Nitrogen-doped hollow carbon spheres with enhanced electrochemical capacitive properties

Nitrogen-doped hollow carbon spheres (N-HCS) with uniform size have been synthesized via the hydrothermal method using pyrrole as the precursor. After carbonization at 850 °C, the average diameter of N-HCS is ca. 370 nm with shell thickness of ～15 nm. The electrochemical capacitive behavior of N-HCS was investigated by cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge–discharge method in 1.0 M H₂SO₄ aqueous solution. Results show that N-HCS have high specific capacitance (345.2 F g^?1 at 0.2 A g^?1) and high-rate capability with the increase of the scan rate from 10 to 1000 mV s^?1 due to the synergetic effects of the unique hollow nanostructure and the N-doped thin carbon shell. In addition, the capacitance retains 98.1% after 1500 cycles even at a high loading current density of 10 A g^?1.     

二茂铁与氯化铵用量对气压法制备炭空心球直径的影响(英文)

研究了二茂铁和氯化铵的用量对气压法制备炭空心球直径的影响.炭空心球的形貌与直径通过场发射扫描电镜表征.实验发现:炭空心球的直径主要分布在1 μm ～10 μm,形貌基本一致.在二茂铁与氯化铵质量比一定时,炭空心球的直径随着原料总量增加而增大.当氯化铵过量时,炭空心球的直径存在双峰分布,但中位径基本不变.在合成过程中,铁颗粒与液态Fe(NH3)2Cl2模板的团聚,以及铁铵络合物之间的相互转化是影响炭空心球直径的主要因素.     

Effect of sintering temperature on optical properties and microstructure of translucent zirconia prepared by high-pressure spark plasma sintering

Abstract

Aiming to characterize the effect of sintering temperature on transparency of zirconia, we have evaluated the optical properties and microstructure of translucent cubic zirconia prepared by high-pressure spark plasma sintering (SPS) at 1000–1200 ^○C. Color centers (oxygen vacancies with trapped electrons) and residual pores were primary defects in the samples. In SPS samples, the total forward transmittance and in-line transmittance are mainly affected by color centers with a limited contribution from residual pores; in contrast, the changes in reflectance are only related to the porosity. The amounts of color centers and residual pores increase with sintering temperature that reduces the total forward and in-line transmittance of the as-sintered zirconia. Annealing in oxidizing atmosphere improves the total forward and in-line transmittance. During the annealing, the concentration of color centers decreases but the porosity increases.     

Effect of sintering temperature on optical properties and microstructure of translucent zirconia prepared by high-pressure spark plasma sintering

Aiming to characterize the effect of sintering temperature on transparency of zirconia, we have evaluated the optical properties and microstructure of translucent cubic zirconia prepared by high-pressure spark plasma sintering (SPS) at 1000–1200 ^○C. Color centers (oxygen vacancies with trapped electrons) and residual pores were primary defects in the samples. In SPS samples, the total forward transmittance and in-line transmittance are mainly affected by color centers with a limited contribution from residual pores; in contrast, the changes in reflectance are only related to the porosity. The amounts of color centers and residual pores increase with sintering temperature that reduces the total forward and in-line transmittance of the as-sintered zirconia. Annealing in oxidizing atmosphere improves the total forward and in-line transmittance. During the annealing, the concentration of color centers decreases but the porosity increases.     

磷掺杂中空碳球的制备及其电容性能EI北大核心CSCD

以酚醛预聚体和苯乙烯为原料通过水热法一步合成中空聚合物球(HPS),再以三氯化磷为反应剂通过傅-克反应对HPS处理得到含磷交联聚合物,经高温炭化和KOH活化制备磷掺杂中空碳球(AP-HCS)。采用FT-IR,TG,SEM,TEM,Raman,BET,XPS等手段对含磷聚合物和碳材料的组成、结构与形貌进行表征,测试碳材料在1 mol/L H2SO4介质中的电容性能。结果表明:AP-HCS的比表面积可达2177 m2/g,在1 A/g电流密度下,比电容为288 F/g,5 A/g电流密度下经循环充放电5000次后比电容值仍能保持88.9%,具备良好的电容性能。     

