From Grain Boundaries to Single Defects: A Review of Coherent Methods for Materials Imaging in the X-ray Sciences

This review summarizes the literature describing recent advances in the coherent x-ray sciences for the high-resolution characterization of materials. The principles and some of the main experimental techniques as well as their applications are discussed. The advantages of x-ray methods for characterizing 3D microstructures as well as for characterizing plasticity in the bulk become clear from the examples presented. Materials that exhibit size effects within the 0.1–10-μm range benefit enormously from these techniques, and development of the relevant x-ray methods will add to our fundamental understanding of these phenomena. Many of the ideas that have developed in the coherent x-ray science literature have been enabled through advances in x-ray source and detection technology, which has occurred over the past 10 years or so. It is a topic of considerable importance to consider how these techniques, which have matured rapidly, may be best applied to materials imaging in order to meet the growing needs of the community. As coherent x-ray methods for characterizing materials at multiple length scales have developed, several key applications for these techniques have emerged. The key breakthroughs that have been enabled by these new methods are discussed throughout this review, together with an examination of some of the problems that will be addressed by these techniques within the next few years.     

Carbonate fuel cell materials

This article reviews the current status and discusses future opportunities for major direct fuel cell (DFC) materials. Major progress on DFC materials development (e.g., electrode, electrolyte, matrix, catalyst, cell hardware, and stack/power plant hardware) at fuel cell energy is discussed. Long-term (i.e., ∼18,000 h) field testing results are reported. These results confirm at least a five year operational life for selected key stack materials. Cost reduction is the current main focus. This paper was presented at the ASM Materials Solutions Conference & Show held October 18–21, 2004 in Columbus, OH.     

锂离子电池及相关材料进展

新能源技术对人类社会未来可持续发展至关重要,锂离子电池可望大规模应用于电动汽车和太阳能、风能等清洁电能的储存。电动汽车电池还面临重量、体积、寿命、安全、成本和系统可靠性等诸方面的挑战。评述了钴酸锂、锰酸锂、三元材料和磷酸铁锂等正极材料;石墨、钛酸锂等负极材料;电解质材料和隔膜材料等的研究和应用,重点介绍了正极材料的掺杂和表面修饰改性技术。并对电池技术的进步和新一代锂离子电池应用于电动车辆和智能电网的前景进行了展望。     

Developments in Design and Materials for Cast SPF Tooling

Large titanium and aluminum sheet parts can now be formed into very complex assemblies by the process of superplastic forming. This has resulted in the need for major work to develop new alloys, new design methods and new manufacturing routes to ensure the production of high quality tooling. SPF tooling represents a significant part of the total cost of producing the super-plastically formed part. Careful selection of the material and its manufacturing route is essential in order to obtain the “right quality at the least cost” commensurate with the conditions of use. For many years the optimization of the alloy composition, the melting and casting foundry techniques and the design of the tools was done in a semi-empirical way, being largely based on practical experience. This method meant that the development was slow and unwieldy, and therefore, not compatible with the rapidly changing constraints of the SPF industry today. The fact that extremely powerful modelling programmes such as ThermoCalc and DICTRA are available for the design of new alloys, or Thercast for the optimization of the foundry melting and processing, makes it possible to introduce innovative techniques faster and with more immediate certitude as to their success. Thus, the casting process has become the most competitive and appropriate method of manufacture of the high performance tools in use today. This paper will discuss how these current technologies have been developed, and coupled with the experiences in the foundry, have assisted in the production of new materials, that optimize the tooling required in SPF operations. This article was presented at the AeroMat Conference, International Symposium on Superplasticity and Superplastic Forming (SPF) held in Seattle, WA, June 6-9, 2005.     

