Nb在高Ti中Al铁基高温合金的作用

探讨Nb在高Ti中Al铁基高温合金的作用，认为Nb参与了γ-相形成，增加γ-相数量，生成Ni3（Al、Ti、Nb）提高γ-相的固溶温度，从而实现第二相强化。同时，Nb促使碳化物相处于均匀弥散分布状态使合金组织均匀化并显著提高室温、700℃拉伸和持久强度，改善塑性。当Nb含量超过1．38％时γ-相析出达到平衡，μ-相结构发生变化，且数量增加，晶界小颗粒状、块状、链状、μ相析出脆化了晶界，降低合金塑性。     

Inconel718合金δ相含量的测定及δ相析出

采用Ｘ射线衍射技术测定了Ｉｎｃｏｎｅｌ７１８合金δ相含量，研究了冷轧变形对δ相形貌、分布及数量的影响。结果表明，在ε＝２５％为形条件下，δ相首先在初始孪晶界及晶界上析出，随后在再结昌昌界上及晶内析出；在ε≥４０％变形条件下，δ相首先在初始享晶界、晶界及变形带相析出，并且随冷轧变形量增加，在变形带上的分析量增加。在９１０℃保温４ｈ条件下，随冷轧变形量增加，δ相析出形貌由针状逐渐变为颗粒状，冷轧变形促     

La含量对GH230合金组织和性能的影响

研究了La含量对GH230合金组织和性能的影响。结果表明,当合金La含量达到0.048％（Wt%,下同）时,合金中析出新相－富镧相;而且合金含La量还影响晶界二次M23C6型碳化物析出形态,即晶界二次M23C6型碳化物形态逐渐由胞状（0％La试验合金）向片状（0.026％La,0.048％La试验合金）、链状（0.087％La试验合金）转变。但是合金含La量对一次M6C型碳化物相数量、尺寸、分布以及合金基体的晶粒尺寸影响较小。La通过改变合金组织而影响其室温力学性能、927℃/62Mpa条件下的持久寿命。     

固溶冷速对一种难变形镍基高温合金组织及性能的影响

研究了不同固溶冷速对一种难变形镍基高温合金组织及性能的影响,观察了合金的显微组织、冲击断口形貌、碳化物以及γ′相分布情况,并检测了其抗拉强度和持久寿命.结果表明：经过1 140℃固溶后,随着冷速的降低(风冷>空冷>控温慢冷),合金中析出的碳化物数量增多且尺寸增大,γ′相形貌发生变化且尺寸增大(170 nm→230 nm→680 nm),合金的抗拉强度和持久寿命显著降低(650℃+863 MPa, 169 h→91 h; 750℃+588 MPa, 130 h→94.3 h).在固溶后的冷却过程中冷速较慢,析出并长大的γ′相会与奥氏体基体的晶界有充分的时间发生交互作用.大角度的奥氏体晶界成为合金元素的快速扩展通道,使得晶界处γ′相的长大速度远大于晶内γ′相的长大速度,γ′相的形貌也从花瓣状长成条带状.综合分析,低冷速只能提升该合金的冲击吸收功和断后伸长率,而高冷速能大大提升合金的持久寿命.     

硅在GH907低膨胀高温合金中的分布及析出相的影响

研究了微量硅元素在ＧＨ９０７低膨胀高温合金中的存在形式，分布特征及对第二相析出的影响，结果表明，硅促进合金中Ｌａｖｅｓ，Ｇ相沿晶界析出，细化晶内ε相并增国其数量，使晶界ε相的形貌由连续分布的薄片状态改变为离散分布的小块，第二相中的硅含量远高于合金平均硅含量，晶界上硅含量比昌内高数倍并随时效时间延长进一步富集。     

镁和δ相对GH169合金组织和性能的影响及交互作用

本文研究了Mg和δ相在GH169(Inconel718)合金中各自的作用及它们之间的交互作用。实验结果表明,适量的镁能提高该合金的高温塑性和持久寿命。一定数量的晶界δ相析出后,合金的高温缺口敏感性被消除。影响δ相析出的数量、形态、分布的因素是热加工参数——终加工温度和形变量。镁不影响δ相的析出规律。     