热处理温度对新型马氏体时效不锈钢微观组织和性能的影响

针对一种以Al作为主要强化元素的新型马氏体时效不锈钢,通过力学性能测试、光学显微镜观察和透射电子显微分析方法,研究不同的热处理温度对实验钢力学性能和微观组织的影响。结果表明:该实验钢的抗拉强度最高可达1876MPa,屈服强度可达1762MPa,具有良好的强韧性配合。固溶处理后形成了具有高密度位错的细小板条马氏体组织,在时效过程中,马氏体基体上弥散析出的NiAl相使其强度得到大幅度的提升。随着时效温度的提高,NiAl析出相颗粒逐渐长大粗化,从而使强度在到达峰值后迅速下降,出现了过时效现象。实验钢经过820℃固溶+(-70℃)冷处理+540℃时效处理后可获得良好的综合力学性能。     

热处理工艺对HOVF制备磁致伸缩涂层组织及性能的影响

采用超音速火焰喷涂方法制备Fe-Ga磁致伸缩涂层作为磁致伸缩导波传感器的敏感性元件.研究300～700℃不同热处理温度对Fe-Ga涂层质量的影响,采用SEM、XRD和磁致伸缩测试仪研究热处理过程中涂层的微观组织和性能变化.结果表明,退火过程中,Fe-Ga涂层保持单一的A2相结构,300～600℃温度范围内颗粒中的变形晶...     

热处理对热等静压Sip/Al-Cu复合材料显微组织和力学性能的影响

采用元素粉作为原料,通过热等静压技术(HIP)制备出50％ SiP/Al-Cu和70％SiP/Al-Cu(体积分数)复合材料,研究固溶处理和峰值时效处理对复合材料显微组织、Al2Cu相溶解过程及力学性能的影响.结果表明:热等静压技术制备的SiP/Al-Cu复合材料完全致密,组织均匀细小,材料由Si相、Al相和Al2 Cu组成,白色Al2Cu相产生于原始的Cu粉与Al粉界面处.在516℃固溶处理2h后,70％ SiP/Al-Cu复合材料中的Al2Cu相全部溶入Al基体中,而50％ SiP/Al-Cu复合材料中还残留少量Al2Cu相.经过峰值时效处理后,50％ SiP/Al-Cu和70％ SiP/Al-Cu复合材料的抗弯强度为548 MPa和404 MPa,相对于热等静压态分别提高了38.81％和13.51％,复合材料的强度显著增强.     

Sol-gel synthesis, microstructure and adsorption properties of hollow silica spheres

Spherical colloidal particles with a hollow interior and a mesoporous shell are particularly useful for drug delivery and release because such spheres combine the unique properties of hollow interior (for storing the drug) with mesoporous shell (for controlled release). Hollow silica spheres (HSS) with a mesoporous shell were prepared via a sol-gel process in the presence of dual templates polystyrene spheres and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide for creating the hollow core and mesopore shell. The effect of the ratio of silica precursor over polystyrene spheres on particle morphology and pore structure of the HSS was investigated. The adsorption kinetics of methyl blue on the HSS was evaluated and correlated with the mesoporous shell structure.     

The effect of heat treatment temperature and time on the microstructure and mechanical properties of PAN-based carbon fibers

The influence of heat treatment temperature from 1400 to 2840 °C and time from 1.2 to 12.0 min on the structure and mechanical properties of polyacrylonitrile carbon fibers was studied. It was observed that the Young’s modulus increased with increasing temperature and time, but the tensile strength exhibited different variation trends with the different processing methods. For a fixed time of 1.2 min, the strength dropped from 4.6 GPa at 1400 °C to 2.6 GPa at 2840 °C, (~43.5 %) as opposed to a 63.9 % increase in Young’s modulus. However, when the treatment time was increased to 6.0 min at 2500 °C, the tensile strength decreased only by 1.9 %, from 3.71 to 3.64 GPa, versus a nearly 20.0 % increase in Young’s modulus. The same situation was found for treatment at 2000 and 2700 °C. Raman spectroscopy and uniform stress model analysis show that the degree of covalent cross-linking between the graphene planes decreased as temperature increased, while it remained almost constant as treatment time was increased. It is believed that during heat treatment of a carbon fiber, the cross-linking collapses at the beginning but the crystalline size keeps growing with prolonging time, so the tensile strength decreases little with further heat treatment while tensile modulus keeps increasing.     

