分级燃烧最佳一次风空气系数的实研究

在一维煤粉燃烧炉上进行了不同煤种、不同细度的分级燃烧试验。实验发现,分级燃烧对高挥发份 煤种以及同一煤种的细煤粉的Nox排放浓度的降低效果更显著,而且在分级燃烧条件下,同一煤种细煤粉的 飞灰含量较粗煤粉低。另外,还得到了不同煤种在分级燃烧条件下的最佳一次风空气系数。图9表2参3     

不同煤种下循环流化床灰渣特性的试验研究

在一台 0 .5MW的循环流化床燃烧炉上对 4种不同煤种分别进行燃烧试验 ,对燃烧产生的灰渣的分析结果表明了煤种特性如挥发分、灰分和含碳量等对循环流化床燃烧过程的灰渣形成及其排放特性有很大影响 ,并获得了煤中挥发分、灰分及含碳量对底渣粒径及其含碳量、飞灰粒径及其含碳量、飞灰份额及燃烧效率等影响特性 ,对循环流化床锅炉的设计和运行有一定的指导意义。     

The effect of air staged combustion on NOx emissions in dried lignite combustion

Experiments were carried out in a multi-path air inlet one-dimensional furnace to assess NOx emission characteristics of the staged combustion of BRXL lignite and its dried coals. The impact of moisture content, multiple air staging, pulverized coal fineness and burnout air position on NOx emissions under deep, middle and shallow air-staged combustion conditions. Moreover, the impact of blending coals on NOx emissions was investigated in this paper. The unburned carbon concentration in fly ash was also tested. Experimental results based on the combustion of BRXL lignite and its dried coals show that NOx emissions can be reduced drastically by air-staged combustion. NOx emissions reduce with the increase of the air that is staged and the distance between the burner and burnout air position. Dried coal of BRXL lignite emits a smaller amount of NOx than that of BRXL lignite. However, the dried degree of BRXL lignite is closely related to R₉₀ fineness. Dried coal with optimal moisture content yields least NOx emissions. When deep or middle staged combustion was adopted, the application of multi-staged combustion is conducive to NOx reduction. However, when shallow staged combustion was adopted, NOx emissions are higher in multi-staged combustion than that in single-staged combustion with M_S = 0.54. Thus, the existence of a certain concentration of O₂ in reduction zone would significantly reduce NOx emissions. The blending coals that dried coals of BRXL lignite were blended with bituminous coals emit a larger amount of NOx than that of the dried coal alone. NOx emissions decrease with the increase of the proportion of dried coal in the blending coal. Moreover, the unburned carbon concentration in fly ash of dried coal in staged combustion is lower than that of BRXL lignite in staged combustion. On the whole, the dried coal of BRXL lignite is conducive to NOx reduction in staged combustion.     

飞灰回燃对燃烧福建无烟煤CFB锅炉运行影响的研究

利用热天平实验研究了飞灰碳厦其入炉煤的反应性，从理论上分析了飞灰回燃对CFB锅炉燃烧效率的影响，并通过工业试验测试了回燃飞灰量对锅炉返料器运行温度、飞灰的粒度分布及其含碳量、锅炉燃烧效率及其它运行参数的影响。研究表明，燃烧福建无烟煤CFB锅炉飞灰碳的反应性高于其对应入炉煤。回燃飞灰的含碳量、回燃飞灰量与入炉煤量的比值等参数对锅炉燃烧效率有重要影响。采取飞灰回燃技术有利于降低飞灰含碳、降低返料器运行温度和提高锅炉燃烧效率，但当回燃飞灰量较大时会影响锅炉的稳定运行。     

An investigation into factors affecting the stability of carbons and carbon supported platinum and platinum/cobalt alloy catalysts during 1.2 V potentiostatic hold regimes at a range of temperatures

To meet automotive targets for fuel cell operation and allow higher temperature operation an understanding of the factors affecting carbon and platinum stability is critical. The stability of both carbons and carbon supported platinum and platinum/cobalt alloy catalysts was studied during 1.2 V versus RHE potentiostatic hold tests using carbon and catalyst coated electrodes in a three-chamber wet electrolyte cell at a range of temperatures. At 80 °C the wt% of carbon corroded increases with increasing BET area. Surface oxidation was followed electrochemically using the quinone/hydroquinone redox couple. Increasing temperature, time at 1.2 V and wt% platinum on the carbon increases surface oxidation. Although increasing temperature was shown to increase the extent of carbon corrosion, catalysing the carbon did not significantly change how much carbon was corroded. Platinum stability was investigated by electrochemical metal area loss (ECA). Platinum catalysts on commercial carbons lost more ECA with increasing temperature. A platinum/cobalt alloy on a low surface area carbon was demonstrated to be more stable to both carbon corrosion and metal area loss at temperatures up to 80 °C than platinum catalysts on commercial carbons, making this material an excellent candidate for higher temperature automotive operation.     

