蜡添加量对巴西棕榈蜡-油茶籽油凝胶物性、氧化稳定性及消化特性的影响

以油茶籽油为基料油,巴西棕榈蜡为凝胶剂制备巴西棕榈蜡-油茶籽油凝胶,探讨不同蜡添加量对其外观形态、持油率、硬度、晶型、热力学性质、氧化稳定性以及消化特性的影响。结果表明：蜡添加量为5%时才能使油茶籽油凝胶化,凝胶的硬度、持油率以及结晶/熔融峰值温度总体随着蜡添加量的增加而增大;凝胶的网络结构能够抑制油茶籽油次级氧化产物生成,提高油茶籽油的氧化稳定性;蜡添加量越高的凝胶脂肪酸释放率越低。     

Preparation and characterization of carnauba wax nanostructured lipid carriers containing benzophenone-3

Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) are potential active delivery systems based on mixtures of solid lipids and liquid oil. In this paper, aqueous dispersions of NLCs were prepared by a hot high-pressure homogenization technique using carnauba wax as the solid lipid and isodecyl oleate as the liquid oil. The preparation and stability parameters of benzophenone-3-loaded NLCs have been investigated concerning particle size, zeta potential and loading capacity to encapsulate benzophenone-3, a molecular sunscreen. The current investigation illustrates the effect of the composition of the lipid mixture on the entrapment efficiency, in vitro release and stability of benzophenone-3-loaded in these NLCs. A loading capacity of approximately 5% of benzophenone-3 (m(BZ-3) /m(lipids) ) was characteristic of these systems.     

Comparative Analysis of Olive Oil Organogels Containing Beeswax and Sunflower Wax with Breakfast Margarine

The purpose of this research was to develop olive oil organogels with sunflower wax (SW) and beeswax (BW) at 3%, 7%, and 10% addition levels and to compare these organogels with breakfast margarine (BM). The organogels and BM sample were stored at 2 different temperatures (4 and 20 °C), and the peroxide values (PVs) and textural properties were monitored for 3 mo. The PVs of all organogels were within legal limits and the gels were structurally stable throughout the storage period. The textural properties of 3% SW and 7% BW organogels were closely similar to BM. The solid fat contents of the organogels were lower than that of the BM. Moreover, the thermal properties of 3% BW gel were more similar to that of the BM. The results of X‐ray diffraction peaks, approximately 3.70 and 4.10 Å, were similar to β′ polymorphic form. In conclusion, both of the organogel types may have value in replacing BMs.     

Physicochemical properties and oxidative stability of oleogels made of carnauba wax with canola oil or beeswax with grapeseed oil

Two types of oleogels—made of carnauba wax with canola oil or beeswax with grapeseed oil—were prepared at concentrations from 0 to 15% (w/w) of wax. Physical characterization was done and oxidative stability of the oleogels were evaluated. As the proportion of wax increased from 5 to 15%, the enthalpy of crystallization and melting increased in both oleogels. The carnauba wax-based oleogel (CWO) required greater enthalpy than the beeswax-based oleogel (BWO). Differences in L*, a*, and b* values between control oils and the oleogels significantly decreased as the concentration of wax increased in the oleogels (5–15%; p<0.05). Oil-binding capacity of the BWO was higher than that of the CWO. Solid-fat content of the CWO did not change significantly from 10 to 60oC, whereas that of the BWO decreased. In general, oxidative stability of the CWO was better at 60 and 180oC heat treatment in comparison with control oils (p<0.05). However, the BWO did not provide high oxidative stability than the control oils.     

