Catalysis in the 21st Century, Lessons from the Past, Challenges for the Future

Catalysis is a science relying on many disciplines. The advent of industrial catalytic technologies in the last century has, most often, resulted from a sequential interaction between chemists and chemical engineers, both communities developing their own fundamental and applied sciences, i.e., a multidisciplinary process. Some of the major lessons learned in the past century, and related achievements, are illustrated and discussed. Challenges for catalysis research in the 21st century are identified, based on the current knowledge of catalysis researchers, recent fundamental and applied developments, and current or long-term objectives of the global chemical industry.     

21世纪洗涤剂的发展趋势和面临的挑战

回顾过去 10年和展望未来 ,介绍和预测了 2 1世纪洗涤剂的发展趋势和面临的挑战。全球洗涤剂工业发展是不均衡的。欧洲的发展趋势是继续浓缩化 ,高密度的片状洗涤剂和超浓缩的液体洗涤剂 -洗衣膏显示出发展潜力。美国的液洗剂已经迅速增长到 5 0 %的份额。在拉丁美洲浓缩洗涤剂还没有潜在市场。二合一洗涤剂是 2 1世纪的新产品。无水液体洗涤剂的挑战是稳定性 ;含水液体洗涤剂的难点在于填加漂白剂。 2 1世纪呼唤低温、节能、节水洗涤剂 ,以及相应的表面活性剂、酶制剂和漂白剂体系     

21世纪的新碳源

介绍了近年来国际上对ＣＯ２的关注及ＣＯ２的转化、利用研究工作的进展。可望２１世纪ＣＯ２将作为新的碳源     

Chemical Engineers for the 21st Century – Challenges for University Education

At the beginning of the 21st century, the education of chemical and process engineers is facing enormous challenges. The number of new students has dropped substantially since the early 1990s. The globalization of the world's economy has altered the working environment and the job market for chemical engineers. The areas in which chemical engineers are active now extend far beyond the boundaries of the chemical industry. As a result, universities are having to compete much more, not only for undergraduate and graduate research students but also in order to keep courses and even departments open. This paper aims to shed some light on the current situation at the universities, the changes in the conditions and job environment in the chemical engineering field, and the demands being placed on tomorrow's chemical and process engineers and on the education they receive. From an organizational point of view, it is important that the universities actively participate in and influence this ongoing process of change. In terms of course content, increasing emphasis must be placed on teaching students modern, relevant engineering knowledge and methodological and systematic skills, as well as those aspects of their education that are relevant for the ever more flexible, interdisciplinary and intercultural nature of chemical engineering work. Elements that could usefully contribute include support for study abroad programs and the provision of broad, high‐quality extra‐curricular studies. Despite the changes that have occurred, such as the introduction of new (bachelor and master) degrees, it is essential that the universities retain their characteristic and established profiles. At the same time, it is important to make the universities more accessible to well‐qualified graduates from Germany's Fachhochschulen (universities of applied science).     

面向21世纪的炼油催化技术的新进展(续完)

本文系22篇有关炼油催化技术最新文献述评, 它涉及异构化、烷基化以及重整油改质与脱苯用催化剂, 馏份油的加氢处理与加氢裂化, 流化催化裂化渣油流化催化裂化和增产烯烃的流化催化裂化工艺, 渣油加氢处理以及生物催化脱硫。     

21世纪无机非金属材料专业面临的挑战与机遇

针对当前我国无机非金属材料专业面临的挑战,阐述了矿物材料在该专业领域拓展的可行性,分析了《矿物材料加工学》在无机非金属材料专业中的地位。指出了其在大数据知识背景下,不但能拓展学生知识面,增大学生就业面;还可填补产业界相关交叉领域的人才空缺,激发学生的创新潜能;增加产品附加产值,延伸非金属产业的价值链。并初步探索地方院校高素质应用型人才"2+1+2"双学科培养模式的必要性。     

21世纪的加速老化测试

研究了老化试验科学在21世纪的状况,以及取得最新突破性成果之前的漫长征程。介绍了一个全新的突破性的ASTM测试方法的诞生。     

21世纪的精细化工

本文阐述了精细化工必须考虑的几个问题,包括环境保护,降低消耗,节约能源,合成关键技术,专用化技术,资源和开发创新等。精细化工将以更快的速度发展。     

面向21世纪的生物能源

在概述国内外发展生物能源现状的基础上，提出了3种有潜力的生物能源－燃料酒精，氢气和生物柴油的发展策略，指出适应新世纪的生物能源发展必须符合合持续发展原则，从而进一步提出了中国生物能源发展的建议，重点关注了化学工程技术在生物能源开发中的应用。     

