IHAS at Exeter 1982. First Scientific Assembly. Exeter, England, 19–30 July, 1982

This study contains the results so far of tests which have been carried out on samples of sedimented municipal effluent stabilized by means of simple preservation methods by the working party on “stabilization of samples” from the German Chemists Association's hydrochemistry team and evaluated with a view to providing recommendations on methods of preservation. It was assumed that the recurrent standard deviation of the test methods applied is less than ± 10%. Consequently a deviation in the measured concentrations by more than 10% in terms of the initial concentration after a given storage period of the preserved sample was to be regarded as a real change in the corresponding contents of the sample. Accordingly the datum “storage period of preserved sample” means that the samples must on no account be preserved for longer than the stated time, and that the actual storage period should, if appropriate, be shorter depending on the accuracy requirements.     

Living in the lab: an analysis of the work in eight living laboratories set up in care homes for technology innovation

Examinations of living labs are scarce even though the approach is increasingly used as an opportunity to bring design activities into real-life use context and consequently facilitate cooperations between designers and users in future technology innovation. Furthermore, examinations of living labs that focus on the people living in the labs do not exist. This paper presents a study of eight living labs set up in care homes for innovation in health technologies and focuses on the work carried out by care workers, service staff, residents and management, i.e. people living and working in the labs. The analysis reveals a comprehensive system of work carried out by people living and working in the labs and identifies that linking the lab-work-system to the ongoing existing work-system is a major challenge. The study demonstrates that the work of people living and working in the labs is critical to the success of living labs and recommends greater focus on work balance, user gains and collaborative innovation in living lab theories and methods.     

Instantaneous lighting quality within higher educational classrooms in Singapore

This paper presents a field study that explores lighting qualities within higher educational classrooms in Singapore. Eight classrooms of three types—computer labs, collaborative learning spaces and lecture halls—are studied. Lighting simulation models are calibrated and validated by measurements taken onsite and utilized to generate both instantaneous and annual physical lighting data. A questionnaire survey is distributed to 333 participants to gather subjective responses to current lighting perception. The results show that electrically lit lecture halls present more uniform distributions of lighting environments, while daylit computer labs and daylit collaborative learning spaces present relatively lower daylighting conditions. For daylit computer labs, horizontal illuminance is an effective predictor in terms of controlling lighting levels; For electrically lit lecture halls, the mean luminance of the horizontal 40° band is an effective predictor in terms of subjective lighting comfort.     

Combined Fire Retardant and Wood Preservative Treatments for Outdoor Wood Applications – A Review of the Literature

A collaborative Australian national project funded jointly by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation and the Forest & Wood Products Research and Development Corporation has been undertaken to develop a ‘proof of concept’ for a combined fire retardant/wood preservative treatment technology for P. radiata to satisfy the requirements of both the Australian Bushfire and Wood Preservation Standards. The focus of the work was on products that found use in exposed outdoor, above-ground applications. This paper reviews the literature currently available regarding the impregnation of wood with chemical systems that offer resistance to both fire and biodegradation and are also suitable for exterior applications. We have found that in general, researchers have chosen to utilise the dual functionality of boron compounds to achieve both fire retardancy and wood preservation. Often, such systems are applied in multi-step processes, which involve an impregnation step followed by a curing step. Because of the leaching problems associated with boron, a great deal of effort has gone into the development of systems which fix the boron into wood so that its preservation properties can be maintained throughout the useful life of the material.     

Wiederaufbau des Neuen Museums in Berlin – Tragwerksplanung pro Baudenkmalpflege

Reconstruction of the “Neues Museum” in Berlin – structural design pro preservation of historic buildings. “While no work can be understood without knowledge of its technology, no technology can be understood without knowledge of the work, either” [1]. The reconstruction of the “Neues Museum” in Berlin is a great challenge for all participants in Adorno's terms. Historical structures, especially arched components, usually have amazing bearing capacities. It is rarely possible to verify these only by calculation. Two examples will show how calculation and experiment complement each other in analyzing the load capacity. Thus historical structure components can be admitted to modern utilisation.     