利用蜂蜡制备菜籽油基凝胶油的研究

以菜籽油为基料油,添加一定量的蜂蜡,采用加热搅拌和冷却的方法制备菜籽油基凝胶油,研究蜂蜡添加量、加热时间、加热温度、冷却时间对凝胶油硬度及漏油率的影响。结果表明:当蜂蜡添加量为6%～10%时,随着蜂蜡添加量的增加,漏油率呈下降趋势,硬度呈上升趋势。不同蜂蜡添加量组90℃时漏油率均最低,硬度最为适中。此外,除6%蜂蜡添加量组外,不同蜂蜡添加量组在加热时间30 min、冷却时间24 h时的硬度均为最大,漏油率均为最低。进一步用在蜂蜡添加量10%、加热温度90℃、加热时间30 min、冷却时间24 h条件下制备的凝胶油制作饼干,发现与相同配方下制作的黄油饼干相比,其硬度和脆性均略大。     

Exploitation of high-intensity ultrasound to modify the structure of olive oil organogel containing propolis wax

In this research, the effect of high-intensity ultrasound (HIU) on physico-chemical properties of olive oil organogel containing propolis wax was studied. The experiment was accomplished by response surface method (RSM) in different ultrasonic power levels, ultrasonic times and cooling temperatures. Regarding to maximum firmness and minimum oil migration, 300 W ultrasonic power, 5 °C cooling temperature and 120 s ultrasonic time were introduced as the optimum HIU condition. Optimised HIU-organogel was characterised in comparison to control. Results showed that HIU induced nucleation by creating small crystals led to form a strong network with high oil binding capacity. DSC analysis confirmed nucleation by high enthalpy for HIU-organogel. XRD pattern revealed no polymorphism transformation. However, a slight increasing of peroxide value was observed for HIU-modified organogel. These findings indicated that HIU could be a possible modification tool to produce appropriate organogel for food application such as margarine and shortening.     

鳕鱼肝油软胶囊增强小鼠免疫功能的研究

研究了鳕鱼肝油软胶囊增强小鼠的免疫功能。以鳕鱼肝油软胶囊0.042、0.083、0.250 g/kg3个剂量给予小鼠经口灌胃一个月,进行小鼠细胞免疫功能、体液免疫功能、单核-巨噬细胞功能及NK细胞活性测定。结果表明:0.250 g/kg组加Con A孔与不加Con A孔吸光度的差值、耳壳增重均显著高于对照组(玉米油组,下同)(P0.05);0.250 g/kg组小鼠溶血空斑数及血清半数溶血值(HC_(50))极显著高于对照组(P0.01);0.250 g/kg组小鼠吞噬指数a极显著高于对照组(P0.01)。研究表明鳕鱼肝油软胶囊具有增强小鼠免疫功能。     

我国鱼肝油产品开发现状、存在问题及发展策略

鱼肝油是从鱼类肝脏中提取出的一种富含维生素A、维生素D3、角鲨烯以及多种ω-3 多不饱和脂肪酸的脂肪油。通过膳食补充鱼肝油可提高人体免疫力、预防和治疗心脑血管疾病,鱼肝油还具有抗炎、软化组织血管、改善情绪和认知功能、降低2型糖尿病风险、保护骨健康、营养皮肤等功能。从原料加工来源、制备工艺、质量控制等方面剖析了鱼肝油产业发展现状及存在的问题,论述了鱼肝油在临床中的研究进展,并针对鱼肝油产业发展中存在的问题提出了扩大鱼肝油原料来源、优化制备工艺和建立质量控制方法等发展策略,同时对鱼肝油产业进行了展望,旨在推进鱼肝油加工产业的可持续发展。     

