Physicochemical changes in dry-cured hams salted with potassium,calcium and magnesium chloride as a partial replacement for sodium chloride

The reduction of added sodium chloride in dry-cured ham has been proposed to reduce dietary sodium intake in Mediterranean countries. The effect of substituting sodium chloride with potassium chloride, calcium chloride and magnesium chloride on some physicochemical characteristics of dry-cured ham during processing was evaluated.     

Reducing Sodium Chloride Content in Meat Burgers by Adding Potassium Chloride and Onion

The goal of this paper was to examine the reduction of sodium chloride by partial replacing with potassium chloride and the influence on taste acceptability of meat burgers. Sodium chloride content in burgers produced with 1.5% of salt and half of partial replacement of sodium chloride with potassium chloride in burgers was 0.62-0.67% in fresh and 0.72-0.93% in grilled burgers. The best taste acceptability had burgers with 1.5% of added sodium chloride and burgers with 1.5% salt and 50 g of added onion, in which the partial replacement of sodium chloride with potassium chloride was one half.     

Effect of Total and Partial Substitution of Sodium Chloride on the Quality of Cheddar Cheese

Cheddar cheese was manufactured to give 1.6% residual sodium chloride or equivalent amounts (ionic strength basis) of magnesium chloride, calcium chloride, potassium chloride, or 1:1 mixtures of sodium chloride and the chloride salt of magnesium, calcium, or potassium from two split batches of curd. Sensory evaluation after 4 mo ripening at 4°C showed that cheese salted solely with magnesium chloride, calcium chloride, or potassium chloride was extremely bitter and totally unacceptable. There was extensive lipolysis (as measured by free fatty acid development) in the cheese salted with magnesium chloride, calcium chloride, or potassium chloride. Proteolysis was highest in the cheese salted with calcium chloride and magnesium chloride. These cheese gave the lowest Instron values for firmness, hardness, and cuttability. Extensive proteolysis in these cheese may be partly due to the low salt in moisture. Taste panel scores for flavor and texture of the sodium chloride/calcium chloride and sodium chloride/magnesium chloride salted cheese were significantly lower than the scores for the control cheese. Scores for flavor and texture of the potassium chloride/sodium chloride salted cheese were not significantly different from scores of the control cheese.     

Effect of sodium chloride and moisture content on ammonification and nitrification in incubated soil

A study was made of the effect of different soil moisture contents (from near the wilting point to water-logging) combined with various levels of added sodium chloride (0.5-2.0%) on the accumulation of mineral nitrogen (ammonia plus nitrate) during incubation (30°) of a neutral clay loam for 3 and 6 weeks. The optimum moisture content (50% m.w.h.c.

1 m.w.h.c.=maximum water-holding acapacity

) for mineralisation and nitrification was not affected by addition of sodium chloride. The most pronounced effect of sodium chloride in reducing mineralisation and nitritification occurred at the lowest moisture content and was very marked even at the lowest level (0.5%) of sodium chloride. Nitrification was completely suppressed by 1-2% sodium chloride at all moisture contents but ammonification continued even with 2% sodium chloride. The presence of 1-2% sodium chloride resulted in loss of nitrate at both low and high moisture contents, whilst 0.5% sodium chloride caused loss of nitrate only at 25% m.w.h.c.     

盐类及超高压对猪脂肪氧化稳定性的影响

脂肪氧化是导致肉制品品质劣化的重要原因。以猪背脂肪为原料,在90℃、高氧条件下研究氯化钠、氯化钾、硝酸钠、亚硝酸钠、异抗坏血酸钠和三聚磷酸钠6种肉制品加工常用添加剂以及常温下超高压处理对其氧化诱导期的影响。结果表明:添加盐类会导致猪背脂肪的氧化稳定性下降,氧化诱导期缩短,影响作用依次为异抗坏血酸钠亚硝酸钠氯化钾三聚磷酸钠氯化钠硝酸钠;超高压处理会降低猪背脂肪氧化稳定性,其作用随压力增大而增大。     

