Comparing the impact of bentonite addition for both must clarification and wine fining on the chemical profile of wine from Chambave Muscat grapes

The impact of bentonite fining is generally studied on final wines, and few studies have evaluated it throughout the winemaking process. This work studied the fate of proteins and terpenols, the main targets of bentonite addition, during the processing of Chambave Muscat aromatic grapes. The experimental trials were performed in two vintages (2006 and 2007) and included the following processes: bentonite addition to must only (100 g hL^?1 in both vintages), fining of wine only (100 g hL^?1 in both vintages), double bentonite treatment on must and wine (200 and 150 g hL^?1 in 2006 and in 2007, respectively) and no treatment (control). The results demonstrated that the treatment allowing the best removal of protein was the addition of bentonite to must only. Moreover, a lower removal of free terpenols was observed in samples from double treatment compared with wines fined with bentonite only after alcoholic fermentation.     

5种谷物蛋白对干红葡萄酒的澄清效果分析

本项目从糯米、大米、燕麦、青稞和荞麦等5种谷物籽粒中分别提取蛋白质,并将其添加到干红葡萄酒中进行澄清处理,2周后感官评价和理化指标分析结果表明:供试的5种谷物蛋白均能显著降低干红葡萄酒的浊度,且不同蛋白、不同添加量对葡萄酒的色调、色度、总酚等主要指标均具有显著影响(p<0.05)。浊度与色度和总酚含量之间呈极显著正相关(p<0.01),与色调和酒石酸含量之间呈显著正相关(p<0.05),与滴定酸、蛋白质及单宁含量之间相关性不显著(p>0.05)。通过主成份分析法提取到3个公因子,建立了综合因子得分模型,其中有3个处理综合因子得分高于对照,分别是\     

Clarifying effect of different fining agents on mulberry wine

Fining experiments have been conducted on mulberry wine, in which five fining agents (bentonite, gelatin, casein, egg albumin and PVPP) were investigated. The effect of these agents on polyphenol content, colour intensity, antioxidant activity and aromatic profile has been determined. In general, all treatments improved the limpidity of the mulberry wines to some extent. The wine was mostly negatively affected by gelatin and led to the greatest reduction of phenol content (16.61%), colour intensity (32.26%) and antioxidant activity. Concerning aroma, the addition of PVPP, casein and bentonite both significantly altered the aroma profile. It is noteworthy that egg albumin led to the lowest diminution total phenol value (5.74%) and improvement of antioxidant capacity and colour among the tested fining agents. Furthermore, the aroma profile remained mostly unaffected by egg albumin. As consequence, the optimal fining agent for mulberry wine was egg albumin.     

Effect of using bentonite during fermentation on protein stabilisation and sensory properties of white wine

The bentonite use to remove proteins from white wine is a widespread practice that prevents protein haze formation after bottling. However, an excess of bentonite can have negative effects on both the aromatic profile of young white wines and the quality of the foam of sparkling wines. Therefore, the optimisation of bentonite amount to be used and the moment of its application during winemaking to minimise wine quality losses are of great interest for winemakers. This paper analyses how applying an equal bentonite dose at different stages (must clarification; beginning, middle and end of fermentation) on two scales (industrial and pilot) affects the protein content and stability, physical–chemical characteristics, aromatic profile and foam quality of the obtained wines. No important differences in the oenological parameters were observed between industrial and pilot scales, whereas the scale of the experimental treatments affected protein stability, aroma composition and foam quality of the wines.     

The antioxidant activity of Californian red wines does not correlate with wine age

A range of physico‐chemical properties of 21 Californian red wines from 1 to 28 years old were correlated with wine age. The level of monomeric phenolics and low molecular‐weight phenolic oligomers decreased with age, while the level of high molecular‐weight phenolics increased. On the other hand, total phenols given by the Folin–Ciocalteau method, antioxidant capacity determined using a controlled chain reaction of methyl linoleate and the intensity of the anodic peak determined by cyclic voltammetry (CV) did not show any significant correlation with wine age. Total phenols and the shapes of CV traces were more dependent on the grape variety and the particular viticultural and wine‐making practices rather than on wine age. At the same time, young and aged wines showed a pronounced difference in the shape of [O₂] traces recorded during the oxidation of methyl linoleate in a micellar solution inhibited by wine addition. Possible reasons why the antioxidant activity of red wines does not correlate with wine age are discussed. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry     