基于指纹图谱和化学计量分析的鳕鱼肝油软胶囊掺假植物油鉴定

目的 建立一种基于脂肪酸气相色谱(gas chromatography, GC) 指纹图谱技术结合化学计量分析的鳕鱼肝油软胶囊中掺假植物油的鉴定方法。方法 采用GC法测定不同来源鳕鱼肝油软胶囊脂肪酸指纹图谱, 经拟合后构建对照指纹图谱, 并进行样品相似度评价。模拟制备鳕鱼肝油软胶囊中掺入不同种类、不同比例植物油的掺假样品, 以其中14个共有脂肪酸峰的相对峰面积作为数据源, 输入SIMCA-P数据分析软件进行主成分分析(principal component analysis, PCA)及掺假模型建立。结果 获得鳕鱼肝油软胶囊GC对照指纹图谱及三维掺假识别模型, 44批样品经相似度评价发现有2批拟似掺假植物油, 将拟似样品色谱数据标准化后导入SIMCA-P软件, 显示2批样品均掺了大豆油, 掺假比例约为15%和35%。结论 脂肪酸GC指纹图谱结合化学计量分析为鳕鱼肝油软胶囊中掺假植物油的鉴定提供一种可靠准确的检测手段, 可快速有效识别鳕鱼肝油掺假行为。     

Comparison of rice bran oil and wax yields; a systematic approach to wax ester analysis

Rice bran oil (RBO) comprises 2–4% of rice bran wax (RBW) which contains wax esters (WE), hydrocarbons and other minor constituents, and there is still a lack of information on the RBW yields by various extraction methods and the WE contents in RBW. In this study, the yields of RBO and RBW extracted with Soxhlet and microwave‐assisted extraction (MAE) were compared with establish suitable RBW preparation methods. HPLC methods were also developed to determine the WE contents in RBW. MAE with hexane was the most efficient method for higher RBW yields as well as higher WE contents. The HPLC analysis proved that around half of the refined RBW consists of WE. The results established an efficient procedure for RBW preparation, which includes MAE with hexane, RBO refinement, winterisation, solvent fractionation and HPLC separation.     

植物蜡及液态植物油构建油凝胶的物性研究

以米糠蜡、棕榈蜡、蜂蜡3种食品级植物蜡为凝胶剂,葵花籽油、油茶籽油、亚麻籽油、棉籽油为基料油,构建了植物油基油凝胶,系统分析了油凝胶的外观形态、持油能力、微观结构、硬度、晶型及熔化结晶行为。结果发现,棕榈蜡基油凝胶涂抹性能优良,蜂蜡基油凝胶在三者中具有最高的持油能力。微观分析表明,米糠蜡形成的油凝胶晶体结构较为清晰,呈细长的针状;蜂蜡形成的油凝胶晶体结构最为细小,呈细小的针状;棕榈蜡形成的油凝胶,针型细密,并呈絮状结晶。晶体密度及样品硬度均随凝胶剂质量分数增加而增加。油凝胶的晶型与凝胶剂质量分数、基料油的种类无太大关系,主要取决于凝胶剂的种类。熔化结晶行为表明,凝胶剂种类相同时,随着其质量分数的增加,油凝胶的结晶/熔化峰值温度均升高。     

Oxidative stability of oil from blubber of harp seal (Phoca groenlandica) as assessed by NMR and standard procedures

Oils from seal blubber and cod liver were extracted, refined and bleached in a laboratory scale process. Oxidative stability of oils was evaluated over a 16-day period under accelerated oxidation conditions at 65°C. Peroxide value (PV), contents of conjugated dienes (CD) and trienes (CT), 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and p-anisidine values (AnV) were determined. In addition, NMR spectroscopy was used to monitor relative changes in the proton pattern of the fatty acids of oils during storage. Cod liver oil showed higher PV, CD, CT and TBARS values as compared with seal blubber oil. The ratio of aliphatic to olefinic protons in both oils determined by NMR spectroscopy increased steadily over the entire length of the storage period, indicating progressive oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids in both oils. A significant correlation (P ≤0·05) was found between these ratios and TOTOX values (2PV + AnV) for both oils, thus suggesting that NMR methodology can be used as an effective means to simultaneously estimate both primary and secondary oxidation changes.     

