Usage of fuzzy modeling for cultivation of forests irigated by wastewater treatment plants

Cultivation of forests and plant species by utilizing processed wastewater and sludge from the wastewater treatment plants is an effective method to reduce the release of harmful substances and provide favorable conditions for the development of agricultural sector under the shortage of water resources. For this purpose, the experiments have been carrying out to investigate the ability of species to absorb chemical elements under increased concentrations in wastewater, as well as other characteristics and features of species’ behavior in biological, chemical and physical aspects. The behavior is a result of complex cause‐effect dynamical interactions in ecological networks with unknown mathematical models of underlying functional relationships. There are two important features inherent in the investigation of cultivating species by processed wastewater: empirical modeling of species’ behavior and qualitative reasoning with imprecise information about this behavior.

Proceeding from analysis of chains of interactions viewed as functional mappings between factors and investigated objects, the paper proposes a solution to the development of fuzzy modeling tools to support the investigation process. The proposed architecture includes the following components: a model that describes an ecological network under investigation; artificial neural network modules that model complex direct cause‐effect interactions; a fuzzy inference system that provides the investigator with qualitative reasoning about these interactions within a framework of the model; and control system that, under the requests from the investigator, controls the operation of the above components.     

Demand management aspects of urban water policy in the industrial sector: the case of the city of Thessaloniki,Greece

The present paper presents the main results of a research project. It deals with consumers' perception of water issues in the industrial sector, and examines and analyses water use patterns, water conservation methods and water pricing issues. Issues presented are the contribution of water to production processes, water consumption levels, water conservation options, the possibility of construction of a dual water supply system, the evaluation of different pricing policies, the willingness to pay (WTP) and the potential impact of a price increase. The study has shown that there is limited use of recycling methods, few pollution control practices and small effect of industrial water price on water consumption levels. As far as industrial consumers are concerned, they present inaccurate perception of water consumption levels and low willingness to pay for the improvement of water services.     

拉萨羊八井地热电站地热能景观概念规划

新能源景观顺应新能源可持续的开发过程,通过风景园林手段将新能源本身循环可再生的开发过程融为景观的一部分,使环境干扰最小化,在开发利用新能源的同时,为人类提供活动观赏空间。以拉萨羊八井地热发电站的地热能景观为研究对象,探索羊八井地热发电站产生的地热废水的再利用过程,改变其原有的简单回灌和剩余废水向外排放的粗放模式,通过梯级利用地热资源、营造水生植物园和推动景观生态旅游等设计策略,以一种循序渐进的方式将潜在热能充分利用,最终向环境排放洁净的常温水,大大降低对周围环境的破坏性影响。新能源景观的规划过程具有生态可持续性,可重新树立该地区的生态、文化和旅游价值,实现人与自然的协调发展。     

村镇建设中的现代农业工程规划

该文从分析现代农业工程与传统农业的关系,现代农业工程与村镇规划建设的关系入手,概要阐述了现代农业工程的基本框架构成“三个系统”,即大地生态环境修复系统、农业科学技术工程系统和市场经济产业链系统,并依托村镇土地政策与村镇经营管理体制两个改革。然后结合北京西部妙峰山区域发展综合性规划科研项目,进一步诠释了现代农业工程在村镇规划建设中所发挥的重要作用。     

北京“三山五园”地区的景观变迁和破碎化分析

“三山五园”地区是北京西郊清代皇家园林历史文化保护区,包括颐和园、圆明园、香山静宜园、玉泉山静明园等皇家园林以及联系它们的外围缓冲地带。除了具有重要的文化价值之外,这一地区还拥有优越的自然生态环境条件,是北京市重要的生态屏障之一,对改善北京市整体生态环境有重要作用。近些年,随着城镇化的快速发展,区域内大量的商业活动和建设活动使景观三山五园地区的景观发生了改变,破碎化程度不断加深,直接影响了这一区域景观的整体性,成为区域生态格局的建设和文化遗产保护的障碍。本文通过对这一区域2003年,2007年、2011年、2015年4个时段景观变迁和破碎化程度进行分析,揭示出“三山五园”地区内景观破碎化的空间分布和内部水平差异,为三山五园地区的整体保护和发展提供参考。     