Formation of vitisin A during red wine fermentation and maturation

During alcoholic fermentation the formation of vitisin A occurred mainly in the period between 20% and 85% glucose utilisation, when the concentrations of the precursors, malvidin-3-glucoside and pyruvic acid were at a maximum. The maximum rate of vitisin A synthesis of 11 mg/Lh occurred when 57% of glucose had been utilised and 440 mg/L malvidin-3-glucoside, 114 mg/L pyruvic acid and 3.1 mg/L measured oxygen were present. During maturation, production of vitisin A appeared to be linked with the availability of a suitable oxidant. Synthesis of vitisin A continued for approximately 6 months of maturation in air-tight bottles while the precursors were available. In wines that underwent malolactic fermentation, the malolactic bacteria consumed pyruvic acid and thereby limited the production of vitisin A. At the end of a 12 month maturation period, the concentration of vitisin A declined in wines made without any malolactic fermentation, even though malvidin-3-glucoside and pyruvic acid were still present. This indicated that there was a shortage of a suitable oxidant required to complete the reaction.     

The effect of bentonite fining at different stages of white winemaking on protein stability

Background and Aims: Bentonite fining to remove protein is the most widely used treatment to prevent protein haze in white wines. Bentonite can be added at different stages during winemaking. This study aimed to determine the best time to add bentonite. Methods and Results: Unstable juices were vinified after bentonite fining of juice, or with bentonite added either early or late in fermentation. Different addition rates of bentonite were used and bentonite was either added in one or two additions. Fermentation rates were observed and protein stability and bentonite fining rates of the resultant wines were determined. Conclusions: Adding bentonite during fermentation or fining finished wines was the most efficient option in terms of amounts of bentonite required. Fermenting with bentonite present also may increase fermentation rates. Significance of the Study: Using the least bentonite necessary for heat stability is important for winemakers for quality, cost and environmental reasons. This study describes ways in which bentonite addition rates can be minimised.     

Effects of pre-fermentation enzyme maceration on extraction and colour stability in Pinot Noir wine

Effects of pre-fermentation enzyme maceration on anthocyanins, phenolics, colour and colour parameters were investigated in Pinot Noir ( Vitis vinifera L.) wines made from musts that were macerated for 12 hours at 20°C with a commercial enzyme preparation, Rohapect VR-C (Rohm, Darmstadt, Germany), with and without additions of SO₂. Anthocyanins and phenolics were determined by spectrophotometric and HPLC methods. Standard triplicate microvinifications were conducted in glass vessels. Extraction of anthocyanins was not increased by enzyme treatment. However, wines produced by enzyme maceration had increased visible colour intensity, colour density and polymeric pigment formation. By the end of fermentation, enzyme-treated wines had more polymeric pigment, and less monomeric anthocyanins than non-enzyme-treated wines. The wines were bottled, stored at 12°C and sampled at three, six, eight and 18 months after bottling. Over 18 months, differences between the treatments were maintained. The promotion of the formation of polymeric pigments in enzyme-treated wines continued after the wines were bottled, and the greater content of polymeric pigment led to greater colour density in the enzyme-treated wines. The promotion of polymeric pigment formation in wines by macerating enzyme treatment of the must may be due to the breakdown of protective polysaccharide-protein colloids by hemicellulase and protease activities in the enzyme preparation.     

不同酒帽管理方式对干红葡萄酒理化指标和感官质量的影响

以赤霞珠、梅洛为原料制备干红葡萄酒,探究带皮发酵期间压帽法和浸入法两种不同的酒帽管理方式对葡萄酒发酵和其基础理化指标、感官质量的影响。结果表明,采用压帽法、浸入法的组别发酵速率存在差异,发酵终产物总酚含量分别为641.17～836.17 g/L、722.00～883.67 g/L,总花色苷含量分别为130.98～210.70 g/L、172.72～259.45 g/L,b*值（黄化程度）分别为27.52～35.78、35.23～36.77。对于梅洛葡萄酒,浸入法在发酵中后期对提升酒中总酚、总花色苷含量方面发挥重要作用,但这一优势在赤霞珠葡萄浸渍过程中并不明显。感官评价结果表明,浸入法可显著提升赤霞珠葡萄酒口感复杂度和梅洛葡萄酒余味持久度。     

Proteins in white wines: Thermo-sensitivity and differential adsorbtion by bentonite

Protein fractions in a Chardonnay wine (invertases, glucanases, chitinases and thaumatin-like proteins) were identified using 2D-electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. The sensitivity of these fractions to heat-induced denaturation and precipitation following heat-treatments at different temperatures was studied and compared to their affinity for bentonite, a clay used to adsorb proteins and stabilise wines with regards to protein hazes. The different proteins exhibited different sensitivity with regards to heat-induced precipitation, glucanases being the most sensitive and invertases the least. Thaumatines and chitinases were characterised by a wide range of behaviours attributed to structural micro-heterogeneities. Protein depletion upon the addition of increasing bentonite doses was also dependent on the considered fraction. A good correlation was shown between protein affinity for bentonite and their sensitivity to heat precipitation. Results were discussed considering the current winemaking practices used to assess white wine stability and define bentonite doses needed to achieve their stabilisation.     

The effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Saccharomyces bayanus yeast on colour properties and pigment profiles of a Cabernet Sauvignon red wine

Red wine was made from the same batch of Cabernet Sauvignon grapes but with two different yeasts, Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC) or Saccharomyces bayanus (SB). The colour properties and pigment profiles of SC and SB wines were compared at 8 days and 387 days after yeast inoculation. Grape anthocyanin concentration was found to be lower in SB wines than in SC wines at day 8 and 387, but SB wine exhibited greater wine colour density, a* and b*. The anthocyanin concentration did not correlate with wine colour density. The levels of pigmented polymers and SO₂ non-bleachable pigments were found to be higher in SB wine at day 387, demonstrating that the formation of stable pyranoanthocyanins and pigmented polymers was enhanced by SB yeast. Electrospray mass spectrometry was used for the compositional analysis of pyranoanthocyanins, and direct and ethyl-bridged linked condensation dimers of malvidin 3- O -glucoside (MvG) with flavanols (catechin or epicatechin). The data demonstrated that the formation of acetaldehyde-mediated pigments was enhanced by the use of the SB yeast. The compositional analysis suggested that the differences in colour properties and pigment profiles of SC and SB wines were largely due to the greater production of acetaldehyde-mediated pigments by the use of SB yeast.     

Enological tannins affect acetaldehyde evolution,colour stability and tannin reactivity during forced oxidation of red wine

The addition of enological tannins is a practice admitted and widely used to improve wine phenolic compositions. Although wine ageing is an oxidative process involving phenolic compounds and acetaldehyde production and consumption, the effect of enological tannins on the acetaldehyde and chromatic and phenolic changes of a red wine during oxidation is still not known. In this study, three enological tannins preparations containing gallotannins GT, ellagitannins ET and condensed tannins CT were added to a young commercial Lambrusco red wine in order to obtain wines with three different phenolic compositions. Samples were then treated with hydrogen peroxide to trigger oxidation. All added tannins have determined a production of acetaldehyde greater than control. Acetaldehyde was then consumed in 30 days. The samples treated with CT and ET showed, after oxidation, an increase in colour intensity, determined as the sum of 420, 520 and 620 nm absorbances. A simultaneously increase in polymeric pigments was detected. No significant variation of the Saliva Precipitation Index (SPI), an index useful to give an indirect measure of wine astringency, was observed after 30 days of treatment of CT and ET samples. Results highlight that the addition of CT and ET can help to stabilise colour without affecting wine reactivity towards salivary proteins. A significant role of acetaldehyde has been even detected. These are the first data showing the effect of different enological tannins on the production and consumption of acetaldehyde formation during an oxidation process.     

Effect of a polyamine biosynthesis inhibitor on the quality of grape and red wine

BACKGROUND: The quality of berries and red wines is influenced by the cultivar. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of a polyamine biosynthesis (PA) inhibitor on some red grapevine cultivars with a genetically lower quality of grapes and wines. O‐Phosphoethanolamine was used as a PA inhibitor because of its positive effect on the quality of some small berries. RESULTS: The PA inhibitor at a foliar dose treatment of 7.0 g ha⁻¹ significantly increased the peroxidation inhibition of berries (1.16‐ to 1.56‐fold), the color density (from 1.66% to 69.14%) and the sensory quality of the wines with a lower genetically programmed color quality (André, Saint Laurent and Zweigeltrebe), but not the higher‐quality Alibernet variety. The PA inhibitor predominantly decreased the total phenolic and anthocyanin contents (from 37.0% to 27.5%), and it significantly decreased the contents of free polyamines in all varieties—very dramatically in Saint Laurent grapes (17.16‐ to 1.58‐fold). CONCLUSIONS: Foliar treatment of red grapevine varieties of a low quality, using O‐phosphoethanolamine, can help produce higher‐quality wines. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