循环流化床锅炉降低飞灰含碳量研究

介绍了煤指数、床压、床温、流化风量、总风量和一、二次风比例、燃煤粒径对循环流化床锅炉飞灰含碳量的影响,并以某电厂440t/h循环流化床锅炉降低飞灰含碳量的优化调整为例,通过正交试验分析各因素影响情况。试验表明:总风量对锅炉飞灰含碳量的影响相对较大,其次是流化风量,再次是床压。通过调整入炉煤粒径分布,进一步降低飞灰含碳量。试验表明燃煤粒度对锅炉飞灰含碳量影响较大。     

Modeling the behavior of selenium in Pulverized-Coal Combustion systems

The behavior of Se during coal combustion is different from other trace metals because of the high degree of vaporization and high vapor pressures of the oxide (SeO₂) in coal flue gas. In a coal-fired boiler, these gaseous oxides are absorbed on the fly ash surface in the convective section by a chemical reaction. The composition of the fly ash (and of the parent coal) as well as the time-temperature history in the boiler therefore influences the formation of selenium compounds on the surface of the fly ash. A model was created for interactions between selenium and fly ash post-combustion. The reaction mechanism assumed that iron reacts with selenium at temperatures above 1200 °C and that calcium reacts with selenium at temperatures less than 800 °C. The model also included competing reactions of SO₂ with calcium and iron in the ash. Predicted selenium distributions in fly ash (concentration versus particle size) were compared against measurements from pilot-scale experiments for combustion of six coals, four bituminous and two low-rank coals. The model predicted the selenium distribution in the fly ash from the pilot-scale experiments reasonably well for six coals of different compositions.     

Characterization of ashes from a 100 kWth pilot-scale circulating fluidized bed with oxy-fuel combustion

Oxy-fuel combustion experiments have been carried out on an oxygen-fired 100 kW_th mini-circulating fluidized bed combustion (CFBC) facility. Coal and petroleum coke were used as fuel together with different limestones (and fixed Ca:S molar ratios) premixed with the fuel, for in situ SO₂ capture. The bed ash (BA) and fly ash (FA) samples produced from this unit were collected and characterized to obtain physical and chemical properties of the ash samples. The characterization methods used included X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), char carbon and free lime analysis, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and surface analysis. The main purpose of this work is to characterize the CFBC ashes from oxy-fuel firing to obtain a better understanding of the combustion process, and to identify any significant differences from the ash generated by a conventional air-fired CFBC. The primary difference in the sulfur capture mechanism between atmospheric air-fired and oxy-fuel FBC, at typical FBC temperatures (∼850 °C), is that, in the air-fired case the limestone sorbents calcine, whereas the partial pressure of CO₂ in oxy-fuel FBC is high enough to prevent calcination, and hence the sulfation process should mimic that seen in pressurized FBC (PFBC). Here, the char carbon content in the fly ash was much higher than that in the bed ash, and was also high by comparison with ash obtained from conventional commercial air-firing CFBC units. In addition, measurements of the free lime content in the bed and fly ash showed that the unreacted Ca sorbent was present primarily as CaCO₃, indicating that sulfur capture in the oxy-fuel combustor occurred via direct sulfation. Limestone utilization for oxy-fuel combustion in this unit was generally lower than that in industrial-scale air-firing CFBCs, with better limestone performance found during combustion of petcoke running at relatively higher temperatures. The Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area and also the pore volume in the fly ash were much higher than in the bed ash and smaller size pores predominated in the fly ash samples.     

循环流化床燃煤过程汞控制性能的实验研究

在热态循环流化床实验台上进行了不同工况燃煤过程汞控制特性的研究,得出如下结论:循环流化床燃煤过程对燃煤中汞的排放具有一定的控制作用;多煤种混烧在汞的控制方面优于单煤种燃烧;煤中掺入石灰石可以有效地减少汞向大气的排放;燃烧的煤种不同,汞的排放特性也不相同.     