城市污水的深度处理和综合利用

为了改变临淄城区水环境不断恶化及缓解水资源匮乏的状况,根据当地的发展规划和排水管网的现状,在对城市污水进行截流处理的同时,对旧河道进行了整治,分三段依次建成渗滤型湿地、平流型湿地和人工湖,将城市污水经深度处理后引入湿地和人工湖进行生态处理,其中部分水通过垂直渗漏过滤补充了地下水源,同时大面积水面的存在也极大地改善了周围的生态环境,起到了变废为宝和综合治理的效果。     

Development of a system dynamics model for financially sustainable management of municipal watermain networks

This paper develops causal loop diagrams and a system dynamics model for financially sustainable management of urban water distribution networks. The developed causal loop diagrams are a novel contribution in that it illustrates the unique characteristics and feedback loops for financially self-sustaining water distribution networks. The system dynamics model is a mathematical realization of the developed interactions among system variables over time and is comprised of three sectors namely watermains network, consumer, and finance. This is the first known development of a water distribution network system dynamics model. The watermains network sector accounts for the unique characteristics of watermain pipes such as service life, deterioration progression, pipe breaks, and water leakage. The finance sector allows for cash reserving by the utility in addition to the pay-as-you-go and borrowing strategies. The consumer sector includes controls to model water fee growth as a function of service performance and a household's financial burden due to water fees. A series of policy levers are provided that allow the impact of various financing strategies to be evaluated in terms of financial sustainability and household affordability. The model also allows for examination of the impact of different management strategies on the water fee in terms of consistency and stability over time.     

关于城市给排水管网的优化设计研究

城市给排水管网的设计是否符合要求，与该城市的生态环境、居民的日常生活等具有直接性的影响。本文讨论了城市给排水管网的优化设计问题，希望能够为广大设计人员提供一些参考和帮助。     

工业化转型发展下城市工业景观的环境再生策略——上海典型案例调研与比较

With the nationwide trend of shifting from industrialization to post-industrialization, Shanghai is one of the first cities stepping into the post-industrialization stage. The large amount of industrial landscapes left over from this transition requires heritage preservation, industrial transformation, and environmental conservation. This paper reviewed the long-term modern industry development of Shanghai and divided its various industrial landscapes into three categories of regeneration: heritage revitalization, site transformation, and environmental optimization. After summarizing the existing constructive guidelines and standards, five sample areas of typical industrial landscapes in Shanghai were surveyed in terms of construction control, supporting service improvement, and industrial structure upgrading, with regeneration strategies suggested for each of them. The results show that the sample area for heritage revitalization needs to prioritize heritage reuse and ecological restoration; sample areas for site transformation should reinforce the improvement of service facilities and public spaces together with establishing the recycling industry chain; and sample areas for environmental optimization have to enhance the ecological performance of green spaces by introducing vertical greening along with energy saving and emission reduction for an environmental quality improvement. In conclusion, strategies for each type of regeneration should vary on a case-by-case basis so as to improve its environment and achieve sustainable development with a synergy in environment, society, and economy.     

基于主成分分析的松花江流域黑龙江段水质评价

对松花江流域黑龙江控制区段13个监测断面不同水期的水质指标进行主成分分析,以鉴别主要的污染源,进而提出有针对性的水污染控制对策。结果表明,BOD5、COD、TP、TN为主要污染指标,合计贡献率为49. 529%,首要污染源为生活污水与农业废水。第二大污染指标主要为石油类、阴离子表面活性剂、氰化物,主要来源于工业废水。总污染最严重的主要是阿什河口内平水期与龙安桥平水期。龙安桥平水期等对应的河流区段受生活污水及农业废水污染较为严重,苗家平水期等对应的河流区段受工业污染较为严重。     

