Explicit simplicial discretization of distributed-parameter port-Hamiltonian systems

Simplicial Dirac structures as finite analogues of the canonical Stokes–Dirac structure, capturing the topological laws of the system, are defined on simplicial manifolds in terms of primal and dual cochains related by the coboundary operators. These finite-dimensional Dirac structures offer a framework for the formulation of standard input–output finite-dimensional port-Hamiltonian systems that emulate the behavior of distributed-parameter port-Hamiltonian systems. This paper elaborates on the matrix representations of simplicial Dirac structures and the resulting port-Hamiltonian systems on simplicial manifolds. Employing these representations, we consider the existence of structural invariants and demonstrate how they pertain to the energy shaping of port-Hamiltonian systems on simplicial manifolds.     

Jet bundle formulation of infinite-dimensional port-Hamiltonian systems using differential operators

We consider infinite-dimensional port-Hamiltonian systems described on jet bundles. Based on a power balance relation we introduce the port-Hamiltonian system representation using differential operators regarding the structural mapping, the dissipation mapping and the input mapping. In contrast to the well-known representation on the basis of the underlying Stokes–Dirac structure our approach is not necessarily based on using energy-variables which leads to a different port-Hamiltonian representation of the analyzed partial differential equations. The presented constructions will be specialized to mechanical systems to which class also the presented examples belong.     

A port-Hamiltonian formulation of physical switching systems with varying constraints

This paper extends a generic method to design a port-Hamiltonian formulation modeling all geometric interconnection structures of a physical switching system with varying constraints. A non-minimal kernel representation of this family of structures (named Dirac structures) is presented. It is derived from the parameterized incidence matrices which are a mathematical representation of the primal and dual dynamic network graphs associated with the system. This representation has the advantage of making it possible to model complex physical switching systems with varying constraints and to fall within the framework of passivity-based control.     

Achievable Casimirs and its implications on control of port-Hamiltonian systems

In this paper we extend results on interconnections of port-Hamiltonian systems to infinite-dimensional port-Hamiltonian systems and to mixed finite and infinite dimensional port-Hamiltonian systems. The problem of achievable Dirac structures is now studied for systems with dissipation, in the finite-dimensional, infinite-dimensional and the mixed finite and infinite-dimensional case. We also characterize the set of achievable Casimirs and study its application for the control of port-Hamiltonian systems.     

Dirac structures on Hilbert spaces and boundary control of distributed port-Hamiltonian systems

Aim of this paper is to show how the Dirac structure properties can be exploited in the development of energy-based boundary control laws for distributed port-Hamiltonian systems. Usually, stabilization of non-zero equilibria has been achieved by looking at, or generating, a set of structural invariants, namely Casimir functions, in closed-loop. Since this approach fails when an infinite amount of energy is required at the equilibrium (dissipation obstacle), this paper illustrates a novel approach that enlarges the class of stabilizing controllers. The starting point is the parametrization of the dynamics provided by the image representation of the Dirac structure, that is able to show the effects of the boundary inputs on the state evolution. In this way, energy-balancing and control by state-modulated source methodologies are extended to the distributed parameter scenario, and a geometric interpretation of these control techniques is provided. The theoretical results are discussed with the help of a simple but illustrative example, i.e. a transmission line with an RLC load in both serial and parallel configurations. In the latter case, energy-balancing controllers are not able to stabilize non-zero equilibria because of the dissipation obstacle. The problem is solved thanks to a (boundary) state-modulated source.     

Port-Hamiltonian description and analysis of the LuGre friction model

A port-Hamiltonian formulation of the LuGre friction model is presented that can be used as a building block in the physical modelling of systems with friction. Based on the dissipation structure matrix of this port-Hamiltonian LuGre model, an alternative proof can be given for the passivity conditions that are known in the literature. As a specific example, the interconnection of a mass with the port-Hamiltonian LuGre model is presented. It is shown that the lossless-interconnection structure and dissipation structure of the port-Hamiltonian LuGre model are consistent with those of this interconnection. As an additional example, the port-Hamiltonian formulation of a quarter-car system with a LuGre-based tyre model is presented.     

Structure preserving model reduction of port-Hamiltonian systems by moment matching at infinity

Model reduction of port-Hamiltonian systems by means of the Krylov methods is considered, aiming at port-Hamiltonian structure preservation. It is shown how to employ the Arnoldi method for model reduction in a particular coordinate system in order to preserve not only a specific number of the Markov parameters but also the port-Hamiltonian structure for the reduced order model. Furthermore it is shown how the Lanczos method can be applied in a structure preserving manner to a subclass of port-Hamiltonian systems which is characterized by an algebraic condition. In fact, for the same subclass of port-Hamiltonian systems the Arnoldi method and the Lanczos method turn out to be equivalent in the sense of producing reduced order port-Hamiltonian models with the same transfer function.     