C含量对690合金M23C6相析出行为的影响

摘要：为了研究0.011%～0033%范围内C质量分数对690合金M23C6相析出行为的影响规律，采用SEM、TEM、物理化学相分析和热力学计算等手段，考察了不同C含量与M23C6相析出数量及析出位置关系。结果表明，随着C含量增加，M23C6析出相质量分数增加、完全固溶温度提高，前者与C质量分数呈线性关系变化，后者则符合抛物线关系。C含量升高，M23C6相的吉布斯自由能下降，从基体中析出M23C6相这一固态相变过程的驱动力增大，在相同的保温时间下，促进M23C6相在更多位置上的析出及其析出形貌的显著变化。对于较高C含量的690合金，除在晶界和孪晶端部外，还可在孪晶内部观察到M23C6相析出现象，其析出相颗粒发生粗化的同时，相质量分数也逐渐增加。     

卷取温度对纳米析出高强钢中析出相的影响

以新型热轧纳米析出强化钢为研究对象,利用透射电子显微镜分析了不同卷取温度下纳米析出相的形貌特征及尺寸分布。分析结果表明,当卷取温度小于650℃时,纳米析出颗粒尺寸小,但数量较少,对高强钢力学性能的贡献有限;当卷取温度高于650℃时,纳米析出颗粒逐渐长大并粗化,这也不利于提高材料的强度;只有当卷取温度为650℃时,钢中纳米析出颗粒无论是数量还是尺寸,均更有利于纳米析出高强钢获得优异的力学性能。     

Ni-Cr-Ti型高温合金η相对力学性能的影响

将从Ni-Cr-Ti型合金涡轮盘上切取的试样在该合金的η相析出峰值温度(980℃)热处理29h和45h,得到含不同η相数量的试样,测试性能。结果表明,光滑持久寿命和室温冲击值随η相数量的增加而降低,而持久塑性和缺口持久寿命则随之增加。由于冶炼和铸造工艺不当在涡轮盘上形成的成分偏析区内析出的η相与980℃热处理形成的η相形貌相同,对性能的影响也相同。断口观察揭示了η相对性能影响的本质。     

微量Mg在GH99合金中分布形态的研究

GH99合金中加入适量Mg，可使900℃的持久强度明显提高。应用JCXA-733电子探针研究微量元素Mg在GH99合金中的分布规律及对夹杂物分布状态的影响，Mg偏聚于一次碳化物MC相界处并固溶于MC相内，并使棱角规则或长条状一次MC明显钝化。随着合金中Mg含量的增加，晶界处的MC数量明显减少。Mg亦偏聚在晶界处，起到净化晶界，分割晶界碳化物的作用。使晶界上二次碳化物均匀呈链状分布。晶界处Mg的含量随合金中Mg含量的增加而增加。     

Combined matrix/boundary precipitation strengthening in creep of Fe-15 Cr-25 Ni alloys

High temperature creep behavior of carbide precipitation strengthened Fe-15 Cr-25 Ni alloys with different carbon content have been investigated. Grain boundary carbides obstruct dislocation annihilation at the grain boundary and, therefore, increase the dislocation density near the grain boundary. This gives rise to formation of a hard grain boundary region and significantly increase creep resistance of the alloy. The grain boundary precipitation strengthening and combined matrix/boundary strengthening are modeled following the concept of hard-soft composite structure, and a unified creep equation is derived by taking account of back stress from intergranular carbide particles, “boundary obstacle stress”. The models and analysis show that grain boundary precipitation strengthening is predominant for soft matrix but decreases with the increase of matrix strength, indicating the existence of coupled matrix/boundary strengthening.     

Discontinuous precipitation and coarsening in Al-Zn alloys

The morphology and kinetics of discontinuous precipitation (DP) and discontinuous coarsening (DC) in solution treated and isothermally aged Al-Zn alloys containing 39.3 and 59.3 at.% Zn have been investigated at temperatures ranging from 323 to 523 K by light microscopy, electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. At all aging temperatures the supersaturated α solid solution was observed to decompose rapidly by DP into a lamellar mixture of solute depleted α phase and β phase precipitate. DP occurred so rapidly in the 59.5 at.% Zn alloy that the heat of transformation raised the temperature of the alloy significantly. With further aging a slower DC reaction transformed the lamellar DP into a coarser lamellar structure of the same two phases; however, the composition of the α phase of the DC was closer to the equilibrium solvus composition than that of the DP. With still further aging a second, much slower DC reaction was observed to decompose the lamellar product of the first DC reaction in the 59.5 at.% Zn alloy into a still coarser lamellar structure. Analysis of the kinetics of both the DP and DC reactions showed them to be controlled by boundary diffusion in the advancing reaction interface. Reaction front migration rates for both DP and DC increased markedly with increasing Zn content. This increase seems to be associated partially with an increase in boundary diffusivity with increasing Zn content.     

