近距离煤层开采侧向支承压力分布的相似模拟试验研究

采用相似模拟的方法,以平顶山八矿己二采区己15和己16-17煤层实际地质资料为基础,分析了近距离煤层上煤层开采时,在上煤层采场两侧向的支承压力分布及集中程度、峰值距煤壁的距离、支承压力的影响范围;一定范围内底板中集中应力的传递及渐衰减特征.研究了上煤层开采后下煤层开采过程中,采煤工作面两侧应力降低区范围、峰值应力的位置、应力集中的程度以及与上煤层开采时的对比关系.作者认为,下煤层开采后上覆顶板岩层受到二次扰动,其破坏移动主要是沿原有破裂面滑移,由于剪胀的作用,上覆岩层能够形成面接触的覆岩基本结构特征.根据模拟结果得出:特定开采条件下,上部或下部不同煤层采煤工作面侧向卸压区范围.该结果对区段巷道布置有一定的参考价值.     

不等长工作面覆岩破坏规律的数值模拟分析

针对不等长工作面煤层开采日渐增多的现状,采用数值模拟与理论分析相结合的方法,对采场覆岩的破坏特征及支承压力的分布状态进行系统研究,并相应模拟出工作面前方应力场与位移场的演化规律。结果表明：工作面自开切眼开始向前推移,推进到工作面“见方”期或斜长的整数倍位置时,顶板活动剧烈,覆岩空间结构发生新旧更替,形成了“0”型破断区;不等长工作面推进过程中岩层运移极不规则,推进距离在衔接面前后20～30m的范围内,应力波动较大,数值变化明显;回采期间支承压力对覆岩活动产生了重要影响,其大小约为水平应力的1．5～2倍;就采动过程中竖向位移的变化而言,巷帮移近量远大于顶底板变形量,故工程实践中应特别注意对巷帮及顶板的加固和维护。     

固体充填体压实特征下岩层移动规律研究

基于充填材料压实特性试验,结合具体工程实例,推导出充填体弹性模量与垂直应变之间的关系,利用FLAC3D软件内置FISH语言,编制相应的充填体非线性压实程序,准确地模拟矸石充填采空区后上覆岩层移动规律.研究结果表明:充填采煤工作面顶板下沉量随着工作面的推进而逐渐增大,整体以缓慢弯曲下沉为主,没有出现激增的现象;超前支撑应力分布与垮落法开采相似,其超前支承应力峰值及影响范围均要比垮落法开采低;矸石充填体内部应力呈现"拱形"分布,随着工作面的推进,矸石充填体内部应力逐步升高,增幅逐渐减小.现场实测数据与数值模拟结果基本吻合,验证了研究成果的科学性.     

承压含水层上协调开采底板岩体采动影响规律的观测研究

承压含不层上近距离煤层协调开采是以防止底板突水为目的，减轻底板采动影响程度的特殊开采方法，本根据实际观测资料，论述了通过调控协调开采步距，使下层工作面的超前支承压力与上层工作面应力释放区的张应力迭加，达到支承压力与张应力相对消减，最大限度地减轻工作面底板岩体采动影响程度。     

采动影响下断层冲击矿压危险性研究

采用FLAC5.02D数值模拟软件模拟了煤层开采过程中断层对矿山压力分布的影响.研究了不同断层倾角、断层强度、断层落差、老顶厚度和老顶强度下,工作面支承压力峰值变化规律.结果表明,工作面由断层上盘向断层推进:支承压力峰值随断层倾角减小而减小,当断层倾角为30°时,应力峰值降为60.92MPa,甚至会小于无断层影响下的63.18MPa;当老顶厚度超过20m,应力峰值迅速降为51.53MPa.而工作面由断层下盘向断层推进:应力峰值随着老顶强度的增大先迅速增大为89.34MPa,当老顶强度超过40GPa后,应力峰值基本保持不变.当工作面由断层下盘向断层推进时冲击危险性均比工作面由上盘向断层推进时的高.     

