,分别选择O_2和NH_3/He为反应气,利用CRC技术消除了质谱干扰; Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、Sr、Ba在0～500μg/kg范围内相关系数大于等于0. 999 8,其余10种分析元素在0～50. 0μg/kg范围内相关系数大于等于0. 999 6,16种元素的检出限为1. 05～20. 30 ng/kg;主成分分析结果显示累积方差的84. 487%来自前6个主成分,菜籽油的特征元素为Mn、Fe、Cu、Sr,聚类分析将15种菜籽油聚为3类,实现了不同产地菜籽油的初步判别。通过微量元素的主成分分析与聚类分析,可对菜籽油进行有效的产地溯源。     

Changes in chemical quality indices during long‐term storage of palm‐olein oil under heated storage and transport‐type conditions

Six quality indices, namely free fatty acids (FFA), peroxide value (PV), anisidine value (AV), oxidative stability index (OSI), total tocopherols and headspace volatiles (hexanal, t‐2‐hexenal and t,t‐2,4‐decadienal), were evaluated in a long‐term storage trial of 52 weeks at 50 °C of palm‐olein, a monounsaturated oil. Three concentrations of copper (0.035, 0.17 and 0.69 mg kg^?1) were added. FFA values for all the sample treatments increased slightly over the storage period but remained within acceptable limits. PV of the copper‐containing samples declined initially and then remained stable up to week 40, after which it increased slightly for the 0.035 and 0.17 mg kg^?1 samples. However, PV of the control (no added copper) increased steadily to above the acceptable limit. AV of the copper‐containing samples increased much more than that of the control. OSI and total tocopherol values of the copper‐containing samples were markedly lower than those of the control. t‐2‐Hexenal did not increase during the storage period, whereas hexanal increased in the copper‐containing samples but at a slower rate than in the control. Conversely, the copper‐containing samples had high levels of t,t‐2,4‐decadienal but the control had none. AV, OSI and total tocopherols are the most valuable quality indices for assessing monounsaturated oil quality, whereas FFA, PV and headspace volatiles can be misleading. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry     

烘烤温度对浓香油莎豆油风味及综合品质的影响

在浓香型油脂的生产中油料烘烤温度是影响产品风味的重要因素,为了对浓香油莎豆油的产品开发和工艺条件优化提供支持,采用不同温度对油莎豆进行烘烤并压榨制取浓香油莎豆油,对油莎豆油的多个品质指标进行检测分析,明确烘烤温度对油莎豆油风味及综合品质的影响。结果表明:油莎豆经140、150、160、170、180℃烘烤25 min后榨取的5个油样的酸值(KOH)为1.36~2.31 mg/g,过氧化值为1.60~2.24 mmol/kg,维生素E含量为177.82~207.14 mg/kg,甾醇含量为208.73~230.01 mg/100 g;烘烤温度对油莎豆油的脂肪酸组成影响不大,但随温度升高反式脂肪酸含量从未检出升高至0.029%,3,4-苯并[a]芘(BaP)含量从1.06μg/kg升高至1.66μg/kg,多环芳烃(PAH16)含量从63.67μg/kg升高至72.50μg/kg, 3-氯丙醇酯均未检出;随烘烤温度升高,5个油样中挥发性成分的种类及含量分别为60种16.46 mg/kg、87种33.07 mg/kg、81种22.36 mg/kg、78种17.71 mg/kg、57种21.78 mg/kg;150℃烘烤时油莎豆油的挥发性成分的种类和含量最为丰富;赋予浓香油莎豆油烘焙坚果味等正面风味属性的主要为杂环类物质,包括2,5-二甲基吡嗪和2-正戊基呋喃,其中2,5-二甲基吡嗪在140℃时的油莎豆油中未检出,之后随烘烤温度升高,在杂环类物质中的占比从烘烤温度150℃时的24.16%升高至烘烤温度为180℃的34.06%。综合油莎豆油风味、安全品质、营养品质和质量指标,浓香油莎豆油生产中以烘烤温度不超过160℃、烘烤时间不超过25 min为佳。     

Sensory and compositional attributes of melting‐ and non‐melting‐flesh peaches for the fresh market

A study was conducted to determine differences in sensory and compositional characteristics of melting‐flesh (MF) and non‐melting flesh (NMF) fresh market peach genotypes. Sensory results showed that the NMF fruit (‘Oro A’ and FL 86‐28C) were ‘harder’, less ‘juicy’ and more ‘rubbery’ than their MF (FL 90‐20 and ‘TropicBeauty’) counterparts. A principal component analysis of the sensory data showed a clear distinction between the textural aspects of MF and NMF fruit, but not between their flavour aspects. Likewise, chemical analysis showed that while differences in pH, titratable acidity, and soluble solids were detected among the four genotypes, no consistent grouping could be made based on the MF/NMF nature of the fruit. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry