海水淡化技术产业现状与发展趋势

海水淡化是解决水资源短缺的重要途径,海水淡化技术、产业已经成熟,国外62%的淡化水用于市政供水,其余满足工业、农业、旅游业及军事等方面需求,越来越得到一些沿海国家的高度重视。分析了国内外海水淡化技术及产业现状,讨论了与国外相比,我国海水淡化技术存在的差距。结合产业发展和"碳达峰、碳中和"背景,对海水淡化技术产业今后的发展趋势进行了探讨和展望。     

关于我国海水淡化产业发展的政策思考

分析了我国海水淡化产业发展的现状、存在的问题及原因,提出了加大沿海地区工业用海水力度,鼓励和支持海水淡化进入市政管网,建立新型水价形成机制,制定海水淡化税收优惠政策,加大海水淡化技术自主创新力度等我国海水淡化产业发展的政策建议.     

钙钛矿氧化物LSCO:淡化海水生生不息

正淡水一直是人类社会赖以生存的基本物质之一。随着社会经济发展和工业化进程的推进,人类对淡水资源的需求日益增长。而数据显示,目前仅存在于河流、湖泊和可供人类直接利用的地下淡水已经不足0.36。沿海盐碱地区、内陆苦咸水地区以及一些岛屿一直缺乏淡水。盯上了太阳能淡水资源稀缺的压力之下,对占地球总水量的97%以上的海水进行淡化成为扩大淡水来源的有效途径之一。科学家们将目光投向海洋资源,开发了太阳能海水淡化技术。     

海水淡化的技术方向及经济性

介绍了多个有代表性的大型的海水淡化厂,通过对大型市政海水淡化的技术经济分析和建设大型市政海水淡化厂的深层思考,以现实和数据为依据,提出海水淡化的技术方向及其经济性.     

净水信息

发改委支持海水淡化水进城市供水网从国家发展和改革委员会了解到,“十一五”期间,国家将加快推进海水利用,其中包括支持海水淡化水进入城市供水管网。“十一五”期间,国家将严格限制在沿海地区新建以淡水为水源的高用水项目,鼓励有条件的企业利用海水,支持海水淡化水进入城市供水管网。根据《海水利用专项规划》,到2010年,我国海水淡化能力将达到日产80万至100万立方米,年海水直接利用能力达到550亿立方米,海水利用对解决沿海地区缺水问题的贡献率将达到16%至24%。     

青岛市蓝色经济区加快建设海水淡化项目

青岛市政府日前举行了青岛市蓝色经济区建设情况新闻发布会,会上介绍了在青岛市蓝色经济区建设中,一个重要的民生工程就是扩大海水直接利用范围和规模,探索淡化海水进入市政管网进行城市供水的运营模式。青岛市有关方     

工业多水源供水网络优化设计

传统的工业供水网络设计往往仅考虑单个水源或多个水源的单水质参数的优化问题,没有考虑多水质参数和多水源以及相应的原水预处理系统。提出了工业多水源供水网络的超结构模型,并对原水预处理系统进行了数学建模,考虑了不同水源的水质特点,相应的预处理设备产水率和水质的移除率,将工业水阱进行了分类并考虑了多种水质参数的约束。以沿海某炼油企业的多水源供水网络为例,利用商业软件GAMS进行建模求解。优化结果表明,该炼油企业最佳的供水方案是综合使用地表水,市政中水和地下水作为水源,不使用市政供水和海水。该案例优化的供水网络年度化费用为638.42万元。     

舟山地区海水淡化技术应用状况

海水淡化是解决水资源短缺的重要途径,愈来愈得到舟山市政府的重视,海水淡化技术也得到了快速发展.舟山市为海岛地区,岛屿分散,是一个资源型缺水的地区.目前舟山正在建设国家海水淡化与综合利用工程示范基地,在海水淡化产业化体系和技术路线方面具有自己海岛特色,可以为全国海岛开展海水利用提供样板和借鉴.但是海水淡化技术及应用知识还未在舟山居民中广泛普及,各海水淡化产业部门间的信息交流和资源共享状况尚待提高,淡化产业体系中出现的问题有待相关单位进一步研究.     

