热处理对小麦粉品质特性影响的研究进展

热处理常用于小麦及小麦粉的杀菌、钝酶、脱毒、干燥以及改性,是小麦储藏与加工过程中常用的物理方法。研究发现,适当的热处理可显著改善小麦粉的营养品质、理化特性及储藏稳定性,而不当的热处理则对小麦粉的加工品质有不利影响。本文总结了热处理在小麦中的应用研究概况,分析了不同热处理方式在处理过程中对小麦粉结构及品质特性的影响,结果认为,热处理主要通过影响淀粉的表面结构、结晶区域、淀粉链结构,蛋白质的分子结构以及基质间的相互作用来影响小麦粉的粉质、糊化特性等加工品质。     

OIL CONTENT IN FRIED PROCESSED SWEETPOTATO PRODUCTS

Ninety-four different sweetpotato cultivars with various dry matter contents were used to process crisps and the end product was analyzed to determine the oil content. A linear relationship between dry matter content in raw sweetpotato storage roots and the level of oil uptake in crisps was determined. Sweetpotato storage roots with 23–25% (fwb) dry matter content gave crisps containing between 21% and 32% of oil, while the fat contents of crisps from potatoes having a similar dry matter content were 36% and more. Consequently, storage roots from Kemb 10 sweetpotato cultivar having a high dry matter content of 32.9% (fwb), either in boiled and mashed, raw and grated, or flour form, were used to partially substitute wheat flour in processing fried products. It has been found that boiled and mashed sweetpotato lessens oil uptake in mixtures of fried products such as "mandazis" (doughnuts).     

调质马铃薯全粉的稳态流变特性及面条品质评价（网络首发、推荐阅读）

为探讨高含量马铃薯全粉与小麦粉混合对面条加工及品质评价的影响,以大豆分离蛋白和超声波协同作用的调质马铃薯全粉为研究对象,通过测定不同比例调质粉与小麦粉混合体系的稳态流变特性及蒸制熟面条的拉伸特性、质构特性及感官评价,进行综合评价。结果表明,当调质粉含量达到50%时,表观黏度随剪切速率的变化表现最稳定,流动指数值较大,表明小麦粉中添加调质粉可降低流动阻力、有利于产品加工;超声波结合大豆分离蛋白对马铃薯全粉的调质处理在改善原马铃薯全粉的延展性、可塑性以及强度和筋力方面具有积极作用;调质粉系列蒸制熟面条的质构特性及感官品质总体评价良好,咀嚼性低于小麦粉面条。证实经过调质处理的马铃薯全粉可适当提高与小麦粉的混合比例,有利于马铃薯主粮化的推进。     

重力分级前后不同小麦的理化特性分析

分别从2条小麦制粉生产线的重力分级去石机进出口在线取得小麦样品进行实验制粉。结果表明:分级后重质小麦中饱满籽粒含量增多,小麦粉的加工精度提高,品质特性得到改善,麦谷蛋白与醇溶蛋白含量虽稍有下降,但面筋指数提高,面团的形成时间及稳定时间延长,降落数值以及峰值黏度、最低黏度和最终黏度等指标均有不同程度的提高。轻质小麦的出粉率及小麦粉加工精度均降低,品质特性变差,轻质小麦中不饱满籽粒含量越多,差异越显著。     

小麦粉组成对面团水分迁移及制品品质影响的研究进展（网络首发、推荐阅读）

水分作为小麦粉面团中的主要组成部分,其含量、分布、存在状态对面团的加工特性、保藏性及制品品质稳定性具有重要影响。小麦粉由蛋白质、淀粉、脂肪、戊聚糖、矿物质等多种组分构成。小麦粉与水混合形成面团,在这一过程中面团会发生复杂的物理化学变化。面团中各种组分的成分结构和物理化学特性对这些变化产生较大影响,间接决定了制品的品质。因此了解面团混合过程中的不同组分与水结合后的变化,对制品的品质控制和质量提升具有重要意义。对近年来相关领域的研究成果进行了归类梳理,系统分析了小麦粉中不同组分之间以及与水分子的相互影响机制,讨论了小麦粉不同组分的吸水持水特性,解析了小麦粉的不同组分对水分分布迁移的影响,总结了决定面团水分迁移和影响制品品质的关键成分即蛋白质、淀粉、破损淀粉、戊聚糖等,并剖析它们决定产品质量的关键因素,以期进一步指导小麦粉制品的生产。     