循环流化床锅炉飞灰含碳量的分析

循环流化床锅炉飞灰含碳量对于锅炉效率有重要的影响,通过分析影响飞灰含碳量的因数,得出降低飞灰含碳量的方法。同时通过工业实验研究,详细阐述一二次风配比对于飞灰含碳量的影响。     

Recent Studies on Activated Carbons and Fly Ashes from Turkish Resources

This article deals with adsorptive properties of activated carbons (ACs) and fly ashes from Turkish coal and biomass resources. ACs because of their high surface area, microporous character and the chemical nature of their surface have been considered potential adsorbents for the removal of heavy metals from industrial wastewater. Pyrolysis is an established process method for preparation of activated carbon from biomass. The bio-char is can be used as AC. The adsorption properties of ACs were strictly defined by the physicochemical nature of their surface and their texture, i.e., pore volume, pore size distribution, surface area. It is well known that the pH of the solution-adsorbant mixture is an important variable in the adsorption process. Fly ash has the highest adsorption capacity (198.2 mg/g) for Cd(II). Almond shell AC has the lowest adsorption capacity (2.7 mg/g).     

Experiments on chemical looping combustion of coal with a NiO based oxygen carrier

A chemical looping combustion process for coal using interconnected fluidized beds with inherent separation of CO₂ is proposed in this paper. The configuration comprises a high velocity fluidized bed as an air reactor, a cyclone, and a spout-fluid bed as a fuel reactor. The high velocity fluidized bed is directly connected to the spout-fluid bed through the cyclone. Gas composition of both fuel reactor and air reactor, carbon content of fly ash in the fuel reactor, carbon conversion efficiency and CO₂ capture efficiency were investigated experimentally. The results showed that coal gasification was the main factor which controlled the contents of CO and CH₄ concentrations in the flue gas of the fuel reactor, carbon conversion efficiency in the process of chemical looping combustion of coal with NiO-based oxygen carrier in the interconnected fluidized beds. Carbon conversion efficiency reached only 92.8% even when the fuel reactor temperature was high up to 970 °C. There was an inherent carbon loss in the process of chemical looping combustion of coal in the interconnected fluidized beds. The inherent carbon loss was due to an easy elutriation of fine char particles from the freeboard of the spout-fluid bed, which was inevitable in this kind of fluidized bed reactor. Further improvement of carbon conversion efficiency could be achieved by means of a circulation of fine particles elutriation into the spout-fluid bed or the high velocity fluidized bed. CO₂ capture efficiency reached to its equilibrium of 80% at the fuel reactor temperature of 960 °C. The inherent loss of CO₂ capture efficiency was due to bypassing of gases from the fuel reactor to the air reactor, and the product of residual char burnt with air in the air reactor. Further experiments should be performed for a relatively long-time period to investigate the effects of ash and sulfur in coal on the reactivity of nickel-based oxygen carrier in the continuous CLC reactor.     

富集型燃烧器在单独燃用合山劣质烟煤锅炉上的应用

合山劣质烟煤是我国燃烧特性最差的一种动力用煤.现有燃烧器在合山电厂400 t/h的4号煤粉炉上单独燃用合山煤时,出现燃烧稳定性较差、燃烧效率低等问题.采用稳燃性能优异的富集型燃烧器对下两排一次风燃烧器实施改造,并针对合山煤高灰高硫特点采取一些防范措施.改造后,锅炉单独燃用合山煤时燃烧稳定,飞灰含碳量和大渣含碳量均小于3 %,锅炉效率大幅度地提高了近10 %,达到90 %,炉内受热面和燃烧器没有出现严重的结渣和明显的高温腐蚀.     

A review of the interference of carbon containing fly ash with air entrainment in concrete

Industrial utilization of fly ash from pulverized coal combustion plays an important role in environmentally clean and cost effective power generation. Today, the primary market for fly ash utilization is as pozzolanic additive in the production of concrete. However, the residual carbon in fly ash may interfere with air entraining admixtures (AEAs) added to enhance air entrainment in concrete in order to increase its workability and resistance toward freezing and thawing conditions. The problem has increased with implementation of low-_NOx${\mathrm{NO}}_x$ combustion technologies.     

Effects on enrichment characteristics of trace elements in fly ash by adding halide salts into the coal during CFB combustion

The effects on enrichment characteristics of trace elements (TEs) in fly ash by adding halide salts into the coal during coal combustion were conducted on a 6 kW_th circulating fluidized bed (CFB) experimental device. Results show that unburn carbon content in fly ash has little relationship with the concentration of TEs namely Hg, As, Pb, Cr and Mn. All the TEs are enriched in fly ash for the raw coal CFB combustion. Concentration of Hg and Mn increases with increasing the addition amount of CaCl₂, NH₄Cl and NH₄Br. As, Pb and Cr enrich in fly ash more strongly when adding more CaCl₂ into the coal while more addition of NH₄Cl and NH₄Br leads to the decrease of their enrichment compared to addition amount of 0.1 wt%. On the whole, putting halide salts into the coal results in the TEs enriched in fly ash, which benefits for TEs removal during the coal combustion. Combining this method with the chemical sequential extraction or thermal treatment of the fly ash will be a promising way to realize the TEs removal and their recovery.     