Advanced High-Strength Aluminum-Base Materials

Directions of development and ways for advancing aluminum-base materials for aircraft and spacecraft engineering are considered. Structure and properties of two groups of material, i.e., a new aluminum high-strength deformable alloy V1963 of the Al - Zn - Mg - Cu - Zr system bearing low additives of silver and scandium and possessing high strength, fatigue, and fracture toughness characteristics, and laminated alumopolymer composites of the SIAL class with enhanced crack resistance (by about a factor of 10) and strength (by a factor of 1.5 – 2) with respect to monolithic materials, are presented. __________ Translated from Metallovedenie i Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov, No. 7, pp. 17 – 23, July, 2005.     

Instrumental Techniques for the Surface Analysis of Materials

Surface analysis can be defined as the direct measurement of the chemistry of the outer few atomic layers of a solid. The most commonly-used techniques include Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) although others provide complementary information and are used in more extensive studies. The aforementioned techniques can be extended, by the use of depth profiling methods, to obtain information from beneath the immediate surface, for example, to determine the thickness and composition of overlayers. Surface analytical techniques can provide valuable information in such areas of technology as semiconductors, packaging, catalysis, coatings and metallurgy. In this short review, an introduction will be given to the principles underlying AES, XPS and SIMS. This is followed by a number of case studies which highlight how such techniques can elucidate a number of materials related problems.     

Nano- and microparticles of iron with a modified surface and prospects for their application. Part II: Chemical and galvanic methods of treatment of iron particles

The possibility of the application of nano- and microparticles of iron as the carriers for palladium and platinum catalysts are shown. An increase in the efficiency of the catalytic activity by 2–5 times is found to be reached by way of microstirring of the reaction medium using magnetic fields with a variable direction of the intensity gradient. The possibility of manufacturing composite materials of iron-silver and iron-gold is also shown, which can be used in electric engineering. The techniques for producing catalytic and conducting materials based on the chemical depositing of certain metals on iron particles are described. Galvanic methods were shown to be used for the development of metal shells on the particles of magnetic current-conducting materials. The copper sliding contacts with microinclusions of graphite and iron manufactured using the proposed methods are characterized by a specific electric resistance of ρ = 2–3 × 10⁻⁶ Ohm cm (for comparison, the specific electric resistance of graphite sliding contacts is ρ = 800 × 10⁻⁶ Ohm cm) at a simultaneous increase in the wear resistance and, as a consequence, in the service life by 12–15 times. The possibility of the chemical passivation of the surface of nano- and microparticles of iron is shown to prevent their reacting with diluted nitric acid. Iron particles were studied to be used for obtaining contrasting X-ray anatomical specimens of the intraosteal blood-vascular system. A technological application of a magnetic field with a variable direction of the intensity gradient was proposed to increase the density of filling the capillary network with contrasting particles, which allows increasing the density of the filling of the intraosteal capillary network by up to 75% with respect to the volume.     

陶瓷模具材料的表面改性技术及应用

全面综述了表面镀层、表面复合、表面涂覆等表面改性技术在各类陶瓷模具中应用、研究的现状。指出：表面改性技术既能发挥陶瓷材料的高硬度、高耐磨和耐高温等的优势，又能发挥金属基体高强度、高韧性的特点，从而使得陶瓷模具材料具有良好的使用性能，具有广阔的应用前景。今后研究的重点是如何通过表面改性工艺的控制和复合层材料的合理选择和设计，使得所形成的陶瓷复合层与金属基体结合强度高，硬度高，既减摩又耐磨。     

Evolution of a Materials Data Infrastructure

The field of materials science and engineering is writing a new chapter in its evolution, one of digitally empowered materials discovery, development, and deployment. The 2008 Integrated Computational Materials Engineering (ICME) study report helped usher in this paradigm shift, making a compelling case and strong recommendations for an infrastructure supporting ICME that would enable access to precompetitive materials data for both scientific and engineering applications. With the launch of the Materials Genome Initiative in 2011, which drew substantial inspiration from the ICME study, digital data was highlighted as a core component of a Materials Innovation Infrastructure, along with experimental and computational tools. Over the past 10 years, our understanding of what it takes to provide accessible materials data has matured and rapid progress has been made in establishing a Materials Data Infrastructure (MDI). We are learning that the MDI is essential to eliminating the seams between experiment and computation by providing a means for them to connect effortlessly. Additionally, the MDI is becoming an enabler, allowing materials engineering to tie into a much broader model-based engineering enterprise for product design.     