办公楼中水回用成本效益分析

中水回用系统节省淡水资源,缓解城市给排水压力,社会效益显著。但是在经济效益层面,中水回用系统存在争议。针对北京地区办公楼中水回用问题,采用动态投资回收期分析法,结合对未来水价、电价的走势和维保费的模拟,针对Matlab 软件计算结果,分析并讨论了中水系统在办公楼中的成本效益。结果表明,目前办公楼中水系统不具备经济投资效益;水价以及运行、维保费的增长率是影响中水回用系统经济效益的主要因素。但随着中水回用系统投入使用的推移,动态投资回收期在减少。到2021 年以后中水回用系统投入使用,开始具备经济投资效益。     

Ecological restoration of reclaimed wastewater lakes using submerged plants and zooplankton

High‐pollutant concentrations have led to the breakout of planktonic bloom and the breakdown of the ecosystem in many lakes in China and other countries. The removal of the organic and inorganic pollutants from industrial, agricultural and domestic wastewater and the restoration of the aquatic ecosystem of the polluted water bodies are persistent issues. Constructed wetlands are often used, and most depend on emerged plants. In this study, Daphnia magna, a type of zooplankton, and five species of submerged plants were used to remove nitrogen and phosphorus from reclaimed domestic wastewater in four scenery lakes of a garden in Peking, China. Water quality was assessed by the local environmental inspection station as the government inspection and a commercial company as the third party inspection, and the gathered data proved that ecological restoration was successful in this study.     

分行业居住-就业空间关系及路网交通需求分异——以广州市为例

基于经济普查和人口普查数据,利用洛伦兹曲线和恩格尔系数分析广州市不同行业居民的就业-居住均衡性,继而采用引力模型测度不同行业就业-居住的相互作用关系,解释其居住-就业相互吸引的空间格局,并分析基于该相互吸引强度的城市交通需求在路网上的分配情况。分析表明,五大类行业居民的就业-居住均衡水平存在一定的差异,工业行业均衡性最强,建筑行业均衡性最弱;不同行业的路网交通需求差异较明显,工业行业人口的路网交通需求主要分布在城市中心区外围;消费性服务业人口的路网交通需求主要分布在中心城区外围和核心区;其他行业人口的路网交通需求分布在中心城区。就业-居住均衡水平与路网交通需求格局的形成与不同产业用地空间布局和不同行业人口住房选择偏好有关,也受到历史上体制因素的惯性影响。     

南明河流域治理中污水处理厂布局与建设模式探讨

在贵阳市南明河流域综合治理中,结合城市河流生态补水需求以及城市建设用地条件限制,采用污水收集处理系统与河流治理统筹、污水厂分散布局和地下污水厂的建设模式,实现了污水收集系统一体化、污水处理的协同化、污水的资源化、污水厂建设生态化以及用地集约化、污水厂地上地下土地资源的最大化综合利用,同时实现了污水厂与城市的和谐共生,达到了污水与河流同治的效果,创造了城市流域治理典范。     

生态营区水环境系统规划研究

水环境系统规划作为一项主要技术措施,在生态营区建设中具有重要地位。文章分析了水环境系统规划的核心思想,并从建筑给排水、雨水回收与利用、废污水处理与中水利用、绿化与景观用水四个方面探讨了水环境系统规划的主要内容,可作为生态营区水环境建设的参考。     

生态城市设计系列之四从生态系统论到生态工业园区的规划

分析生态系统论在城市系统的应用,并进一步介绍可操作的规划方法如生态工程、再生式设计以及工业生态学.以新加坡裕廊岛的生态工业园区规划操作为例,介绍如何在这个以石化工业为基础的基地环境上,整合景观生态学与工业生态学两种方法一方面应用景观生态原则中的景观单元规划,如廊道或班块与生态踏脚石系统,将工业生产过程放置在实质环境脉络中另一方面利用工业生态学中产业单元之间的物质与能源流动的共生网络,来键结物质与能源流动中的回路缺口.     