Oxidative properties of lactoferrins of different iron-saturation in an emulsion consisting of metmyoglobin and cod liver oil

Lactoferrins (LFs) at iron-saturation 8 (native) and 100%, respectively, were present in an oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion composed of 5% (w/v) cod liver oil (CLO) and metmyoglobin (metMb) in 50 mM phosphate buffer at pH 6.0. Initially both LFs acted as antioxidants and reduced initial peroxide formation, but after 48 h holo LF revealed the most peroxides but the least trienes. Native LF (0.8 mg/ml) gave the highest (p < 0.05) amounts of lipid derived volatiles after 48 h incubation at 4 °C. Both LFs gave similar increases in adducts to metMb with time. The most extensive aggregation induced by radicals or peroxides was found for native LF. The results pointed at reactions at the O/W interphase as highly influential for lipid and protein oxidation kinetics. Added ascorbic acid (1 mM), however, behaved as an antioxidant in the pro-oxidative oil-in-water emulsion system and prevented lipid degradation and protein adductation as well as protein aggregation.     

葵花籽原油中胶质与蜡含量快速测定方法的探讨

通过研究葵花籽原油中胶质与蜡含量的快速检测方法,利用此方法测定葵花籽原油中胶质与蜡的含量,并把实验结果与葵花籽原油连续精炼生产实践相结合,确立了葵花籽原油中胶质与蜡的含量的接收标准。实践证明,该方法简单,检测时间短,检测结果可靠。     

米糠油精炼及糠蜡的制取技术

米糠油是国际上公认的营养油,其油酸与亚油酸含量之比大致符合国际卫生组织所推荐的最佳比例1∶1。由于毛米糠油的特殊性,米糠油的精炼存在一定的困难。针对米糠油的特殊性,对米糠油的化学精炼和物理精炼以及糠蜡制取工艺,各个工序进行了较为详细的叙述,以期为米糠油的开发利用提供参考。     

GC--MS分析漆蜡和漆油脂肪酸组分

采用气相色谱―质谱联用法(GC–MS)分析漆蜡和漆油脂肪酸组分,并采用峰面积归一法测定各种组分相对含量。实验结果表明,漆蜡主要脂肪酸组分及含量为:棕榈酸(58.96%)、油酸(34.35%)和硬脂酸(5.73%);漆油主要脂肪酸组分及含量为:亚油酸(76.60%)和棕榈酸(22.23%);表明漆蜡和漆油具有较高开发价值。     

怒江地区漆树籽油和蜡的脂肪酸成分分析

为给怒江地区漆树种籽的研究和开发利用提供参考,以怒江昭通栽培的官大木、青杠皮、薄叶漆、光叶漆4个漆树品种种籽为试验材料,利用索氏抽提法和GC-MS法,分别测定并分析了漆籽中漆油和漆蜡的脂肪酸成分。结果表明:漆油是以亚油酸为主的脂肪酸,其不饱和脂肪酸含量高达60%。漆蜡是以棕榈酸为主的脂肪酸,其饱和脂肪酸含量高达70%。漆油和漆蜡的主要脂肪酸总量差异小,仅差0.16%。但主要脂肪酸的含量比例差异极大,漆油主要脂肪酸由亚油酸、油酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸、亚麻酸和棕榈油酸等6种脂肪酸构成,漆蜡主要脂肪酸由棕榈酸、油酸、硬脂酸、二十烷二酸和花生酸共5种脂肪酸组成。漆油和漆蜡的主要不饱和脂肪酸总含量差异极大。漆油的主要不饱和脂肪酸占比79.77%,而漆蜡的主要不饱和脂肪酸占比小于19.04%。其中官大木漆树漆油的主要不饱和脂肪酸总含量最高,其可视为漆油中高不饱和脂肪酸的漆树良种。4个品种漆油和漆蜡中的脂肪酸成分均不少于18种。4个品种漆油和漆蜡均检测出特有的成分,漆油和漆蜡的脂肪酸成分存在明显差异。漆油中含有漆蜡中未测到的蓖麻醇酸、木蜡酸、2-己基-环丙辛酸、二十一烷酸、二十三烷酸和二十九烷酸。漆蜡中含有漆油中未测到的植物甾醇、3-辛基环氧乙烷辛酸和抗坏血酸-2,6-二棕榈酸酯。