超疏水表面材料在生物医学检测领域研究进展

近年来,超疏水表面材料在自清洁、防潮、油水分离、防污、防腐等领域有着广泛的研究与应用;同时,利用超疏水表面材料来研究生物系统成为了生物医学领域的研究热点,大大促进了生物医学检测先进技术的发展。综述介绍了超疏水表面材料在生物医学检测领域的应用研究进展,重点对痕量分子的浓缩和检测,分离生物混合物,精确定位纳米级别分子的位置,药物的控制释放,与多种光谱方法结合的检测方法,精确控制纳米液滴阵列,预防细菌黏附和生物膜形成以及抗血小板黏附、抗凝血等方面具有代表性的应用研究进行了简要概述,并分析了各自优缺点以及目前存在的问题;归纳总结了现有超疏水表面材料在生物医学检测领域研究存在的不足,超疏水表面材料在生物医学检测领域的研究还处于发展阶段,其中一些理论还存在着相互冲突的观点。最后,对今后的研究工作进行了展望,以期为超疏水表面材料在生物医学检测领域的研究与发展提供理论参考。     

钕铁硼永磁材料的生产应用及发展前景

为了探讨钕铁硼永磁材料的发展前景,发现行业存在的问题,对钕铁硼永磁材料生产和应用现状进行了分析.结果表明,钕铁硼永磁材料将进入一个崭新的发展阶段,应用前景广阔.     

碳材料的掺杂改性及其用于燃料电池催化剂的研究

开发掺杂改性的碳材料用作燃料电池的非贵金属氧还原催化剂已成为燃料电池领域的重要研究课题,相关研究对于降低燃料电池成本、促进燃料电池的商业化具有十分重要的意义。大量研究工作表明,对碳材料进行掺杂改性可以实现其形貌、微观结构、组成及其他表面物理化学性质的优化,从而得到具有较高催化活性、选择性和稳定性的氧还原催化剂。人们在这类催化剂的制备方法、性能优化和催化机理等方面进行了大量研究工作。综述了对碳纳米管、石墨烯、介孔碳、大孔碳、碳微球等碳材料进行掺杂改性的最新进展。并基于目前的研究结果,展望了掺杂碳材料作为燃料电池非贵金属氧还原催化剂的应用前景和未来的发展趋势。     

高炉风口材质及其表面强化处理

介绍了高炉风口材质和风口表面强化处理的国内外现状，认为采用高纯度铜制作风口，并对其进行等离子喷涂，多元共渗，堆焊等表面处理，可有效提高风口寿命，如选用合理的表面组合处理工艺，再配合风口结构，冷却强度，操作等方面的处理，风口寿命将大幅度提高。     

Solidification science in cast MMCs: The influence of merton flemings

The solidification science of cast metalmatrix composites (MMC) evolved as a subset of the broad field of solidification of monolithic alloys pioneered by Merton Flemings and his students. As a result of advances in solidification, the cast MMC field has evolved from its early incarnation—employing empirical research to engineer novel materials using versatile and cost-effective casting techniques—to using solidification-science-based approaches to tailor advanced materials for application-specific needs. The current and emerging applications of cast MMCs in a variety of automotive, aerospace, electronic packaging, and consumer-good industries exemplify the maturity of the field and the materials. Innovations in composite-forming techniques and efforts at wider industrial acceptance of MMCs will undoubtedly continue. However, the scientific principles underlying the solidification microstructure evolution that governs the composite properties have become well established, to a great extent, due to Flemings’ early, pioneering work on monolithic alloys and some of his more recent studies on solidification of reinforced metals. This paper reviews some aspects of solidification of discontinuously reinforced cast metals that owe their current understanding to Flemings’ contributions, in particular, the scientific understanding of macro- and microsegregation, fluidity and rheology of multiphase slurries, and stircasting, semi-solid casting, and preform infiltration. Current research to develop and test prototype components made from cast composites, including Al-flyash, Cu-graphite, Al-graphite, Al-alumina, and SiC-Al, is also presented, along with directions for future research. For more information, contact P. Rohatgi, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Center for Composites, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201; prohatgi@uwm.edu.     