The genesis of the cellular precipitation reaction

The morphology of cellular precipitation in a Cu-9.5 at. pet In alloy has been investigated by light and electron microscopy. Both cellular and general precipitation were observed to occur simultaneously in quenched and aged alloys while only cellular precipitation was observed to occur in isothermally aged alloys. Because of the presence of wide, solute rich, precipitate free zones in the vicinity of grain boundaries in the quenched and aged alloys, the early development of cellular precipitation was found to be identical for both types of heat treatment. From light and electron microscopy observations of the early stages of cellular precipitation a mechanism for the formation of cells was developed. At the start of aging, the unoccupied grain boundary begins to migrate under the influence of grain boundary migration forces as if it were in a single phase alloy. As the boundary migrates, solute segregates along it to form allotriomorphs which pin the boundary. The boundary continues to migrate and bows between the simultaneously forming allotriomorphs. With further aging, the allotriomorphs lengthen following the bowing boundary and the allotriomorphs become the initial precipitate lamellae of the developing cell as a steady-state lamellar structure develops. Assuming that the critical step in the development of a cell is the ability of the boundary to bow between the initial allotriomorphs, a criterion for the occurrence of cellular precipitation was developed. R. A. FOURNELLE, formerly Graduate Student, University of Missouri-Rolla This paper is based on a presentation made at a symposium on “The Cellular and the Pearlite Reactions,” held at the Detroit Meeting of The Metallurgical Society of AIME, October 20, 1971, under the sponsorship of the IMD Heat Treatment Committee.     

Influence of cerium additions on high-temperature-impact ductility and fracture behavior of iridium alloys

High-temperature tensile impact testing was carried out on Ir + 0.3 wt pct W alloys doped with cerium and thorium individually, and with cerium and thorium together. Impact ductility was evaluated as a function of grain size and test temperature. Cerium by itself was not as effective as thorium in improving the grain boundary cohesion, even though it segregated more strongly than thorium to the grain boundaries. This lower grain boundary cohesion was responsible for lower impact ductility and higher brittle-to-ductile transition temperature of cerium-doped alloys compared to those of the thorium- or thorium plus cerium-doped alloys. Reduction in thorium content by a factor of 5 (from 50 to 10 appm) in the bulk did not result in any significant reduction in hightemperature impact ductility or an increase in the brittle-to-ductile transition temperature as long as sufficient cerium was added to provide grain refinement. Grain boundary strengths of thorium- and thorium plus cerium-doped alloys were almost identical.     

Copper,Boron, and Cerium Additions in Type 347 Austenitic Steel to Improve Creep Rupture Strength

Type 347 austenitic stainless steel (18Cr-12Ni-Nb) was alloyed with copper (3 wt pct), boron (0.01 to 0.06 wt pct), and cerium (0.01 wt pct) with an aim to increase the creep rupture strength of the steel through the improved deformation and cavitation resistance. Short-term creep rupture strength was found to increase with the addition of copper in the 347 steel, but the long-term strength was inferior. Extensive creep cavitation deprived the steel of the beneficial effect of creep deformation resistance induced by nano-size copper particles. Boron and cerium additions in the copper-containing steel increased its creep rupture strength and ductility, which were more for higher boron content. Creep deformation, grain boundary sliding, and creep cavity nucleation and growth in the steel were found to be suppressed by microalloying the copper-containing steel with boron and cerium, and the suppression was more for higher boron content. An auger electron spectroscopic study revealed the segregation of boron instead of sulfur on the cavity surface of the boron- and cerium-microalloyed steel. Cerium acted as a scavenger for soluble sulfur in the steels through the precipitation of cerium sulfide (CeS). This inhibited the segregation of sulfur and facilitated the segregation of boron on cavity surface. Boron segregation on the nucleated cavity surface reduced its growth rate. Microalloying the copper-containing 347 steel with boron and cerium thus enabled to use the full extent of creep deformation resistance rendered by copper nano-size particle by increase in creep rupture strength and ductility.     