Effect of heat treatment temperature on microstructure and electromagnetic shielding properties of graphene/SiBCN composites

Three-dimensional (3D) graphene/SiBCN composites (GF/SiBCN) were prepared by depositing SiBCN ceramics in 3D graphene foam via the chemical vapor infiltration technique. The effect of the heat treatment temperature on the microstructure, phase composition, and electromagnetic properties of the GF/SiBCN composite was investigated. The SiBCN ceramics maintained an amorphous structure in the composite below 1400 °C above which the crystallinity of the free carbon phase gradually increased. While the Si₃N₄ and B₄C phases started to crystallize at 1500 °C and their crystallinity increased with temperature, SiC was observed at 1700 °C. The electromagnetic shielding effectiveness of GF/SiBCN increased with the heat treatment temperature.     

Effect of reaction temperature on carbon films prepared by a hydrothermal electrochemical method

Carbon films were synthesized under hydrothermal electrochemical conditions using sugar as the carbon source at temperature ranging from 170 °C to 180 °C. The reaction temperature affects the degree of sugar decomposition, the concentration of carbon ions, supersaturation and overpotential of the solution, thereby affecting the morphology, orientation, and crystallinity of the films. The graphitic content (sp²) increases with increasing the processing temperature and vice versa. The higher the synthesizing temperature the less the amount of amorphous carbon (sp³). The graphite in thin films prepared at 170 °C and 175 °C shows a (101) preferred orientation, whereas those prepared at 180 °C show a fairly random orientation. The mechanism of this synthesizing process seems to consist of three stages.     

热处理对AB5型快淬态储氢合金组织结构及电化学性能的影响

为了研究热处理对AB5型快淬态储氢合金的组织结构及电化学性能的影响，在773K和973K分别对三种成分的快淬态储氢合金La1-xAx（Ni，Co，Sn）5进行了热处理，利用XRD与TEM技术分析了合金热处理前后的组织结构，利用充放电测试装置，研究了合金热处理前后的电化学性能．研究结果表明：热处理使合金内部晶格应力得以释放，恢复了扭曲的晶胞形状，使合金可以吸收更多的氢；热处理使晶粒得以细化，晶界比例相应增加，抗粉化能力增强．经过热处理后合金的容量及循环寿命均有所提高。     

热处理对AB5型快淬态储氢合金组组结构及电化学性能的影响

为了研究热处理对AB5型快淬态储氢合金的组织结构及电化学性能的影响,在773K和973K分别对三种成分的快淬态储氢合金La1-xAx(Ni,Co,Sn)5进行了热处理,利用XRD与TEM技术分析了合金热处理前后的组织结构,利用充放电测试装置,研究了合金热处理前后的电化学性能.研究结果表明:热处理使合金内部晶格应力得以释放,恢复了扭曲的晶胞形状,使合金可以吸收更多的氢;热处理使晶粒得以细化,晶界比例相应增加,抗粉化能力增强.经过热处理后合金的容量及循环寿命均有所提高.     

热处理对热等静压SiP/Al-Cu复合材料显微组织和力学性能的影响

采用元素粉作为原料, 通过热等静压技术(HIP)制备出50%Si_P/Al-Cu和70%Si_P/Al-Cu(体积分数)复合材料, 研究固溶处理和峰值时效处理对复合材料显微组织、 Al₂Cu相溶解过程及力学性能的影响。结果表明: 热等静压技术制备的Si_P/Al-Cu复合材料完全致密, 组织均匀细小, 材料由Si相、 Al相和Al₂Cu组成, 白色Al₂Cu相产生于原始的Cu粉与Al粉界面处。在516 ℃固溶处理2 h后, 70%Si_P/Al-Cu复合材料中的Al₂Cu相全部溶入Al基体中, 而50%Si_P/Al-Cu复合材料中还残留少量Al₂Cu相。经过峰值时效处理后, 50%Si_P/Al-Cu和70%Si_P/Al-Cu复合材料的抗弯强度为548 MPa和404 MPa, 相对于热等静压态分别提高了38.81%和13.51%, 复合材料的强度显著增强。     