电磁场在材料加工中应用现状及发展趋势

电磁场作为一种可控的物理场,因其具有独特的性能而使其在材料科学研究和加工中的应用非常广泛.本文综述了电磁场在材料科学研究和加工中的应用现状及其发展趋势.最后指出电磁场传统应用技术的完善和优化、新的应用技术研究开发、复合场的应用研究将成为电磁场在材料科学研究和加工中发展方向.     

Cryogenic Structural Materials for Superconducting Magnets

This paper reviews needs for structural materials used in high-field superconducting magnets. Although written from an American perspective, much of the important current research is done interactively through parallel programs in the United States and Japan. High-field superconducting magnets are used principally for magnetic-fusion energy devices and for accelerators for research in particle physics. The advances in both technologies have increased the field, size, and performance requirements of such magnets. More stringent requirements are expected in the future. The materials required include structural materials for the magnet case and for the support structure. Current research on these materials is discussed.     

高分子材料微生物腐蚀的研究概况

简要介绍了高分子物质微生物腐蚀的作用机理:合成高分子材料能否成为异氧微生物的底物主要取决于其化学结构、结合性能、微生物群落。生物腐蚀的程度还取决与聚合物的分子量、结晶度、物理形态。高分子的生物腐蚀影响其在多种工业材料的应用,包括航空航天结构复合材料、高分子增塑剂和添加物、电绝缘聚酰亚胺。     

The development of the ICME supply-chain: Route to ICME implementation and sustainment

Over the past twenty years, integrated computational materials engineering (ICME) has emerged as a key engineering field with great promise. Models simulating materials-related phenomena have been developed and are being validated for industrial application. The integration of computational methods into material, process and component design has been a challenge, however, in part due to the complexities in the development of an ICME “supply-chain” that supports, sustains and delivers this emerging technology. ICME touches many disciplines, which results in a requirement for many types of computational-based technology organizations to be involved to provide tools that can be rapidly developed, validated, deployed and maintained for industrial applications. The need for, and the current state of an ICME supply-chain along with development and future requirements for the continued pace of introduction of ICME into industrial design practices will be reviewed within this article.     

Prospects of metal science in the automotive industry

In January 1932, the first trucks rolled off the assembly line at the Gorky Automotive Plant (GAZ). In the past 65 years, the makes of trucks and cars and the way they are manufactured have changed more than once, but the range of metal-science problems that have to be tackled at the GAZ has remained unchanged. These are the choice of materials, heat-treatment schedules, and test techniques. Now that new economic relations have come to govern the market and the opportunity exists for user-oriented control over the quality of the metal supplied, the GAZ metal scientists have a stronger leverage through which they can assure the efficient use of metals and thus to promote metal science, one of the basic sciences serving the automotive industry. Translated from Metallovedenie i Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov, No. 10, pp. 34–37, October, 1997.     

未来航空发动机热障涂层材料及制备技术

概述了未来航空发动机热障涂层最有前景的新材料、结构和制备工艺。新材料主要有改进型氧化钇稳定的氧化锆、A2B2O7型材料;新结构主要有双陶瓷层;新工艺主要为制备含垂直裂纹的热障涂层的改进大气等离子体喷涂、等离子喷涂-物理气相沉积、悬浮液等离子喷涂、电子束直接气相沉积。这些相互结合,必将促进高性能热障涂层的快速发展和应用,使其在未来航空发动机中发挥重要作用。