Space Tourism: Waiting for Ignition

Space tourism is in its infancy, having been launched a little over a decade ago by billionaire businessman Dennis Tito's venture into Space. Ondřej Doule , Assistant Professor of Human-Centered Design and Aerospace Engineering at the Florida Institute of Technology, and Chair of the Space Architecture Technical Committee at the AIAA, considers the shift that will have to be made in designing Space Architecture as space shuttles and stations transition from being ostensibly high-security labs into floating hotels.     

A framework for assessing the consequences of deferred or hastened highway asset interventions

Application of a treatment at appropriate time is indeed a critical issue in highway asset management. A treatment that is applied too early (hastened) or too late (deferred) has consequences in terms of the agency cost, facility performance and cost-effectiveness. This research uses basic concepts in costing and effectiveness analysis to develop a methodology for quantifying the consequences of mistimed highway preservation interventions. Through a case study on pavement preservation, demonstrating the practical application of the methodology, it is observed that the consequences of hastened or deferred interventions can differ across asset classes as well as across intervention types: the consequent life-cycle cost increases and performance losses are more severe for non-interstate highways compared with interstate highways, and are more severe for maintenance compared with light rehabilitation. Recognising that in the practical world, the timing of interventions need not be at the optimal levels, the paper goes on to show how an agency could use the developed methodology to establish acceptable ranges of intervention timing and introduce flexibility in its preservation schedules by establishing the earliest and the latest times for applying an intervention in order to avoid undue penalties in terms of cost and effectiveness.     

The distribution of lead within ancient and modern human teeth: Implications for long-term and historical exposure monitoring

The preservation of lead within human tissue makes it possible to monitor long-term exposure to the element and to model changing sources of lead pollution throughout the lifetime of an individual. Dental tissues have recently been shown to be particularly useful for this purpose. Enamel, for instance, forms at known stages of life and is chemically stable in vivo whereas dentine is remodelled in a predictable fashion. The relative stability of enamel is reflected in its excellent post-mortem preservation. This raises the possibility of using historical or archaeological material to reconstruct long-term trends and establish baseline data relating to exposure among pre-industrial or even prehistoric populations. The use of archaeological material is currently problematic, however, because of the site-specific nature of diagenesis and incomplete understanding of its chemistry, particularly in respect of lead uptake into dental tissue from the burial environment. A detailed study of lead distribution within both ancient and modern human teeth is presented. Conclusions are drawn on the pattern of lead distribution resulting from tissue formation and the manner of its alteration in the burial environment. In particular, attention is drawn to a consistent enrichment of lead within the outer 30 μm of the enamel of both ancient and modern teeth which appears to be unrelated to diagenesis. The implications for current approaches to long-term monitoring and for the reconstruction of historical and archaeological exposure patterns are discussed.     

Preservation of water samples

This study contains the results so far of tests which have been carried out on samples of sedimented municipal effluent stabilized by means of simple preservation methods by the working party on “stabilization of samples” from the German Chemists Association's hydrochemistry team and evaluated with a view to providing recommendations on methods of preservation. It was assumed that the recurrent standard deviation of the test methods applied is less than ± 10%. Consequently a deviation in the measured concentrations by more than 10% in terms of the initial concentration after a given storage period of the preserved sample was to be regarded as a real change in the corresponding contents of the sample. Accordingly the datum “storage period of preserved sample” means that the samples must on no account be preserved for longer than the stated time, and that the actual storage period should, if appropriate, be shorter depending on the accuracy requirements.     

Islam,Heritage, and Preservation: An Untidy Tradition

Abstract

In this article I argue that the study of cultural heritage preservation practices in the context of Muslim societies has been constructed—and obstructed—through specific historical trajectories and challenges. These originate within the field of cultural heritage preservation, through its own history and principles which have complicated the interplay between heritage and religious values and uses. As a result, situated studies of preservation practices in and by Muslim communities are in their infancy. In this article I revisit the points of contact between the emergence of a Eurocentric preservation dogma and its encounter with different articulations and practices related to Islam that are now approached as part of heritage assemblages and debates. I consider specific biases inherent in these discourses and propose, as a result, to approach the study of Islam and heritage in its own terms—rather than as an alternative to Western preservation paradigms.     

