Effect of MDA-endcapped CTBN on the cure kinetics of epoxy system by autocatalytic cure rate expression

The cure rate of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA)/4,4-methylene dianiline (MDA) system with or without MDA-endcapped carboxyl-terminated butadiene acrylonitrile (CTBN) rubber was studied by autocatalytic cure rate expression. All the cumulative conversion curves for DGEBA/MDA system with or without MDA-endcapped CTBN (20 phr) showed s-shape and this meant that the two systems followed the typical autocatalytic reaction. The cure rate of the system with MDA-endcapped CTBN (20 phr) was faster than that of the system without MDA-endcapped CTBN (20 phr). The activation energies of k ₁ and k ₂ for DGEBA/MDA system were 54.01 kJ/mol and 44.06 kJ/mol, respectively and those of k ₁ and k ₂ for the system with MDA-endcapped CTBN (20 phr) were 47.71 kJ/mol and 40.95 kJ/mol.     

先进复合材料用环氧树脂的固化反应和化学流变

用等温差示扫描量热法(DSC)研究了HD03环氧树脂在一定温度范围内的固化反应。试验结果表明,该环氧树脂体系的固化动力学符合自催化固化反应模型。由试验确定了模型中的动力学参数。发现在树脂的固化后期,固化反应由化学反应控制转变为扩散控制。用以绝对反应速率理论为基础的化学粘度分析模型研究了较高温度范围内HD03环氧树脂的等温粘度和变温的动态粘度变化。用MCR 300流变仪测量并计算了HD03环氧树脂的等温粘度和动态粘度。理论预测与试验结果相吻合。      

E 51环氧树脂固化反应中动力学转变

采用等温DSC法研究了E-51环氧树脂与4, 4’-二氨基二苯基砜(DDS)体系的固化反应过程, 并与已有固化模型拟合得到了170、180、190、200 ℃下的等温固化反应动力学的参数, 根据决定系数R2确定了适合的固化模型。研究表明: 当固化度小于40%时属于Kamal自催化模型; 当固化度大于40%时属于n级固化模型, 即固化反应由Kamal自催化反应向n级反应转变。      

等温DSC法研究RFI用环氧树脂固化动力学

为了预测固化反应的进程,采用STA 449C型差示扫描量热仪,用等温DSC法研究了室温下成膜、中温固化的RFI工艺用(E-44/E-21(6/4,质量比))/GA-327＝100/40(质量比)环氧树脂体系在80、90、100、110、120℃下的固化过程,通过Matlab数据拟合良好性统计法得到了n级固化模型、自催化模型及复合模型方程中的各个参数值。根据R2和离差平方和SSE确定了适合的动力学模型。研究表明:该树脂体系的固化反应具有自催化和扩散控制的特征,低温下受扩散控制的影响更大;该体系的固化反应动力学符合自催化反应动力学模型,其表观活化能E_a为56.7kJ/mol,指前因子A为1.18×107 s-1,固化反应的反应级数m、n分别为0.529和1.561。      

潜伏性环氧树脂/胺基酰亚胺体系的固化动力学

分别采用Kamal模型和Kissinger模型研究了E-51/胺基酰亚胺潜伏性固化体系的等温和非等温固化动力学,讨论了该体系的固化反应机理。结果表明,由这两种动力学模型得到的固化动力学参数基本相近,E-51/胺基酰亚胺体系固化反应起始阶段的活化能较高,约为124 kJ/mol～131 kJ/mol。该体系的固化反应包含n级反应和自催化反应。胺基酰亚胺热分解反应是E-51/胺基酰亚胺体系固化反应的控制步骤。     

Effect of carboxyl-terminated poly(butadiene-co-acrylonitrile) (CTBN) concentration on thermal and mechanical properties of binary blends of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A (DGEBA) epoxy resin

Six blend samples were prepared by physical mixing of epoxy resin with varying concentrations of liquid carboxyl-terminated butadiene acrylonitrile (CTBN) copolymer having 27% acrylonitrile content. The blend samples were cured with aromatic amine. A comparative study of Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectra showed the modification as a result of chemical reactions between epoxide group, curing agent and CTBN. The tensile strength of cured blend samples decreased slightly from 11 to 46% where as the elongation-at-break showed an increasing trend with increasing rubber content, i.e., up to 25 phr, in the blend samples. Appreciable improvements in impact strength were also observed in the prepared blend systems. The glass transition temperature (T_g) of the epoxy resin matrix was slightly reduced on the addition of CTBN. The cured resin showed a two-phase morphology where the spherical rubber domains were dispersed in the epoxy matrix.     