工业多水源供水网络优化设计

传统的工业供水网络设计往往仅考虑单个水源或多个水源的单水质参数的优化问题,没有考虑多水质参数和多水源以及相应的原水预处理系统。提出了工业多水源供水网络的超结构模型,并对原水预处理系统进行了数学建模,考虑了不同水源的水质特点,相应的预处理设备产水率和水质的移除率,将工业水阱进行了分类并考虑了多种水质参数的约束。以沿海某炼油企业的多水源供水网络为例,利用商业软件GAMS进行建模求解。优化结果表明,该炼油企业最佳的供水方案是综合使用地表水,市政中水和地下水作为水源,不使用市政供水和海水。该案例优化的供水网络年度化费用为638.42万元。     

海岛反渗透海水淡化技术发展现状与研究前景

我国海岛开发利用程度较低,维权形势十分严峻。反渗透海水淡化技术具有淡化效率高、能耗低、投资低等优点,可以解决海岛供水问题。本文通过介绍反渗透膜、预处理和能量回收三项技术发展现状,指出我国海岛反渗透海水淡化具有广阔发展前景。     

用海水淡化法解决海岛用水

我国多数海岛属于资源性缺水，解决用水困难的途径有两条，海底管道从大陆调水和海水淡化就地制水。文章详细分析了影响反渗透海水淡化成本的诸因素，对不同生产容量反渗透海水淡化工厂的投资及生产成本进行了预测。针对舟山某岛群的地理条件对海底管道引水和就地海水淡化制水进行了综合比较。最后提出解决该岛用水短缺的可行方案。     

Operational water cost and productivity improvements for small-size RO desalination plants

This detailed study was carried out for the determination of the water cost in small size RO desalination plants in remote areas. Data from desalination plants in three Greek islands were used for a period of three years. The actual expenses for these plants were examined thoroughly and as a result the real cost per cubic meter was estimated. An evaluation of the efficiency of two different energy recovery systems was conducted by using factual operating data. The introduction of new technologies, automation, data acquisition and remote operation can be used to reduce the labor and maintenance cost for small size RO desalination plants. The increase in labor productivity has proved to be the direct result of the introduction of a low cost SCADA system to the RO plant.     

海岛一体化制水装置研究与应用示范

2009年10月,在洞头县大瞿岛村建成一套50m~3·d~(-1),海岛一体化制水装置,该装置采用先进的反渗透技术、能量回收技术、微电解技术,电抑菌技术,产水水质好,能耗省,制水成本低,占地面积少.本装置的应用示范打破了国外公司对海水淡化能量回收装置的垄断,对海岛地区降低海水淡化工程建设成本、降低制水能耗、提高产品水的水质以及降低设备运行维护费用等方面起到较好的示范推广作用,对缓解我国的海岛及部分沿海地区村庄的水资源危机和保障我国海水淡化的供水安全具有极为重大的意义.     

二硫化钼作为海水淡化材料的研究进展

海水淡化是从丰富的海水资源中提取清洁淡水的技术,是解决淡水资源短缺的重要途径。传统的海水淡化技术在实际应用中已经暴露出高成本、高能耗和低效率等缺点,因此开发海水淡化新兴技术及材料成为研究重点。二硫化钼（MoS₂）是典型层状过渡金属硫化物,因其化学稳定、吸光能力优异等优点,在海水淡化领域具有极大的应用前景。作为一种高效环保的海水淡化材料,MoS₂及其复合材料在改善传统脱盐工艺和发展新兴脱盐技术中已得到广泛研究。本文主要论述和分析MoS₂基材料在电容去离子、膜脱盐及太阳能脱盐等海水淡化应用中的研究进展以及在工业化应用中面临的挑战,并展望其今后在脱盐领域的发展方向。     