From Modernism to McDonald's

Following successful 1970s efforts to save Miami Beach's Art Deco district, a preservation movement focusing on the recent past has grown nationally—championing everything from suburban subdivisions to civil rights sites. This article explores that controversial movement's efforts—including its (and its opposition's) motivations and ideologies. Proponents use broader definitions of history and significance than preservationists used previously—with age, aesthetics, and pedigree no longer crucial, instead emphasizing sociocultural context. As they fight traditional conceptualizations, deal with divisive sites, and often work without benefiting from (age-specific) preservation laws, activists face strong resistance. Nonetheless, the movement has increased in size, strength, and successes.     

FGC植物纤维复合墙板提高保温性能的研究

FGC植物纤维复合墙板是以废弃物麦秸、锯末为主要原料研制成的一种新型绿色、环保墙材.但由于还没解决其保温性能问题,目前主要在隔墙板使用中,未能广泛应用.研究了FGC墙板中添加保温材料形成FGC保温墙板的几种方案,探讨了FGC墙板作为围护外墙的保温问题.     

“社区营造”视角下的历史文化名村保护规划探析

为了解决历史文化名村胡家大庄村存在的历史建筑被拆除或废弃、村落传统格局受到破坏、传统风貌受到侵蚀、传统民俗文化失传、村庄的历史记忆消逝、村庄人口流失等问题,同时实现村庄的发展,在“社区营造”的视角下,从“人、文、地、景、产”5个方面对村庄的保护和发展进行研究,实现人力资源的有效利用、民俗文化的保护和弘扬、传统格局和古建筑的保护和再利用、公共空间改善和景观再造、特色产业的创新经营。结果表明:采用“社区营造”理论制定的历史文化名村保护和发展策略起到了传承传统文化和弘扬地方特色的作用,解决了胡家大庄村保护与发展相协调的问题,为类似历史文化名村的保护与发展提供了参考。     

On Teaching the History of Architecture

Abstract

Following successful 1970s efforts to save Miami Beach's Art Deco district, a preservation movement focusing on the recent past has grown nationally—championing everything from suburban subdivisions to civil rights sites. This article explores that controversial movement's efforts—including its (and its opposition's) motivations and ideologies. Proponents use broader definitions of history and significance than preservationists used previously—with age, aesthetics, and pedigree no longer crucial, instead emphasizing sociocultural context. As they fight traditional conceptualizations, deal with divisive sites, and often work without benefiting from (age-specific) preservation laws, activists face strong resistance. Nonetheless, the movement has increased in size, strength, and successes.     

A critical comment on Oosterhaven–Stelder net multipliers

Recently, Oosterhaven and Stelder (OS; J Reg Sci 42(3):533–543, 2002; Trade, network and hierarchies: modeling regional and interregional economies, pp. 119–133, 2002) have introduced the operational idea of a “compensated net multiplier” (CNM) to take into account the double counting that occurs when output replaces final demand as an exogenous entry when the Leontief model is used to evaluate operationally the impact of large investments. Each output gross multiplier is compensated by multiplying it by the ratio of final demand to output. Oosterhaven (Research Report 04C01, 2004) has demonstrated that CNM fulfills an axiom of “total output preservation,” namely that the sum of effects equals the total output. It is shown in the present paper that the original CNM is only a homogenous formula with no causal link between the cause (the exogenous output) and the effect (the total output), so that it cannot be a multiplier. The paper explores all the other possibilities for deriving CNM by considering an exogenous output: (1) in absolute value; (2) in variation; and finally (3) at final equilibrium. Possibilities (1) and (2) do not work while only the variation from zero is option (3) working, although imperfectly. The derivations yield two results: (1) the final demand ratio, and so CNM, cannot be stable even if the technical coefficient matrix is fixed, except for very small perturbations; (2) even if total output preservation derives from the definition of a multiplier, CNM cannot fulfill total output preservation when an exogenous output is taken as the initial shock. De Mesnard (J Reg Sci 42(3):545–548, 200) has proposed another solution, “iterative net multiplier” (INM), derived by considering the successive rounds after an exogenous impact of output. INM is stable and makes a link between cause and effect. In contrast to the assertions by OS (J Reg Sci 42(3):533–543, 2002; Trade, network and hierarchies: modeling regional and interregional economies, pp. 119–133, 2002), INM fulfills output preservation when an exogenous output is taken as the initial shock. Neither CNM nor INM must be confused with the so-called “output-to-output multipliers.” The author thanks two anonymous referees, T. John Kim and Geoffrey Hewings, for their very helpful remarks.     