多官能团环氧树脂的固化反应和凝胶模型

用差示扫描量热仪和RS600旋转流变仪分别研究了AG-70环氧树脂体系的升温固化反应情况和升温及恒温条件下的流变性能。实验结果表明,该环氧树脂体系的固化动力学方程符合两参数自催化模型,采用Malek最大概然法计算了模型中的动力学参数,获得了两个特征值下的动力学方程,将实验结果与理论值进行了对比。采用两种方式确定了凝胶温度点,并与用差示扫描量热(DSC)方法获取的凝胶点温度作比较,利用恒温温度与凝胶时间的函数关系计算出了凝胶模型,其数学表达式为:lntgel=-19.67+8.57/T。     

Effect of hybridization of liquid rubber and nanosilica particles on the morphology, mechanical properties, and fracture toughness of epoxy composites

A liquid carboxyl-terminated butadiene–acrylonitrile copolymer (CTBN) and SiO₂ particles in nanosize were used to modify epoxy, and binary CTBN/epoxy composites and ternary CTBN/SiO₂/epoxy composites were prepared using piperidine as curing agent. The morphologies of the composites were observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM), and it is indicated that the size of CTBN particles increases with CTBN content in the binary composites, however, the CTBN particle size decreases with the content of nanosilica in the ternary composites. The effects of CTBN and nanosilica particles on the mechanical and fracture toughness of the composites were also investigated, it is shown that the tensile mechanical properties of the binary CTBN-modified epoxy composites can be further improved by addition of nanosilica particles, moreover, obvious improvement in fracture toughness of epoxy can be achieved by hybridization of liquid CTBN rubber and nanosilica particles. The morphologies of the fractured surface of the composites in compact tension tests were explored attentively by field emission SEM (FE-SEM), it is found that different zones (pre-crack, stable crack propagation, and fast crack zones) on the fractured surface can be obviously discriminated, and the toughening mechanism is mainly related to the stable crack propagation zone. The cavitation of the rubber particles and subsequent void growth by matrix shear deformation are the main toughening mechanisms in both binary and ternary composites.     

端羧基丁腈橡胶改性环氧树脂的结构与性能

用液体端羧基丁腈橡胶(CTBN)对环氧树脂(EP)进行改性,合成了CTBN/EP预聚物,FT-IR分析表明,在反应中EP的环氧基开环后与CTBN的羧基反应生成了酯键。研究了CTBN/EP/聚醚胺(PEA)体系的力学性能,结果表明,随着CTBN含量的增大,其弯曲强度、拉伸强度降低,冲击强度、断裂伸长率增大,说明CTBN通过化学预聚改性的EP具有良好的韧性。SEM分析表明,固化过程中析出了橡胶相并均匀分散在环氧树脂基体中。     

Thermodynamically reversible and irreversible control on morphology of multiphase systems

Morphology and properties of polymer alloys can be controlled by thermodynamically reversible (structure frozen-in) or irreversible (structure locked-in) processes by simultaneously manipulating miscibility, mechanisms of phase separation, glass transitions, and cure kinetics of polymer systems. A new method of using Rayleigh-Brillouin laser light scattering experiments for constructing phase diagrams consisting of the binodal and spinodal curves has been developed. The Brillouin spectra can also be used to study cure kinetics of thermosetting materials. The miscibility of an epoxy/carboxyl-terminated butadiene acrylonitrile copolymer (CTBN) rubber system has been studied by this new method. It was found that this system has an upper consolute temperature. An increase in the acrylonitrile content of the CTBN rubber improves the miscibility and depresses the consolute temperature of this polymer system. The miscibility gap (the consolute temperature) can be shifted up and down by the presence of different curing agents. The morphology of this epoxy/CTBN system can be controlled by simultaneously manipulating the kinetic processes of phase separation and curing reactions.     