热处理对各向同性热解炭材料微观结构和力学性能的影响

对化学气相沉积法（CVD）制备的各向同性热解炭材料在不同温度下进行热处理，利用金相显微镜、扫描电镜、透射电镜、X射线衍射和显微激光喇曼光谱等表征手段及显微硬度实验、三点弯曲实验，研究了材料的微观结构和力学性能与热处理温度之间的关系。结果表明，随着热处理温度的提高，各向同性热解炭材料的石墨片层间距缩小，石墨化程度增加，晶粒尺寸增大，同时材料中的孔隙结构也发生了较大的变化。材料的显微硬度和弹性模量随热处理温度的升高而降低，抗弯强度在1750℃和2400℃之间没有变化，在2600℃时有显著的增加。     

Effect of heat treatment temperature on properties of electrosprayed paperboard

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of additional heat treatment on the properties of paperboard electrosprayed with poly(lactic acid) (PLA). For this study, paperboards electrosprayed with PLA at 1%, 2%, and 3% (w/v) were further heat‐treated at 170°C, 180°C, 190°C, and 200°C for 1 minute. Physical properties, such as basis weight, thickness, and colour of electrosprayed paperboards, were investigated. For mechanical properties, folding endurance and bursting strength of treated paperboard was tested. Water resistance property was observed through contact angle, and water absorption was monitored by Cobb test. In addition, water vapour transmission rate tests were also conducted. Surface characteristics were investigated using a scanning electron microscope and roughness tester. After heat treatment, PLA particles on the paperboard surface melted and formed a smoother continuous surface; this contributed to lower water contact angles and significantly lower water absorption. Furthermore, the higher the concentration of PLA, the better the water resistance. Moreover, heat treatment temperature between 180°C and 200°C could significantly improve the water vapour barrier and water resistance properties. Temperature and treatment time could not be further increased, as the electrosprayed paper substrate was damaged and became yellowish. In addition, for the mechanical properties, an increase in the heat treatment temperature improved the bursting strength; however, a reduction in folding endurance was observed, because the melted PLA particles were absorbed deeper into the paper structure and made the whole matrix more brittle.     

Effect of heat treatment on the microstructure and properties of CVD SiC fiber

In this study, the effect of heat treatment on the room temperature strength of W-core Si C fiber produced by chemical vapor deposition(CVD) was investigated. Thermal exposure in the temperature range of 900–1000?C decreases the strength of the Si C fiber. Fracture morphology analysis indicates that failure initiations predominantly take place at the W-core/Si C interface. A reaction layer that formed at the W-core/Si C interface during thermal exposure degraded the fiber strength and an empirical linear relationship of strength vs thickness of the reaction layer can be obtained. The kinetics of the growth of the W-core/Si C reaction layer were determined.     

Effect of the heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of medium-Mn-steels

ABSTRACT

The heat-treatment (HT) schedule and selected annealing parameters have a substantial effect on the microstructure and mechanical properties of medium-Mn-steels. The structure morphology depends on the fact, whether the austenite-reverted transformation takes place from deformed (one-step HT) or non-deformed (two-step HT) microstructures. Depending on the intercritical annealing temperature, the stability of the retained austenite can be altered to a large extent. As a result, the mechanical properties can be adjusted from high strength with excellent ductility to very high strength with reasonable ductility. The present contribution, therefore, elucidates the dependence of the microstructural characteristics and material behaviour on the HT parameters for medium-Mn alloy compositions with different Mn-contents.

This paper is part of a Thematic Issue on Medium Manganese Steels.     

电场热处理对1420合金组织与性能的影响

为了提高1420Al-Li合金的强度,研究了电场固溶和时效处理对1420Al-Li合金拉伸性能的影响,并利用透射电子显微镜观察、分析了合金的显微组织.研究表明:在固溶和时效过程中施加电场可以提高合金的强度,而塑性降低不大;合金的强度随电场强度增加而升高,当电场强度超过6kV·cm-1后则有所降低,合金的拉伸性能随电场强度的变化有一最佳值;TEM分析发现,在固溶和时效过程中电场作用可以使δ'相的数量增加、尺寸减小,使合金的亚结构细化,同时使位错密度增加.