Gelatinisation Properties of Cassava Starch in the Presence of Salts,Acids and Oxidising Agents

The effect of various cations, anions, acids and oxidising agents on the gelatinisation properties of cassava starch was studied and wide variation was observed in the pasting and swelling properties. Sodium chloride and sodium thiosulphate slightly lowered the peak viscosity of cassava starch with increase in concentration, whereas with sodium sulphite, calcium chloride and sodium hypochlorite, a more significant decrease in the viscosity and breakdown was observed. Ferrous sulphate, alum, aluminium chloride and acids enhanced the peak viscosity at lower concentrations followed by a decrease at 1% and above. Sodium metabisulphite elevated the viscosity at 0.05 and 0.1%, while sodium hypochlorite lowered the viscosity and breakdown. DSC studies showed that aluminium chloride, sodium sulphite, and sodium thiosulphate brought about an increase in T_onset, T_end and ΔH values at higher concentrations. A decrease in swelling volume was observed from 0.05 to 1% concentration of sodium chloride and above that there was a gradual increase. With sodium sulphite, a significant increase in swelling volume was observed at 2.5 and 5% levels. With 0.05 and 0.1% aluminium chloride and sodium metabisulphite an increase in swelling volume was noticed, but at higher concentrations there was a drastic fall. Sodium chloride, sodium sulphite, sodium thiosulphate and calcium chloride brought about decrease in starch paste clarity with increase in salt concentration, whereas ferrous sulphate, aluminium chloride, sodium hypochlorite, hydrochloric acid and acetic acid improved the starch paste clarity.     

Calcium chloride and tricalcium phosphate effects on the pink color defect in cooked ground and intact turkey breast

Calcium chloride (250, 500 ppm) was examined for its ability to reduce the pink color defect induced by sodium nitrite (10 ppm) and nicotinamide (1.0%) in cooked ground turkey in the presence and absence of sodium tripolyphosphate (0.25, 0.5%) and sodium citrate (0.5, 1.0%). The ability of tricalcium phosphate (0.1–0.5%) to reduce pink cooked color also was evaluated in ground turkey and both calcium chloride and tricalcium phosphate were tested for their effects on pink cooked color in whole breast muscle. The combination of calcium chloride and sodium tripolyphosphate, not calcium chloride alone, was necessary for a reduction in pink cooked color induced by nicotinamide. Subsequently, in the presence of phosphate, both calcium chloride and sodium citrate reduced pink cooked color and were most effective in combination. Tricalcium phosphate also was capable of reducing pink cooked color in ground turkey, however substituting tricalcium phosphate for sodium tripolyphosphate resulted in lower pH and cooking yields. Neither calcium chloride nor tricalcium phosphate was capable of reducing pink cooked color in whole turkey breast. Currently, a combination of sodium tripolyphosphate, calcium chloride, and sodium citrate represents the most suitable means for reducing or preventing the pink color defect in uncured ground turkey.     

无硫低糖杏脯生产工艺的研究

以鲜杏为原料,以氯化钙、氯化钠、柠檬酸、D-异抗坏血酸钠作为护色剂,通过单因素及L16(45)正交试验,研究不同护色剂对杏脯质量的影响,确定无硫低糖杏脯生产的最佳的无硫护色工艺条件为:杏果经清洗、去皮、硬化后在含0.3%氯化钙、0.6%柠檬酸、0.6%氯化钠、0.3%D-异抗坏血酸钠制得的护色液烫漂,再放入0.5%的明胶溶液中浸胶,用40%的糖液第一次糖煮,真空糖渍24h,再用45%糖液进行第二次糖煮,真空糖渍24h,用55—65℃温度的烘房烤制,制得的杏脯品质最好。该方法与传统果脯生产方法相比,具有产品安全性高、含糖量低等优点。     