Study of optimal pulverized coal concentration in a four-wall tangentially fired furnace

The effect of fuel lean/rich conditions (1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, 1:5 and 1:6) on the furnace core temperatures, carbon in fly ash and slag and NO_x emissions was investigated in a 1 MW four-wall tangentially horizontal bias fired furnace for Yibin anthracite and Shenmu bituminous, respectively. Results shown that furnace core temperatures increased at first and then decreased along the height of the furnace when anthracite burned. The furnace core temperature at the height of primary air nozzles was the highest when the bituminous lean/rich varied from 1:1 to 1:3, and its trend was similar to the anthracite when the bituminous lean/rich was changed from 1:4 to 1:6. The ignition of anthracite required a heating stage, while bituminous could timely ignite due to high volatile. However, when the bituminous lean/rich was too low resulting in the relative lack of oxygen, it still needed a heating stage. With increased coal concentration, the furnace core temperatures in the primary air section went up firstly and then down, but the carbon in fly ash and slag showed adverse behavior. This was due to the high coal concentration corresponding to high volatile concentration leading to the timely ignition and burnout, causing higher furnace core temperature in the primary air section and decreased carbon in fly ash and slag. Corresponding to the highest furnace core temperature in the primary air section and the lowest carbon in fly ash and slag, the optimal pulverized coal concentration of anthracite and bituminous was 0.796–0.810 kg coal/kg air and 0.586–0.607 kg coal/kg air, respectively. In addition, with increased pulverized coal concentration, the NO_x emissions reduced quickly with a slight decrease in the range of the optimal pulverized coal concentration.     

二次风改造和调整对燃用福建无烟煤循环流化床锅炉运行经济性的影响

先后对燃用福建无烟煤的DG75/3.82 11型循环流化床锅炉二次风机进行变频调速改造、量体定做高效节能型风机,并减小了二次风喷嘴截面面积,增强了二次风的穿透能力,改善了二次风的均匀混合效果,2台锅炉年平均飞灰含碳量下降了3.26个百分点。同时,二次风调整测试发现,在一次风量保持基本不变的条件下,随着二次风率的增加,飞灰含碳量开始明显减少;当二次风率在0.42左右时飞灰含碳量最低,然后飞灰含碳量随着二次风率的增加而增加。在过量空气系数λ不变的情况下,飞灰含碳量随着上、下二次风增加而减少,减少幅度逐渐收窄;当上、下二次风比超过1.3后,飞灰含碳量有所增加。在二次风率不变的情况下,灰渣比随着上、下二次风增加而减少,减少幅度逐渐收窄。     

MMT对煤燃烧飞灰含碳量和NOx排放的影响

在一维沉降炉上对神混l号煤样添加MMT后燃烧的飞灰含碳量和NOx排放特性进行了试验研究,并对其燃尽率进行了分析.试验结果表明:所用沉降炉设计合理,添加MMT后,煤燃烧的飞灰含碳量和NOx排放同时降低.与原煤相比,最大降低量分别为18.39％和14.29％.原因是MMT的含锰燃烧产物能够促进C的氧化,同时还能作为催化剂促...     

简析锅炉飞灰影响因素及控制措施

火力发电厂燃煤锅炉燃烧的调整和优化直接影响到电厂的经济运行,飞灰含碳量是锅炉效率一个重要的调整和控制指标。通过分析燃煤的各种成分,结合机组运行中负荷的变化规律,采取合理的配风方式,对炉膛的燃烧及时进行调整,采取相应的控制方法,达到降低飞灰含碳量的目的,以提高锅炉的效率。     

前后墙对冲燃烧锅炉降低飞灰含碳量的燃烧调整试验

分析了浙江浙能长兴发电有限公司3号锅炉飞灰含碳量升高的原因,指出磨煤机研磨能力下降、煤粉过粗、煤粉浓度分配不均匀以及局部缺氧燃烧等是主要原因;介绍了针对巴威DRB-XCL旋流燃烧器的特点,通过采取调整燃烧器调风盘、内、外二次风叶片角度以及提高炉膛氧量等措施,从而降低锅炉飞灰含碳量2%~3%,解决了3号炉飞灰含碳量高的问题,提高了机组运行的经济性。