典型双马来酰亚胺树脂固化动力学模型的研究

对由二苯甲烷双马来酰亚胺与二烯丙基双酚A体系制得的典型双马来酰亚胺树脂体系的固化动力学模型进行研究,目前国内绝大多数双马来酰亚胺树脂体系都是在此基础上改性得到的。并采用DSC方法研究典型双马来酰亚胺树脂的固化过程,用恒温和动态两种方法分析其固化反应。根据自催化与n级反应方程,采用least-squares方法和Kissinger方法进行数据处理,建立该树脂体系的固化动力学模型并确定其固化动力学参数,此模型与实验结果具有良好的吻合性。同时该模型揭示了典型双马来酰亚胺树脂体系的固化反应是按不同机理分段进行的,在反应过程中由自催化模型转变为n级反应模型。此模型为合理的研究双马来酰亚胺树脂体系的工艺参数,保证产品质量以及工艺优化提供了必要的前提条件。      

基于差示扫描量热分析和流变探究环氧大豆油增韧环氧树脂的固化过程

以聚醚胺D230为固化剂,研究了不同环氧大豆油含量(占双酚A型环氧树脂E-44的5%,10%,15%)增韧环氧树脂固化体系的反应动力学理论及流变行为。通过升温非模型中的KAS法对环氧树脂固化体系的差示扫描量热分析数据进行了研究,得出了固化动力学参数随体系环氧大豆油含量和升温速率的变化规律,并发现该反应由初期的无催化转向自催化反应,最后阶段则由化学控制转为扩散控制。通过旋转流变仪对环氧树脂固化过程进行流变分析,升温流变结果表明,体系中含有的环氧大豆油含量越多,凝胶点出现的时间越早;等温流变结果则表明,温度越高,凝胶点出现的时间越早;同时流变分析也表明,反应后期由于体系黏度过大,反应会由化学控制转变为扩散控制。通过计算,可得出环氧大豆油质量占环氧树脂10%的固化体系凝胶活化能为54.75kJ/mol。     

相反转法制备水性环氧树脂及其固化动力学

以琥珀酸酐、聚乙二醇、E-51为原料合成了非离子型乳化剂,利用相反转法制备了水性环氧树脂乳液和水性环氧固化剂。用红外光谱(FT-IR)、差示扫描量热(DSC)和热重分析(TGA)研究了水性环氧树脂与甲基四氢苯酐(MeTHPA)的热稳定性和固化机理。结果表明,水性环氧树脂与MeTHPA已固化完全;固化反应符合两个参数的自催化esták-Berggre(S-B)模型,固化反应的平均表观活化能为73.95 kJ/mol。MeTHPA与环氧树脂物质的量比为0.6的热稳定性最好。     

环氧树脂复合材料的制备及力学性能

通过配方设计,以硅烷偶联剂改性的空心玻璃微珠(HGB)为填料,端羧基液体丁腈橡胶(CTBN)为增稠剂和增韧剂,环氧树脂(EP)为基体,经变温分段固化技术制备环氧树脂/端羧基丁腈橡胶/空心玻璃微珠(EP/CTBN/HGB)三元泡沫复合材料并研究其力学和流变性能。结果表明,CTBN使得复合材料由脆性断裂变为韧性断裂;CTBN劣化了复合材料模量而HGB弥补了复合材料模量;当CTBN、HGB含量分别为12%(质量分数)和30%(体积分数)时,三元复合材料的冲击、弯曲、拉伸强度及弯曲模量均优于纯EP。另外,纯环氧树脂和EP/CTBN共混物的黏度呈现出牛顿流体的流变行为,而三元共混物的黏度表现出明显的剪切变稀现象。     

Fiber-optic epoxy composite cure sensor. II. Performance characteristics

The performance of a fiber-optic epoxy composite cure sensor, as previously proposed, depends on the optical properties and the reaction kinetics of the epoxy. The reaction kinetics of a typical epoxy system are presented. It is a third-order autocatalytic reaction with a peak observed in each isothermal reaction-rate curve. A model is derived to describe the performance characteristics of the epoxy cure sensor. If a composite coupon is cured at an isothermal temperature, the sensor signal can be used to predict the time when the gel point occurs and to monitor the cure process. The sensor is also shown to perform well in nonstoichiometric epoxy matrices. In addition the sensor can detect the end of the cure without calibration.     