Inspection survey of 150 expansion joints in road bridges

Expansion joints are current equipment applied to almost every type of bridge with relatively high maintenance costs. Furthermore, their service life is generally short (often below 10 years) and lower than the bridge expected service life (over 50 years). In this paper, the results of an inspection campaign of 150 expansion joints in road bridges, the first comprehensive survey of the kind, are presented. They allow knowing and characterizing more properly the expansion joints installed in Portuguese roads and highways, namely in terms of their typology, pathology and rehabilitation. It was concluded that: (a) some types of joints have been systematically replaced (open joints, nosing joints with poured sealant, buried joints under continuous surfacing, steel sliding plates); (b) made-to-order joints are no longer prescribed; (c) the transition strip and the anchorage cavities need more maintenance and more frequent rehabilitation than other parts; (d) installment errors and lack of maintenance are the most frequent causes of pathology; (e) direct or indirect visual observation is still the best diagnosis method; and (f) the importance of the defects found depends a lot on the type of joint and of the defect.     

疾病预防控制中心生物安全实验室的工艺设计

对疾病预防控制中心的生物安全实验室的工艺设计进行了分析,提出了在现代化生物安全实验室设计中应当遵循的设计理念和原则,同时提出生物安全实验室工艺设计应当注意的环节,以供参考。     

Agile sustainable communities: On-site renewable energy generation

Smart and sustainable campuses demand three components. First, there is the need to have a Strategic Master Plan (SMP) for all infrastructures that include energy, transportation, water, waste and telecommunications along with the traditional dimensions of research, curricula, outreach and assessments. Secondarily, there is the array of issues pertaining to the sitting of buildings and overall facility master planning which must be addressed from the perspective of “green” energy, efficient orientation and be designed for multiple-use by the academic and local community.Thirdly, the development of sustainable buildings in one area that is compact and walkable campuses thus enable a range of transportation choices leads to reduced energy consumption. Historically, college campuses were often like towns and villages in that they are self-sustaining for family, business and recreational activities. Any sustainable smart campus is a vibrant, “experiential” applied educational model that should catalyze creative learning. More significantly, today, campuses and communities must be secure in terms of not only their own energy use and needs, but also for the resource demands of their power. Otherwise, the community(s) will never be secure economically or politically.Recognizing global warming and climate change, in the spring of 2001, the Board of Trustee (BOT) for the Los Angeles Community College District (LACCD) took the critical initial policy steps to turn these sustainable developments into goals. For example, the LACCD decided to have new “green” buildings to replace or renovate existing ones. The building program led to sustainable communities that included recycling, product reuse from waste as well as smart growth in terms of reduced energy use, efficiency and the use of telecommunication and wireless systems. The paper focuses primarily on the energy programs for the LACCD campuses.The paper considers the overall energy situation in California and the Southern California region, primarily Los Angeles. Then the paper looks at the state and regional energy contexts which lay the ground work and rationale why LACCD and other communities must act on their own to counteract climate change and global warming. Finally, the paper discusses how a community becomes sustainable, and hence “energy independent”. By doing so, any community can generate its own energy through the production or acquisition of its energy from renewable sources such as solar, wind or biomass among other local resources. Even more significant consequences come in terms of carbon control, lower impact on the environment and reduced global warming.     

议实验室的管理

结合自身工作经验,针对实验室的管理进行了探讨,从建立实验室的质量管理体系,实现实验室的工作任务方面进行了论述,指出首先要建立适合实验室自身的质量管理体系,并通过运行该体系不断完善和改进,从而逐步提高实验室管理水平。     

高分子材料微观结构现代仪器表征方法进展

高分子材料结构决定性能,只有通过对其微观结构精准表征,才有利于探索高分子及其复合材料在聚合、修饰、复配、成型加工等实际应用各阶段微观结构变化及相关机理研究,获知结构与性能关系,有利于开发新功能高分子材料。结合现代仪器分析技术前沿,综述了FTIR、RS、UVS、MLA、NMR、XRF、XRD、SAXS、XAFS、XPS、MS、PGC、CE、TEM、SEM、STM等现代仪器分析技术在高分子材料结构表征中的实际应用,阐述了这些方法的分析原理、实验手段、应用范围和特点。