食用盐中硫酸根含量品质波动与氯化钠含量品质波动的关系研究

目的探讨食用盐中硫酸根含量品质波动和氯化钠含量品质波动之间的变化关系,从多方面考察食用盐的均匀性。方法选取市场上比较普遍的、具有代表性的不同种类食用盐产品,采用国家标准检验方法,对批量盐产品的硫酸根含量和氯化钠含量进行检测,通过统计方法计算出硫酸根含量的品质波动和氯化钠含量的品质波动。结果发现硫酸根含量的品质波动和氯化钠含量的品质波动这2个参数在表示不同盐产品的均匀性时呈现一致性。结论硫酸根含量的品质波动也可以作为考察盐产品的均匀性的指标,这对抽样检验的代表性和生产过程中品质波动的考察有指导意义。     

单糖与氯化钠模型反应中3-氯-1,2-丙二醇的形成

以"单糖+氯化钠+水"为模型进行热反应,研究3-氯-1,2-丙二醇(3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol,3-MCPD)的形成机理和消长规律。结果表明,在"葡萄糖+氯化钠+水"模型反应中,反应温度对3-MCPD的形成影响最大,其次是氯化钠添加量、反应时间和葡萄糖添加量;在"单糖+氯化钠+水"模型中,6种单糖都生成了3-MCPD,其中核糖和氯化钠反应生成的3-MCPD量最大(30.604μg/kg),果糖生成的量最小(2.498 6μg/kg);在"葡萄糖+氯化钠+水"模型中,反应后生成的挥发性成分5-羟甲基糠醛含量最大,然后是糠醛和2,5-二甲酰基呋喃。根据实验结果探讨3-MCPD的形成机理,提出在单糖模型反应中缩水甘油可能是关键的中间体。     

Gelation of β-Lactoglobulin: Effects of Sodium Chloride and Calcium Chloride on the Rheological and Structural Properties of Gels

Heating β-lactoglobulin solutions at pH 8 causes an increase in viscosity, but self-supporting gels were not formed unless salts, such as sodium chloride or calcium chloride, were added. The rheological and textural properties and gel strength were markedly affected by salt concentration. Thus, gels of maximum compressive strength were obtained with sodium chloride and calcium chloride at concentrations of 200 and 10mM, respectively. Increasing the concentration of sodium chloride resulted in the formation of soft gels which released water easily. Calcium chloride strengthened β-lactoglobulin gels by forming crossbridges. However, above 10 mM it tended to enhance coagulation rather than gelation. This was confirmed by election microscopy of the gel matrix.     

Lactating dairy cow responses to dietary sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate during hot weather

Twelve Holstein and eight Jersey cows in the first half of lactation were assigned to one of four concentrate formulations to provide supplemental sodium salts in the total diet dry matter of 1) .5% sodium chloride, 2) .5% sodium chloride plus .72% sodium bicarbonate, 3) .5% sodium chloride plus .72% sodium bicarbonate, and 4) 1.44% sodium bicarbonate to measure effects on body temperature and respiration rate, milk yield and composition, and blood components that reflect acid-base balance. After data were adjusted for body weight, age, and a covariate based on differences within individuals in the standardization period, they were analyzed with a model that included breed, treatment, week, temperature-humidity index, and interactions. Cow fed sodium bicarbonate and no supplemental sodium chloride had lower body temperatures than the other groups. High sodium and chloride in basal diet and drinking water prevented the large change in dietary amount and ratio of these two electrolytes that treatments were designed to impose. More stringent control of dietary amounts and greater heat stress will be necessary to show effects of these elements on acid-base balance.     

Inhibitory effects of selected Turkish spices and oregano components on some foodborne fungi

The inhibitory effects of 10 selected Turkish spices, oregano essential oil, thymol and carvacrol towards growth of 9 foodborne fungi were investigated in culture media with pH 3.5 and 5.5. The antifungal effects of sodium chloride, sorbic acid and sodium benzoate and the combined use of oregano with sodium chloride were also tested under the same conditions for comparison. Of the spices tested, only sodium chloride were also tested under the same conditions for comparison. Of the spices tested, only oregano at 1.0, 1.5, 2.0% (w/v) levels showed effect on all fungi. 8% (w/v) sodium chloride was less effective than oregano. Oregano essential oil, thymol or carvacrol at concentrations of 0.025% and 0.05% completely inhibited the growth of all fungi, showing greater inhibition than sorbic acid at the same concentrations. The combined use of oregano and sodium chloride exhibited a synergistic antifungal effect.     