The influence of applied stress and stress sense on grain boundary precipitate morphology in a nickel-base superalloy during creep

Creep induced instability of strengthening precipitates at grain boundaries is of general concern in the applications of many high temperature alloys. Having shown that the general validity of the existing mechanism for such an instability in nickel-base superalloys may be considered suspect, this paper reports and discusses the effects of both tensile and compressive creep on γ′ grain boundary precipitate morphology in an alloy consisting of γ′ (Ni₃Al) precipitates in a γ (nickel solid solution) matrix. We find that the uniform distribution of γ′ precipitates is altered by the application of uniaxial creep stress, with the stress-induced precipitate morphology depending strongly on stress sense. Tensile creep results in the dissolution of γ′ precipitates at grain boundaries aligned more or less transverse to the stress axis, with an accompanying increase in volume fraction of γ′ precipitates at grain boundaries oriented parallel to, or almost parallel to the stress axis. In contrast, the reverse change in morphology occurs during compressive creep. The observed morphology changes and their dependence on stress sense are shown to be consistent with the flow of chromium atoms from grain boundaries that are under normal compression towards grain boundaries that are under normal tension. The results conclusively demonstrate that Herring-Nabarro type diffusion in multiphase, polycrystalline alloys can cause chemical changes in grain boundary regions which, in the extreme, result in phase changes at grain boundaries. The results and proposed mechanism are discussed in terms of the findings of other investigations.     

Pearlite phase transformation in Si and V steel

Systematic research has been undertaken on the effects of single and combined additions of vanadium and silicon on the phase transformation and microstructure of pearlitic steels. Both alloy additions were found to result in the formation of nonlamellar products in the vicinity of austenite grain boundaries in hypereutectoid compositions (0.77 to 0.95 wt pct C). The products comprise discrete initial cementite particles and grain boundary ferrite, which is embedded with interphase precipitates of vanadium carbide. As the carbon content is increased further (up to 1.05 wt pct), the amount of grain boundary ferrite gradually decreases without any dramatic change in the morphology of the initial cementite particles. No continuous embrittling grain boundary cementite network was formed. The aspect ratios of the grain boundary cementite particles were decreased from 60:1 to 25:1 by the addition of the alloy elements. A compre-hensive model has been suggested to explain these effects. Other effects of these alloy elements on the microstructure of pearlitic steels have also been examined. For given austenitization conditions, an increase in carbon and vanadium content produced a decrease in austenite grain size. Silicon was found to increase the rate of interphase precipitation of vanadium carbides. Formerly Graduate Student, Department of Materials, Oxford University Formerly University Lecturer, Department of Materials, Oxford University     

Precipitation of TiC in thermally embrittled maraging steels

It is shown that maraging steels can be embrittled by the precipitation of TiC during slow cooling and/or intermediate annealing in the austenite temperature range. An important aspect in this embrittlement is the occurrence of lamellar precipitation of TiC at the austenite grain boundaries, generating a cellular structure of large fern leaf-like carbides. Within the austenite grains a nonuniform distribution of irregularly plate-shaped TiC particles are formed with (100) austenite habit orientation. Quenching to martensite, prior to any intermediate anneals, changes the carbide distribution upon subsequent annealing treatments into a fine dispersion of TiC particles. The embrittlement resulting from the various isothermal annealing treatments in the austenite temperature region could all be directly related to the carbide distribution in the prior austenite grain boundary region.     

Precipitation of TiC in thermally embrittled maraging steels

It is shown that maraging steels can be embrittled by the precipitation of TiC during slow cooling and/or intermediate annealing in the austenite temperature range. An important aspect in this embrittlement is the occurrence of lamellar precipitation of TiC at the austenite grain boundaries, generating a cellular structure of large fern leaf-like carbides. Within the austenite grains a nonuniform distribution of irregularly plate-shaped TiC particles are formed with (100) austenite habit orientation. Quenching to martensite, prior to any intermediate anneals, changes the carbide distribution upon subsequent annealing treatments into a fine dispersion of TiC particles. The embrittlement resulting from the various isothermal annealing treatments in the austenite temperature region could all be directly related to the carbide distribution in the prior austenite grain boundary region.     

Suppression of creep cavitation in precipitation-hardened austenitic stainless steel to enhance creep rupture strength

Extensive creep cavitation in Ti, Nb and Cu containing precipitation hardened austenitic steels was found to limit the usefulness of deformation resistance to increase long-term creep rupture strength. The steels were microalloyed with boron and cerium that resulted in increase in creep rupture strength and ductility of the steels significantly. Grain boundary sliding and creep cavity nucleation and growth in the steels were suppressed greatly on microalloying. Auger spectroscopic analysis revealed the segregation of boron instead of sulfur on cavity surface and the absence of sulfur contamination of grain boundary upon the microalloying. Suppression of creep cavitation through the control of trace elements segregation along with the precipitation hardening increased the creep rupture strength of austenitic stainless steels.