21世纪的炼油技术

介绍了世界炼油业的现状及其发展趋势，分析了世界炼油技术的新进展，指出了21世纪我国炼油技术的发展方向。     

21世纪国外化学农药新品种简介

新世纪已跨入第4个年头，在新世纪中，人们仍孜孜不倦地进行新农药的开发，其中主要为化学合成农药。新农药的开发，欧美各农药大公司仍是主体，但日本亦已成为新农药开发的生力军。在已产业化的38个品种中，日本就占了15个，占了40％。以下就进入21世纪以来商品化的新农药及正在开发的农药品种作一简单介绍。     

21世纪以来全球上市的化学农药品种综述

21世纪以来至2010年止全球共有85个农药上市品种,其中除草剂32个、杀虫剂24个、杀菌剂24个、其他类农药5个。以各大类农药为分,介绍了这些品种。     

21世纪我国联碱科技发展新思路

在２０世纪末建立的不冷碳化、母液精制、离心机分离重碱等新操作理论和技术基础上提出了我国联合制碱技术的发展新思路,技术标志和形象水平,以及建立创新技术示范装置、实现技术跨越的建议。客观分析了现行变换气加压碳化工艺的技术特点,介绍了完善变换气制碱技术的方案性意见。     

21世纪我国联碱科技发展新思路

(接上期） 2.3.4 分步实施意见 第一步:低温母液Ⅱ精制代替氨母液Ⅱ澄清. 第二步:不冷碳化取代索尔维碳化.     

Cooperative Catalysis: A New Development in Heterogeneous Catalysis

Whereas cooperative effect in catalysis, in which multiple chemical interactions participate cooperatively to achieve significant enhancement in catalytic activity and/or selectivity, is common in enzymatic reactions, it has been sparingly employed in heterogeneous catalytic systems. Here, some recent literature examples of abiotic catalysis, with emphasis on heterogeneous systems, that employ cooperation between acid and base and two metal centers are briefly described to demonstrate the principles involved. Since effective cooperation places strict demand on the positions of the different functional groups, new synthetic methods and strategies are needed to design and construct structures useful for cooperative catalysis. Recent progress in our laboratory in synthesizing new nanocage structures that possess molecular-size cavities, atomic layer thick, porous shells with internal functional groups is described. These recent developments suggest possibilities of new catalytic transformations that have not been attempted before. This is illustrated with two speculative examples utilizing cooperative catalysis: oxidative hydrolytic desulfurization and terminal carbon activation of hydrocarbon molecules.     

面向21世纪农药工业

分析了当今世界农药工业发展趋势,并就发展我国农药工业应采取的对策进行了论述。     

面向21世纪的汽车催化剂

根据机动车尾气排放标准现状 ,着重从满足低排放、超低排放尾气 ,贫燃发动机尾气 ,柴油机尾气及一些替代燃料尾气净化催化剂等几方面 ,展望了面向 2 1世纪机动车尾气净化催化剂体系的发展前景     

面向21世纪的化肥工业

综述了国内外化肥工业发展现状和市场需求情况,探讨了２１世纪我国化肥工业将面临的挑战,提出了２１世纪发展化肥工业重点应思考的５大问题。     

21世纪冷却塔产业

从冷却塔的噪声评价标准的分析提出了冷却塔生产面临的问题,对21世纪冷却塔生产面临的新课题与对策,推进节能机制转换进行了分析和论述,认为低能耗、低噪声、环保型的冷却塔将是冷却塔生产的发展方向,与此配合,应加强高效风机叶片的研制,开发风机系统事故快速诊断装置,在冷却塔制造中进行多学科的联合。     

面向21世纪的新型发酵有机酸工业（一）

近年柠檬酸工业高速发展,2002年的产量已达到40.2万t,出口28.3万t,出口额突破了2亿美元。价格大战使柠檬酸的出口价格呈持续下滑趋势,并已引起了相关国家的抵制。我国发酵有机酸行业必须攘外安内,以实现柠檬酸行业量变向质变的飞跃;扬长避短,抓住生物降解材料的发展机遇,发展聚乳酸、聚羟基链烷酯;推陈出新,关注苹果酸、丙酮酸和曲酸,提升整体水平。