氯化钠与硫酸钠在彩色羊皮纸中的应用

探讨了在彩色羊皮纸生产过程中,氯化钠和硫酸钠作为促染剂的促染机理及注意事项,并且比较了氯化钠和硫酸钠在生产应用中的差异。实践表明,除两者溶解度、用量不同外,对系统的影响也不相同,硫酸钠还可降低成纸颜色的亮度。     

Stress response of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from cheese and other foods

The responses to pH and sodium chloride of four strains of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from Portuguese cheese, with a sodium chloride concentration of about 2% (w/v) and a pH value from 5.1 to 6.2, were studied. Two isolates from meat and two clinical isolates related to food-borne listeriosis, in which the implicated food product had about 2-3.5% (w/v) sodium chloride, also were studied. The effect of temperature on pH and sodium chloride sensitivity was also determined. The results show that natural isolates vary in response to these stresses and the data were often at variance with previously published data. Strains varied in sensitivity to low pH and to high sodium chloride concentration but the cheese isolates tended to be more resistant. A lower temperature was associated with a decrease in resistance to low pH and to sodium chloride. All strains showed an acid tolerance response induction when grown at pH 5.5 and although the time required for maximum induction of the response varied between strains, 2 h of acid adaptation, at least, was necessary which is longer than previously reported. Some strains showed an osmotolerance response after incubation in 3.5% (w/v) sodium chloride. Osmoadaptation, in addition to inducing an osmotolerance response, also induced cross-protection against acid shock conditions (pH 3.5). The acid tolerance response also induced a cross-protection against osmotic shock conditions (20% (w/v) sodium chloride). In some cases there was a relationship between the degree of resistance and adaptation, but usually the behaviour of a particular strain was independent of the conditions from which it was isolated.     

pH值、NaCl浓度和加热温度对猪肉匀浆物凝胶质构特性的影响

采用二次通用旋转试验设计,研究了pH值、NaCl浓度和加热温度对猪后腿肉匀浆物热诱导凝胶质构特性的影响。结果表明:不同处理条件对凝胶质构特性的影响存在差异。不同加热温度下,pH值和NaCl浓度对凝胶硬度、弹性、内聚性、胶粘性和咀嚼性影响的总体趋势一致且两者存在明显的交互作用。pH值较低时,随着NaCl浓度的增加,凝胶的硬度、弹性、内聚性、胶粘性和咀嚼性均增大;pH值较高时,NaCl浓度对凝胶硬度、弹性和胶粘性影响较小,内聚性随着NaCl浓度增加而降低。同时,随着加热温度的升高,凝胶的硬度和胶粘性增大,内聚性和咀嚼性减小,而凝胶弹性变化较小。     

Relative Viscosity of Proteins Extracted from Frozen, Thawed Turkey Muscle with the Sodium Salts of Nitrite, Chloride, and Tripolyphosphate

Turkey breast muscle batters were prepared with sodium chloride, sodium nitrite, and sodium tripolyphosphate. Batter pH and centrifuged batter sediment weight were measured, extracted protein amounts were measured by the biuret method, and relative viscosity of the extract was determined by capillary tube viscometry. Water and nitrite extracts had similar pH values, protein concentrations and relative viscosities. The batter with sodium chloride had the lowest pH while the batter with sodium tripolyphosphate had the highest pH. The greatest centrifuged batter sediment weight, greatest protein concentration and most viscous extract were from the batter containing sodium chloride and sodium tripolyphosphate.     