ASSESSMENT OF THE APPLICATION OF TREATED WASTEWATER AND SEWAGE SLUDGE IN PRODUCTIVE AGRICULTURE: A CASE STUDY FROM NORTHERN JORDAN

With the rapid expansion of development in Jordan, more water resources are being consumed and, consequently, incremental quantities of wastewater and sewage sludge are being generated from wastewater treatment plants. These quantities will end up in streams, open ponds or one of the other environmental media, which can cause adverse impacts on human health and the environment. In the mean while, a country like Jordan faces a remarkable shortage of fresh water resources and poor soil. The best way to mitigate the adverse impacts and compensate the water budget and enrich the poor soil is through the proper utilization and management of treated wastewater and sewage sludge in the agricultural sector. One of the main obstacles to this is public rejection of this solution, largely due to lack of information.
The purpose of this paper was to examine the acceptability to the Jordanian farmers of the utilization of reclaimed wastewater and treated sewage sludge in their irrigation activities. The scope of this study considered two potential areas at the northern part of the country, where a representative sample of local farmers were interviewed. The results were very encouraging and positive signs of acceptability were shown at all levels. These results were analyzed and documented and the recommendations are developed at the end of this paper.     

Ammonia removal from aqueous solution by membrane distillation

Environmental regulation, increased pressure on water resources and rising cost for wastewater discharges make wastewater treatment for recycling an essential investment for many industries. Ammonia is a major pollutant in many industrial and agricultural wastewaters, and its elimination is essential for wastewater to be reused or meeting local discharge standards. In this study, the removal of ammonia from dilute aqueous solution has been investigated using sweep gas and vacuum membrane distillation (SGMD and VMD). Factors that affect the separation process such as feed and air flow rates, vacuum degree and feed temperature have been investigated. Overall, mass transfer coefficients (K_ov) were calculated, and the results indicated that K_ov for VMD is higher than that for SGMD under similar operation. Overall, ammonia mass transfer coefficient up to 12.06 × 10^?5 and 5.63 × 10^?5 m/s can be achieved for VMD and SGMD, respectively. The ammonia removal efficiency was enhanced by increasing sweep gas flow rate or by decreasing downstream pressure.     

深圳河水体污染特征分析及整治措施

为提高深圳河的水环境,在水体污染特征分析及污染源解析的基础上,对污染物削减目标进行了估算,并提出了最大日负荷总量(TMDL)水质改善措施。结果表明,水体中DO浓度较低,71%的断面水体中氨氮和总氮浓度超出地表Ⅴ类水质标准,且氨氮和总氮浓度均沿河流方向升高。各行政区中生活和工业废水及河道底泥是水体污染的主要来源,福田区污染贡献占比最大,生活污水排放占比为33%,工业废水排放对河道COD、氨氮的贡献率分别达到42%、44%,是溯源截污的重点区域。通过截污清淤、海绵调蓄、生态修复及景观营造等措施,可以实现2020年全面消黑及2025年水质达到Ⅴ类水的目标。     

Loss rates of urban biocides can exceed those of agricultural pesticides

Biocides and pesticides are used to control unwanted organisms in urban and agricultural areas. After application, they can be lost to surface waters and impair water quality. Several national consumption studies have shown that urban and agricultural use may be in the same range. It is difficult to judge whether this results in similar loadings of surface waters because there is a lack of sound, comparative studies addressing urban and agricultural losses simultaneously.The aim of this study is thus to relate the biocide and pesticide loads found in surface waters to their respective urban and agricultural usage (loss rates). To simultaneously assess the loss rates, we conducted a comprehensive field study in a catchment of mixed land use on the Swiss Plateau. The study area was divided into four sub-catchments with different degrees of urban and agricultural land use. In addition, we studied the only wastewater treatment plant, a combined sewer overflow and a storm sewer within the area. Rain events were sampled at high temporal resolution from March to November, 2007. Information on agricultural applications was gained from local farmers. For urban uses, consumption estimations were conducted based on statistical and product information.Despite substantially lower amounts used, the measured loads of urban biocides were in the same range as the most widely-used agricultural pesticides. The lower usage was compensated by urban loss rates that were up to ten times higher than agricultural ones (0.6 to 15% for urban, 0.4 to 0.9% for agricultural compounds). For most biocides and pesticides, the loads were controlled by rain events. Besides the rain-controlled losses, some urban-used biocides (e.g. diazinon) showed a continuous load independent of rain events and season. This study demonstrates that in catchments with mixed land use, mitigation strategies have to pay sufficient attention to the urban sources.