Toughening of Epoxy Resin with Solid Amine Terminated Poly （ethylene glycol） Benzoate and Effect of Red Mud Waste Particles

An investigation was carried out to modify the toughness of triethylene tetramine cured DGEBA （diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A） resin using solid amine terminated poly （ethylene glycol） benzoate （ATPEGB） as modifier with and without red mud waste particles. The solid ATPEGB modifier synthesized from the acid catalyzed esterification reaction of poly （ethylene glycol） （PEG） and 4-amino benzoic acid was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy （FT-IR） and ^1H-NMR （nuclear magnetic resonance） spectroscopies, viscosity measurements, and solubility parameter calculation. The unfilled and red mud waste filled modified epoxy networks were evaluated with impact, adhesive, tensile, flexural and thermal properties by differential scanning calorimetry （DSC）, thermogravimetric （TG） and dynamic mechanical analysis （DMA）. The effect of modifier concentration and red mud waste particles on toughening behavior was also investigated. The optimum properties were obtained at 12.5 phr （parts per hundred parts of resin） concentration of the modifier. The ATPEGB modified cured epoxy was thermally stable up to 315℃. The morphology on fracture surfaces of cured epoxy was also analyzed by scanning electron microscopy （SEM）.     

GF/VE复合材料的等温固化动力学模型

采用DSC差示扫描量热分析仪研究了玻璃纤维/乙烯基酯树脂复合材料等温固化过程及升温后固化过程,建立了新的自催化模型来模拟其等温固化过程。结果表明,新建的模型很好地模拟了玻璃纤维/乙烯基酯树脂复合材料等温固化过程,尤其适合于复合材料的高温固化过程模拟。     

840S环氧树脂体系固化反应特性

用差示扫描量热法(DSC) 在动态条件下对840S 环氧树脂体系的固化反应动力学进行了研究。根据所测量的不同升温速率的DSC 曲线, 运用温度升温速率( T-β) 图外推法得到该环氧树脂体系的固化工艺参数, 即凝胶化温度、固化温度、后处理温度, 这些温度参数为制定合理的固化工艺提供了理论基础。采用Kissinger 方程和Crane 方程计算该840S 环氧树脂体系的动力学参数, 即表观活化能E_a 、表观频率因子A 和反应级数n 。根据所计算的动力学参数, 建立了该840S 环氧树脂体系的固化动力学模型。利用所建立的固化动力学模型分别预测了等温和动态条件下840S 环氧树脂体系的固化反应特性。      

Possible phase transformation toughening of thermoset polymers by poly(butylene terephthalate)

Mechanisms were explored by which particles of poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) are able to toughen a brittle epoxy. The epoxy studied was an aromatic amine-cured diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A, which was toughened at about twice the rate with particles of poly(butylene terephthalate) as with particles of nylon 6, poly(vinylidene fluoride), or CTBN rubber. Many of the mechanisms of toughening are visible on the fracture surface of the PBT-epoxy blend, but a mechanism suggested to account for perhaps half of the increased toughness with PBT, phase transformation toughening, is not. The two types of experiment performed to detect phase transformation toughening were: (1) measurements of the rubber cavitation zone in PBT-CTBN rubber-epoxy ternary blends, which would detect an expansion of the PBT particles during fracture if it occurred, and (2) measurements of the fracture energy in PBT-epoxy blends in which the various mechanisms of toughening were selectively suppressed. Both types of experiment indicated the occurrence of phase transformation toughening in these PBT-epoxy blends.     

Enhancement of fracture toughness,mechanical and thermal properties of rubber/epoxy composites by incorporation of graphene nanoplatelets

Carboxyl terminated butadiene acrylonitrile (CTBN) was added to epoxy resins to improve the fracture toughness, and then two different lateral dimensions of graphene nanoplatelets (GnPs), nominally <1 μm (GnP-C750) and 5 μm (GnP-5) in diameter, were individually incorporated into the CTBN/epoxy to fabricate multi-phase composites. The study showed that GnP-5 is more favorable for enhancing the properties of CTBN/epoxy. GnPs/CTBN/epoxy ternary composites with significant toughness and thermal conductivity enhancements combined with comparable stiffness to that of the neat resin were successfully achieved by incorporating 3 wt.% GnP-5 into 10 wt.% CTBN modified epoxy resins. According to the SEM investigations, GnP-5 debonding from the matrix is suppressed due to the presence of CTBN. Nevertheless, apart from rubber cavitation and matrix shear banding, additional active toughening mechanisms induced by GnP-5, such as crack deflection, layer breakage and separation/delamination of GnP-5 layers contributed to the enhanced fracture toughness of the hybrid composites.