黄淮麦区优质强筋、中筋小麦粉品质特性与面条性质的相关性分析

本研究采用质构检测与感官评价2种方式分别对29种不同强筋、中筋小麦粉制作的面条进行评价,并对小麦粉品质特性与面条质构及感官评价的相关性进行分析.结果表明:拉断力是贯穿小麦粉性质、面条质构评价、面条感官评价的参数,针对黄淮麦区强筋中筋小麦粉制备的面条,拉断力可以作为其面条评价的关键指标.     

基于主成分与聚类分析的不同粉路小麦次粉品质综合评价

为了获取食品化利用品质高的小麦次粉,采用主成分分析与聚类分析方法对不同粉路小麦次粉进行分析和筛选。通过测定12个不同粉路小麦次粉和2个不同等级小麦粉的营养品质、色泽、面筋特性和糊化特性,应用主成分分析和聚类分析方法,筛选出不同粉路小麦次粉品质评价的主要指标并进行分类。结果表明:不同粉路小麦次粉的品质特性中,脂肪、灰分、面筋指数、峰值粘度、最低粘度、最终粘度、衰减值、回生值变异系数较大,均超过20%。利用主成分分析方法提取其中更具代表性的4个主成分因子,累计方差贡献率达到84.182%,依据综合评价函数进行分析计算排名,综合排名前三位的为DF1XF1下、DF1XF1上和精制面粉;聚类分析将不同粉路小麦次粉分为4类,次粉DF1XF1下和DF1XF1上与精制面粉归为一类,与主成分分析结果一致。12个不同粉路小麦次粉中,DF1XF1下和DFXF1上品质最好,7M下、8M上和2T下品质最差。基于主成分和聚类分析方法综合评价小麦次粉品质特性,可为其食品化高值利用提供参考。     

小麦后熟作用对其品质变化的影响

小麦在后熟过程中,熟化作用将影响小麦品质和加工后小麦粉品质。结果表明,后熟作用对小麦中的碳水化合物、含氮化合物、脂类、酶类有影响;对小麦粉的蒸煮、烘焙、流变学特性和加工特性的影响也很大。温度、湿度、通气状况、籽粒的成熟度是影响小麦后熟的重要因数。     

Protein Characteristics that Affect the Quality of Vital Wheat Gluten to be Used in Baking: A Review

The use of vital wheat gluten in the baking industry and wheat flour mills aims to improve the rheological characteristics of flour considered unsuitable to obtain products such as sliced bread, French bread, high‐fiber breads, and other products that require strong flours. To improve characteristics such as flour strength, dough mixing tolerance, and bread volume, vital wheat gluten is added to flour at levels that can vary from 2% to 10% (flour basis), with 5% being a commonly used dosage. However, the vital wheat gluten commercialized in the market has few quality specifications, especially related to the characteristics of the proteins that constitute it and are responsible for the formation of the viscoelastic gluten network. Information on protein quality is important, because variations are observed in the technological quality of vital wheat gluten obtained from different sources, which could be associated to damage caused to proteins during the obtainment process. Several tests, either physical–chemical analyses, or rheological tests, are carried out to establish gluten quality; however, they are sometimes time‐consuming and costly. Although these tests give good answers to specify gluten quality, flour mills, and the baking industries require fast and simple tests to evaluate the uses and/or dosage of vital gluten addition to wheat flour. This review covers the concepts, uses, obtainment processes, and quality analysis of vital wheat gluten, as well as simple tests to help identify details about protein quality of commercial vital wheat gluten.     