Control via interconnection and damping assignment of linear time-invariant systems: a tutorial

Interconnection and damping assignment is a controller design methodology that regulates the behaviour of dynamical systems assigning a desired port-Hamiltonian structure to the closed-loop. A key step for the application of the method is the solution of the so-called matching equation that, in the case of nonlinear systems, is a partial differential equation. It has recently been shown that for linear systems the problem boils down to the solution of a linear matrix inequality that, moreover, is feasible if and only if the system is stabilisable – making the method universally applicable. It has also been shown that if we narrow the class of assignable structures – e.g. to mechanical instead of the larger port-Hamiltonian – the problem is still translated to a linear matrix inequality, but now stabilisability is not sufficient to ensure its feasibility. It is additionally required that the uncontrolled modes are simple and lie on the jω axis, which is consistent with the considered scenario of mechanical systems without friction. The purpose of this article is to present these important results in a tutorial, self-contained form – invoking only basic linear algebra methods.     

A class of µ-commutative bilinear control systems

A class of μ-commutative bilinear control systems is defined and the properties of coefficients of a μ-commutative system are studied. A μ-commutative scalar control system is studied and an explicit representation for its input-output mapping is derived. This mapping is used to study the properties of a system, particularly the geometry of its reachable set. Original Russian Text ? M.V. Topunov, 2006, published in Avtomatika i Telemekhanika, 2006, No. 6, pp. 113–125. This paper was recommended for publication by B.T. Polyak, a member of the Editorial Board     

Hamiltonian discretization of boundary control systems

A fundamental problem in the simulation and control of complex physical systems containing distributed-parameter components concerns finite-dimensional approximation. Numerical methods for partial differential equations (PDEs) usually assume the boundary conditions to be given, while more often than not the interaction of the distributed-parameter components with the other components takes place precisely via the boundary. On the other hand, finite-dimensional approximation methods for infinite-dimensional input-output systems (e.g., in semi-group format) are not easily relatable to numerical techniques for solving PDEs, and are mainly confined to linear PDEs. In this paper we take a new view on this problem by proposing a method for spatial discretization of boundary control systems based on a particular type of mixed finite elements, resulting in a finite-dimensional input-output system. The approach is based on formulating the distributed-parameter component as an infinite-dimensional port-Hamiltonian system, and exploiting the geometric structure of this representation for the choice of appropriate mixed finite elements. The spatially discretized system is again a port-Hamiltonian system, which can be treated as an approximating lumped-parameter physical system of the same type. In the current paper this program is carried out for the case of an ideal transmission line described by the telegrapher's equations, and for the two-dimensional wave equation.     

Energy shaping of distributed parameter port-Hamiltonian systems based on finite element approximation

The main contribution of this paper is a procedure for the control by energy shaping via Casimir generation of infinite dimensional port-Hamiltonian systems based on a particular finite element approximation. The proposed approach is justified by the fact that the adopted spatial discretization technique is able to preserve Casimir functions in the closed-loop system when going from the distributed to the (approximated) lumped parameter system. Besides the intrinsic difficulties related to the large number of state variables, the finite element model is generally given in terms of a Dirac structure and is completely a-causal, which implies that the plant dynamics is not given in standard input-state-output form, but as a set of DAEs. Consequently, the classical energy Casimir method has to be extended in order to deal with dynamical systems with constraints, usually appearing in the form of Lagrangian multipliers. The general methodology is illustrated with the help of an example in which the distributed parameter system is a lossless transmission line.     

Integrated structure design of a process and its control system

A graph-theoretic method for integration of process and control system (IPCS) syntheses with different controllability notions has been proposed in the present paper. The foundation of this integration is a well-established, graph-theoretic approach to process synthesis in conjunction with the analysis of structural controllability based on digraph-type process models. Unambiguous structural representation of the resultant integrated process and control systems, IPXS structures in brief, has been introduced for unambiguous representation of a process structure, it is rendered possible as an extension of the directed bipartite graph, the P-graph. Different set of axioms are proposed for describing the case of disturbance-rejective regulable and the combinatorially feasible and controllable structures in the special cases considered: the case of structural controllability and the case of fault-tolerant controllability. These axioms make the synthesis computationally more effective by considering very simple engineering knowledge. The maximal controllable structure of an IPXS synthesis problem has been defined as the union of combinatorially feasible and controllable IPXS structures. Thus, the mathematical programming model, e.g. MINLP model, of an IPXS synthesis problem can be and should be derived from the maximal controllable structure. Different versions of a fundamental polynomial time, combinatorial algorithm are presented for identifying the maximal controllable structure. The resultant IPXS structures are compared with the structures synthesized without considering their control systems.     