Reduction of sodium chloride levels in emulsified lamb sausages: The effect of lamb plasma protein on the gel properties,sensory characteristics,and microstructure

Reduced sodium emulsified lamb sausages produced using addition of lamb plasma protein were evaluated for gel properties, sensory attributes, and microstructures. Hardness, cohesiveness, chewiness, redness, yellowness, juiciness, and overall acceptability values of the emulsified lamb sausages containing 1.5% sodium chloride and more than 3% lamb plasma protein were significantly (p<0.05) higher than values for sausages with 3.5% sodium chloride and no plasma protein. Sensory attributes indicated that lamb sausages with addition of 4% plasma protein and 1.5% sodium chloride had the greatest overall acceptability. Matrix morphological characteristics of sausages were affected by addition of plasma protein and sodium chloride. Lamb plasma protein enhanced the gel properties of emulsified lamb sausages and improved the sensory quality, providing a method to reduce the sodium chloride content of emulsified sausage.     

Influence of temperature shifts on survival, growth, and toxin production by psychrotrophic and mesophilic strains of Bacillus cereus in potatoes and chicken gravy.

A study was done to determine the influence of temperature on growth and toxin production characteristics of psychrotrophic and mesophilic strains of Bacillus cereus when inoculated into mashed potatoes and chicken gravy containing various concentrations of sodium chloride and held at temperatures different from those at which cells had been cultured. Logarithmic growth phase cells (10 h, 30 degrees C) of psychrotrophic (F3802A/84) and mesophilic (B4ac-1) strains of Bacillus cereus were inoculated into rehydrated commercially processed instant mashed potatoes and chicken gravy supplemented with 0, 2, or 4% sodium chloride. Growth, survival, and diarrheal toxin production in potatoes and gravy held at 30, 37, and 10 degrees C (strain F3802A/84) or 30, 40, and 10 degrees C (strain B4ac-1) were monitored. Both strains grew in both foods containing no added sodium chloride or 2% sodium chloride when held at 30, 37, or 40 degrees C for 2 days. Strain B4ac-1 grew better than strain F3802A/84 in foods containing 4% sodium chloride. Maximum amounts of enterotoxin (1024 ng/g) were produced by strain B4ac-1 in chicken gravy held at 30 and 40 degrees C. Strain F3802A/84 grew to populations of 7 log10 CFU/g in foods containing no added sodium chloride or 2% sodium chloride at 10 degrees C. Strain F3802A/84 produced the highest amount of enterotoxin (1024 ng/g) at 30 degrees C in chicken gravy containing 0.7 or 2% sodium chloride; however, little or low amounts of toxin (4-16 ng/g) were produced in chicken gravy at 10 degrees C. Compared to strain B4ac-1, cells of strain F3802A/84 subjected to a downward shift in incubation temperature (10 degrees C) grew more rapidly in chicken gravy. Strain B4ac-1 produced the highest amount of toxin (1024 ng/g) at 30 degrees C in gravy containing 4% sodium chloride and at 40 degrees C in gravy containing 0.7% sodium chloride. Toxin was not detected in inoculated mashed potatoes. Results of this study indicate that shifts in incubation temperature influence growth and toxin production by psychrotrophic and mesophilic strains of B. cereux differently. It is important to store pasteurized, ready-to-eat foods at a temperature low enough to prevent the growth of B. cereus.     

氯化钠对马铃薯淀粉糊化特性的影响

以马铃薯淀粉为研究对象,研究氯化钠对淀粉糊特性的影响。结果表明:随着氯化钠添加量的增加,马铃薯淀粉起始糊化温度和峰值温度升高,峰值粘度和最终粘度呈现先下降后略微上升的趋势,且淀粉糊的热稳定性提高;氯化钠使淀粉糊的透明度下降,且在添加量为2%时透明度最低;马铃薯原淀粉糊不易凝沉,氯化钠的添加使淀粉糊出现较大的凝沉现象,随着氯化钠添加量的增多凝沉现象加剧,放置时间越长凝沉现象越趋于稳定;氯化钠增大淀粉的溶解度和膨胀度,且不同质量分数的氯化钠对其的影响不同;最后,氯化钠的加入提高淀粉糊的冻融稳定性。