不同酿酒酵母发酵对干红葡萄酒品质的影响

为得到优良的本土酿酒酵母（Saccharomyces cerevisiae）,以商业酿酒酵母（DS、CECA、CEC01）为对照,采用本土优良酿酒酵母WJ1、Q12发酵赤霞珠干红葡萄酒,测定其发酵过程中总酸、残糖、酒精度、花色苷、单宁和总酚含量的变化,并对葡萄酒进行感官评价。结果表明,不同酿酒酵母发酵赤霞珠干红葡萄酒过程中总酸、残糖、酒精度、花色苷、单宁和总酚含量变化趋势一致。本土酿酒酵母WJ1发酵的赤霞珠干红葡萄酒酸度较高,为6.92 g/L,残糖、酒精度、花色苷、单宁和总酚含量分别为3.32 g/L、15.0%vol、282.35 mg/L、204.95 mg/L、3 110.04 mg/L,感官评分为89分,显著高于商业酿酒酵母（P＜0.05）。酿酒酵母Q12发酵的赤霞珠干红葡萄酒酸度、残糖、酒精度分别为3.87 g/L、3.5 g/L、14.8%vol,花色苷、单宁和总酚含量分别为192.22 mg/L、205.01 mg/L、2 215.37 mg/L,感官评分为70分,显著低于商业酿酒酵母（P＜0.05）。因此,本土酿酒酵母WJ1可用作发酵赤霞珠干红葡萄酒的商业酵母。     

The use of thaumatin and bovine serum albumin as proteins in model wine solutions in bentonite fining

This study examined the viability of using thaumatin and bovine serum albumin (BSA) as proteins in model wine solutions for bentonite fining studies and compared them with unfined New Zealand sauvignon blanc (SB) wine. Bentonite fining trials were performed on model wine solutions and unfined SB wines (pH range 3.5–4.3). Thaumatin was more readily adsorbed onto bentonites of all types than BSA and its adsorption onto bentonite was less affected by the pH of the solution. Specifically, the amount of BSA adsorbed onto bentonite decreased significantly as the pH of the solution approached the isoelectric point (pI) of BSA while thaumatin was adsorbed at that pH due to its higher pI. Changing pH affected protein adsorption of real wine less noticeably than of BSA and thaumatin, and decreasing pH increased protein adsorption in contrast to the model solutions. Neither of the model solutions can fully represent the response of real wine to bentonite fining but they are simple and cost effective to prepare and reacted to changes in bentonite concentration similar to real wine. Thaumatin is potentially a better protein to use in simple model solutions for wine stabilisation studies like filtration where molecular weights are important consideration.     

澄清剂对黄酒混浊蛋白去除效果的研究

研究了单宁、硅胶和Polyclar R Brewbrite等澄清剂对黄酒混浊蛋白特异性去除的效果,并通过采用N-三（羟甲基）甘氨酸-十二烷基磺酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳、基质辅助激光解析电离飞行时间串联质谱,研究了黄酒混浊蛋白及不同澄清剂吸附蛋白的分子量、蛋白质种类及来源,并比较了澄清剂处理前后酒样隆丁区分和非生物稳定性的变化。结果表明:黄酒混浊蛋白的主要成分为类燕麦蛋白和二聚α-淀粉酶抑制剂,主要来源于小麦,几种澄清剂对二聚α-淀粉酶抑制剂都有一定的吸附作用,且处理后的酒样稳定性得到提高,其中以单宁效果最为明显。      

Effects of pH,sulphur dioxide,alcohol content,temperature and storage time on colour composition of a young Portuguese red table wine

In a young Portuguese red table wine (Douro Valley) a significant relationship between the colour composition (anthocyanins, polymeric pigment, colour density) and five parameters (pH, SO₂, alcohol, temperature, time of storage) were found. Higher temperature increased the loss of individual and total anthocyanins (as measured fay HPLC) during the ageing, while the wines with higher SO₂ content contained a greater amount of anthocyanins. Malvidin 3-glucoside acetate was the only anthocyanin not affected by the SO₂ content, but its concentration was related with the interaction term (time of storage × SO₂ content). Peonidin and malvidin 3-glucoside-p-coumarate were the two anthocyanins affected by the quadratic term of temperature. Three different groups of equations corresponding to the three different states of the glucoside moiety were found. The polymeric pigment absorbance increases daring conservation and with higher temperature, while the pH and SO₂ content decreased the polymeric pigment formation. The colour density of the experimental wine was related significantly to the changes of the coloured anthocyanins and to the polymeric pigment content.