一类具有相似结构的不确定非线性广义互联系统的鲁棒控制

研究一类具有非线性互联作用的广义互联系统,在其互联项中含有不确定性。以前人对广义系统和相似性的研究为基础,定义了这类系统的相似结构,提出了新的相似性概念,对系统设计鲁棒控制器。由于控制本身也具有相似结构,因此易于工程实现。     

序粒度标记结构及其粗糙近似

粒计算是知识表示和数据挖掘的一个重要方法.它模拟人类思考模式,以粒为基本计算单位,以处理大规模复杂数据和信息等建立有效的计算模型为目标.针对具有多粒度标记的序信息系统的知识获取问题,提出了基于序粒度标记结构的粗糙近似.首先,介绍了序标记结构的概念,并在序标记结构的对象集中定义了一个优势关系,同时给出了由优势关系导出的优势标记块,并进一步定义了基于优势关系的集合的序下近似与序上近似和序标记下近似与序标记上近似的概念,给出了近似算子的一些性质.证明了由序标记结构导出的集合的下近似质量与上近似质量是一对对偶的必然性测度与可能性测度.最后,定义了多粒度序标记结构的概念,并讨论了多粒度序标记结构中不同粒度下近似集之间的关系.     

Full-order observer design for a class of port-Hamiltonian systems

We consider a special class of port-Hamiltonian systems for which we propose a design methodology for constructing globally exponentially stable full-order observers using a passivity based approach. The essential idea is to make the augmented system consisting of the plant and the observer dynamics to become strictly passive with respect to an invariant manifold defined on the extended state-space, on which the state estimation error is zero. We first introduce the concept of passivity of a system with respect to a manifold by defining a new input and output on the extended state-space and then perform a partial state feedback passivation which leads to the construction of the observer. We then illustrate this observer design procedure on two physical examples, the magnetic levitation system and the inverted pendulum on the cart system.     

On the dynamics and Lyapunov stability of constrained and embedded rigid bodies

Lyapunov stability of constrained and embedded rigid bodies is considered. The constraints are of the equality type where the desired motion is to take place on an a priori defined submanifold of movement. Special and augmented state spaces for the representation of systems of rigid bodies are presented. A systematic method of stabilizing these augmented systems and a procedure for constructing Lyapunov functions are presented. The representation is applicable to augmented as well as reduced state spaces of the system defined by the constraints. The augmented state space results from the embedding of the free rigid body system in the larger state space of free rigid body and position control states, and in which the Lyapunov function is constructed. The reduced state space results when the system is restricted and is reduced to lie on the submanifold of movement. It is shown that, for the class of rigid bodies and the physical constraints considered, the projected feedback structures, and the reduced Lyapunov function constitute appropriate stabilizing structures for the constrained system. It is shown that the method applies equally to holonomically constrained and visco-elastically coupled rigid bodies. Digital computer simulations of one single rigid body system are presented to demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the method. Applications to natural systems and the role of cartilage, ligaments and muscles in maintaining the integrity and stability of the joints are noted.     

State space approach to behavioral systems theory: the Dirac–Bergmann algorithm

This paper develops an approach to behavioral systems theory in which a state space representation of behaviors is utilised. This representation is a first order hybrid representation of behaviors called pencil representation. An algorithm well known after Dirac and Bergmann (DB) is shown to be central in obtaining a constraint free and observable (CFO) state space representation of a behavior. Results and criteria for asymptotic stability, controllability, inclusions and Markovianity of behaviors are derived in terms of the matrices of this representation which involve linear algebraic processes in their computation.     

Robust integral control of port-Hamiltonian systems: The case of non-passive outputs with unmatched disturbances

Regulation of passive outputs of nonlinear systems can be easily achieved with an integral control (IC). In many applications, however, the signal of interest is not a passive output and ensuring its regulation remains an open problem. Also, IC of passive systems rejects constant input disturbances, but no similar property can be ensured if the disturbance is not matched. In this paper we address the aforementioned problems and propose a procedure to design robust ICs for port-Hamiltonian models, that characterize the behavior of a large class of physical systems. Necessary and sufficient conditions for the solvability of the problem, in terms of some rank and controllability properties of the linearized system, are provided. For a class of fully actuated mechanical systems, a globally asymptotically stabilizing solution is given. Simulations of the classical pendulum system illustrate the good performance of the scheme.     

Multi-scale distributed parameter modeling of ionic polymer-metal composite soft actuator

This paper describes the modeling of a soft actuator called an ionic polymer-metal composite (IPMC) by using distributed port-Hamiltonian (DPH) systems on multiple spatial scales. The multi-scale IPMC structure consists of an electric double layer, an electro-stress diffusion coupling and a flexible beam. The coupling of the structure can be modeled by the DPH systems with unidirectional energy flows on connecting boundaries of the subsystems, and it is called a boundary multi-scale coupling. The boundary multi-scale couplings derived from detailed models can be used for multi-scale retaining interconnections of various reduced models, e.g. numerical models with approximations.