Comparison of baking tests using wholemeal and white wheat flour

Production of whole-grain products can provide more variety in bakery products and might impact positive health effects due to fermentable soluble fibers. To assess technological quality, micro-scale methods using 10 g of white flour are usually carried out, in particular if amount of material or additives is limited. Using wholemeal flour for micro-scale testing might enhance use efficiency of raw material. Up to date, there is no information, whether micro-scale testing of wholemeal flour provides the same information on techno-functionality as classical methods. Two wheat varieties with the same protein concentration but different bread-making performance were used to analyze this aspect. Micro-scale baking test was optimized for wholemeal flour concerning dough consistency and fermentation time. Wholemeal flour reduced loaf volume, but optimization was successful. Although all processing steps of wholemeal baking test were adapted, differences in loaf volume between the two varieties were only present with white flour. Coarse particles in wholemeal flour may be responsible for reduced gas retention. Decreasing particle size of bran material might reduce adverse effects on loaf volume. A micro-scale baking test using wholemeal flour would have several advantages after correct implementation: lower price, less time and material required, direct measurement of quality aspects.     

青麦粉添加对馒头面团及面筋蛋白结构的影响

以馒头专用粉及青麦粉制作青麦馒头,利用激光共聚焦显微镜、黏度仪、红外光谱仪等分析仪器进行测定,探究不同青麦粉添加量(0%、5%、10%、15%、20%)对面团粉质特性、糊化特性、微观结构及面筋蛋白二级结构的影响。结果表明,随着青麦粉添加量的增加,混合粉湿面筋含量、面筋指数减少;糊化温度、峰值黏度降低,面团糊化时间缩短,面团稳定时间从6.18 min降至4.92 min、粉质质量指数减小了18,面筋强度变弱,承受力变差;面团拉伸面积、延伸度和最大拉伸阻力在135 min时显著减小;面筋网络结构逐渐出现孔洞,分布不均匀;面团面筋蛋白各吸收峰都发生了偏移,β-折叠和α-螺旋结构含量增加;综上所述,青麦粉的加入改变了面团特性和面筋蛋白结构,这些变化可能是导致青麦馒头品质下降的主要原因。     

加工处理方式对玉米粉加工特性、营养特性和食用品质影响的研究进展

本文综述了应用不同技术制备得到的玉米粉加工特性、营养特性,以及玉米食品的感官及质构品质。玉米粉的加工特性主要从制备方法影响水合特性（包括水结合能力和吸水性指数等指标）及糊化特性两方面进行了总结和分析;营养特性重点综合分析了其能量物质（主要是淀粉、脂肪和蛋白质）与制备技术的相关性,并总结归纳了制备技术对玉米粉抗氧化特性和消化特性的影响。关于玉米食品的品质方面则重点综述了不同的加工技术对以玉米粉为原料制作的蒸煮类、焙烤类食品感官及质构品质的影响。     

热处理在小麦储藏与加工中的应用研究进展

热处理是小麦储藏与加工中常用的方法,适当的热处理有利于提升小麦和小麦粉的储藏稳定性,改善其加工品质、营养品质和食用品质,对于保障粮食安全和提升小麦品质具有重要意义,但不当的热处理则可能对其品质产生不利影响。本文介绍了小麦加工中常用的热处理方法,并对其在杀虫、杀菌脱毒、抑制酶活性和品质改良等方面的应用进行了综述,分析了热处理对小麦品质的不利影响及其预防措施。笔者认为：需要通过全面地了解热处理过程中小麦和小麦粉品质的变化,研究热处理对最终食品品质的影响;探究热处理过程中小麦和小麦粉品质变化的机理和分子机制,以有针对性地研究改善热处理工艺;开发适用于工业化应用的热处理设备,降低热处理成本;从而促进热处理技术在小麦储藏与加工应用中不断进步。     