海水淡化工艺装备研发现状

随着全球淡水资源紧缺区域增多，在过去的数十年里淡化海水因其来源广且不受降雨影响，而成为解决淡水短缺的可行方案，并得到越来越多关注和发展。海水淡化工艺（即脱盐）将海水分为两部分：淡水和高浓度的盐水。虽然海水淡化的工艺装备和支撑技术已经相当成熟，但为了不断提高技术并降低成本，国内外进行了大量的研究。该文概述了海水淡化主流技术的研究现状、工程项目以及新工艺。另外归纳了海水淡化工艺装备存在的一般问题，结合“十二五”规划，指出了海水淡化的研究方向。     

Performance study of water desalination methods in Saudi Arabia

Saudi Arabia is an arid desert country without rivers or sweet water lakes, however, it does have vast amount of groundwater and seawater. In order to make these waters suitable for human consumption and industrial use, most of their salts must be removed by some means. The desalination methods most frequently used in the Kingdom are: Multistage flash (MSF) evaporation, reverse osmosis (RO), and electrodialysis (ED).During the last decade, we have witnessed a spectacular growth of desalination plants. This growth is expected to continue in the next decade. The present production capacity of all desalting plants in Saudi Arabia is estimated to be 750,000 m³/day; this figure will be most likely tripled in the next five years.This paper is a report on a performance study of the most significant desalination plants in the Kingdom. The plants, which include MSF and seawater and brackish water RO plants, were selected either because of their size or their importance to the desalination technology. The plants are briefly described and their performances are discussed.     

Renewable energy desalination plants for the Greek islands—technical and economic considerations

For the majority of the Greek islands, water resources are quite restricted, limiting the economic development of the local societies. To face increased potable water requirements, more than 2,500,000 m of clean water is transferred annually to these islands at a cost approaching the value of 7 /m³ On the other hand, the final cost of the locally produced water from renewable energy sources (RES) based desalination plants is expected to be quite lower than this value. The main purpose of the present study is to examine the economic viability of several representative desalination plant configurations based on the available renewable energy sources using an integrated cost-benefit analysis. In the proposed analysis all the cost parameters of the problem are taken into consideration, including the capital cost of the desalination plant, the annual maintenance and operation cost, the energy consumption cost, the local economy annual capital cost index and the corresponding inflation rate. The calculation results obtained definitely support the utilization of RES-based desalination plants as the most promising and sustainable method to satisfy the fresh, potable water demands of the small- to medium-sized Greek islands at a minimal cost, without disregarding the considerable environmental and macro-economic benefits.     

Cost analysis of seawater desalination with reverse osmosis in Turkey

Economically usable water resources per capita are decreasing due to excessive population increase each year in Turkey. For this reason, new water resources should be found in the near future. The potential water resources are seawater or well water both of which need removal of salinity. The most promising treatment method for salinity is reverse osmosis. While reverse osmosis becomes widespread, the cost of the process will decrease. There is no detailed information about cost of seawater desalination in Turkey. In this study, a cost analysis of seawater desalination in Turkey was performed for reverse osmosis systems. The basic parameters of cost analysis such as capacity, recovery, membrane life, energy, chemical costs and flux were evaluated based on the effects on capital, operating and total production costs.     

Distillation vs. membrane filtration: overview of process evolutions in seawater desalination

The worldwide need for fresh water requires more and more plants for the treatment of non-conventional water sources. During the last decades, seawater has become an important source of fresh water in many arid regions. The traditional desalination processes [reverse osmosis (RO), multi stage flash (MSF), multi effect distillation (MED), electrodialysis (ED)] have evoluated to reliable and established processes; current research focuses on process improvements in view of a lower cost and a more environmentally friendly operation. This paper provides an overview of recent process improvements in seawater desalination using RO, MSF, MED and ED. Important topics that are discussed include the use of alternative energy sources (wind energy, solar energy, nuclear energy) for RO or distillation processes, and the impact of the different desalination process on the environment; the implementation of hybrid processes in seawater desalination; pretreatment of desalination plants by pressure driven membrane processes (microfiltration, ultrafiltration and nanofiltration) compared to chemical pretreatment; new materials to prevent corrosion in distillation processes; and the prevention of fouling in reverse osmosis units. These improvements contribute to the cost effectiveness of the desalination process, and ensure a sustainable production of drinking water on long terms in regions with limited reserves of fresh water.