影响面粉品质及加工精度的主要因素及对策

论述了影响面粉品质及面粉加工精度的主要因素,从小麦品质、制粉工艺、面粉粗细度、磨辊表面技术特性、着水量和润麦时间、面粉添加剂的影响等不同角度进行了分析并提出了解决这些问题的具体措施。     

The effect of shape,blanching methods and flour on characteristics of restructured sweetpotato stick

The blanching methods and controlling dry matter content used in the preparation of mashed sweetpotato (SP) for producing restructured sweetpotato stick (RSS) were studied. The two shapes of trimmed tuber were sliced and diced. Blanching was conducted by (i) boiling for 2 min in water at 100 °C and (ii) blanching in water at 100 °C containing 1% (w/v) sodium tripolyphosphate (STP) for 2 min. Controlling the dry matter content of dough was conducted by adding SP flour (0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%). Chemical and physical characteristics were determined on the final product. The results from this study showed that blanching in 1% STP for 2 min improves colour and ash content of fried stick. Mixing of 5% SP flour with mashed SP produces suitable dough for further processing. RSS can be produced by a combination of blanching in 1% STP and mixing with 5% SP flour produce an intermediate hardness, high lightness and low redness colouration of RSS.     

加工过程对稻麦重金属含量影响研究进展

稻麦是我国的主要粮食作物,其在生长过程中易富集重金属元素,稻麦中的重金属元素通过供应链进入人体,摄入过量的重金属元素会对人的健康造成极大损害。由于我国部分种植地区的土壤或灌溉水源存在受工业排放废弃物污染的现象,使农作物的重金属含量超标,从而对食品安全造成很大威胁。目前研究表明稻谷和小麦中的重金属含量受加工过程和方法的显著影响,稻谷的砻谷、碾米等工艺可以不同程度地降低大米的重金属含量,小麦的制粉工艺也有降低小麦粉重金属含量的效果;加工中机械设备可能对产品造成二次重金属污染。明晰加工过程对稻麦重金属含量的影响对稻麦加工环节设计与控制有着重要的指导意义。本文简单介绍了重金属在稻米和小麦中存在的化学价态以及在各部分结构中的分布规律,并重点评述了典型加工环节对大米和小麦中重金属含量的影响,并对其研究现状进行了总结梳理与分析,以期对稻麦加工中重金属污染的防治起到借鉴作用。     

面粉主要成分对食品加工品质的影响

不同的面制品对面粉品质有着不同的要求,而面粉的各种成分又决定着面粉的食品加工品质。从面粉的淀粉、蛋白质、脂类、非淀粉多糖、酶类、灰分和矿物质6种主要成分入手,探讨各成分含量和性状变化对面制食品和加工品质的影响。     

软质小麦专用粉加工品质控制

介绍了软质小麦及软质小麦专用粉加工特点、操作要点,以及软质小麦粉的主要控制指标和内在品质。     

2018—2019年我国小麦加工科研概况与建议

为全面了解我国小麦加工研究现状,从小麦及小麦粉品质、小麦粉制品加工及小麦深加工等方面综述了近2年小麦加工研究概况。总结了我国在小麦品质、加工工艺、质量控制、优质馒头和面条加工等研究所取得成效,并提出未来小麦加工研究进一步发展具体建议,以期为小麦生产、加工、科研以及政策制定等提供参考。     

Chemical, Physical and Sensory Attributes of Noodles with Added Sweetpotato and Soy Flour

Noodles were prepared with sweetpotato flour or puree and defatted soy flour (DSF) added to all-purpose wheat flour. These ingredients provided β-carotene for vitamin A and protein. Test samples were compared with control noodles. Combinations of sweetpotato and DSF increased protein, ash and total dietary fiber and decreased fat and carbohydrates. Sweetpotato contributed orange color and β-carotene, while DSF reduced lightness and added no β-carotene. Both ingredients increased cooking loss—10.4% from sweetpotato to 12.0% from sweetpotato and DSF combinations. Sweetpotato increased color acceptability with no change in flavor or overall acceptabilities. Sweetpotato decreased stickiness and DSF had no effect on acceptability.