远距离下部煤层回采对上部采场巷道影响分析

为了研究远距离多煤层开采时下部煤层回采对上部采场巷道破坏的原因和影响范围,结合云煤一矿和正德矿业的井下采掘关系,通过覆岩破坏高度经验公式和UDEC数值模拟,得到远距离多煤层开采覆岩破坏的特点以及部分巷道受损的原因。利用概率积分和FLAC3 D数值模拟揭示了正德矿业倾斜岩面移动变形特征以及巷道破坏的主要原因;采用岩层移动角计算云煤一矿开采对正德矿业的影响范围,确定了巷道受损数目。研究结果表明:受损巷道少部分是由下部工作面回采引起的覆岩破坏和岩层移动变形共同造成的,而大部分受损巷道则仅由岩层移动变形造成;在采场倾斜岩面上,由于自重力和平行于岩面原岩应力分力的影响,下部工作面回采对其上山影响范围大于下山;采用优化的岩层移动角计算云煤一矿对正德矿业的采动影响范围,确定了巷道受损数量和位置,基本与现场实际情况吻合,可以为相似案例提供参考。     

确定采煤工作面合理支护阻力的数值方法

对不同地质及开采条件下的采煤工作面上覆岩层的活动进行了UDEC数值模拟,发现工作面上覆岩层平衡结构层位与采高及一次采出煤层厚度并不存在线性关系.所形成的平衡结构有两类,即稳定平衡结构和似平衡结构.文中给出了确定合理支架工作阻力的计算公式,并在水峪矿7103工作面及成庄矿3308工作面支架工作阻力确定中进行了应用.     

确定采煤工作面合理支护阻力的数值方法

对不同地质及开采条件下的采煤工作面上覆岩层的活动进行了UDEC数值模拟,发现工作面上覆岩层平衡结构层位与采高及一次采出煤层厚度并不存在线性关系.所形成的平衡结构有两类,即稳定平衡结构和似平衡结构.文中给出了确定合理支架工作阻力的计算公式,并在水峪矿7103工作面及成庄矿3308工作面支架工作阻力确定中进行了应用.     

卧龙湖煤矿8101工作面采动覆岩破坏特征研究

煤矿开采过程中覆岩破坏容易引发工作面溃砂、突水事故,为了保证卧龙湖煤矿8101工作面安全开采,根据矿区覆岩工程地质特征及矿区岩层柱状图,建立了FLAC3D数值模拟模型.通过FLAC3D软件模拟,得到了工作面推进时的覆岩应力场及覆岩塑性区分布图,由此分析得出在开切眼和煤壁处覆岩主要为剪切破坏,采空区上部主要为拉伸破坏,得到煤层开采时覆岩最大主应力1.78MPa,最大导水裂隙带高度31m.     

急倾斜煤层开采上覆岩层运动规律模拟研究

相似材料模拟试验是研究矿山压力及围岩运动的重要手段.本文以平顶山煤业(集团)有限责任公司十三矿己15-17—12041工作面为模拟对象,对己组煤开采上覆岩层运动规律进行相似材料模拟试验,通过对模拟试验结果分析,得出己组开采上覆岩层的运动规律.     

Side abutment pressure distribution by field measurement

Given the 7123 working face in the Qidong Coal Mine of the Wanbei Mining Group, nine dynamic roof monitors were installed in the crossheading to measure the amount and velocity of roof convergence in different positions and at different times and three steel bored stress sensors were installed in the return airway to measure rock stress at depth. On the basis of this arrangement, the rule of change of the distribution of the side abutment pressure with the advance of the working face and movement of overlying strata was studied. The rule of change and the stability of rock stress at depth were measured. Secondly, the affected area and stability time of the side abutment pressure were also studied. The results show that: 1) During working, the face advanced distance was from 157 m to 99 m, the process was not effected by mining induced pressure. When the distance was 82 m, the position of peak stress was 5 m away from the coal wall. When the distance was 37 m, the position of peak stress away from the coal wall was about 15 m to 20 m and finally reached a steady state; 2) the time and the range of the peak of side rock pressure obtained from stress sensors were consistent with the results from the dynamic roof monitors; 3) the position of the peak pressure was 25 m away from the coal wall.     

Coupling control on pillar stress concentration and surface cracks in shallow multi-seam mining

In order to ensure safe mining and reduce surface damage in shallow multi-seam mining, the failure characteristics of interburden strata with different coal pillars offset distances between pillars in the upper and lower seams, the distribution characteristics of stress concentration in coal pillars, and the development characteristics of stratum cracks and subsidence were investigated by physical and UDEC2 D simulation. Meanwhile, the effect of different coal pillar offset distances on stress concentration of coal pillar and development of stratum cracks were studied. Based on those results, a formula for safe mining and reducing surface damage was established, which provided a theoretical basis for safe and environmentally friendly mining in shallow multi-seam. According to the results, the optimal coal pillar offset distance(the side to side horizontal distance of the upper and lower coal pillars) between the upper and lower coal seams was developed to reduce the stress concentration of coal pillars and surface damage.The results of this study have been applied in Ningtiaota coal mine and have achieved good results in safe and environmentally friendly mining.     

Rock burst mechanism analysis in an advanced segment of gob-side entry under different dip angles of the seam and prevention technology

In order to investigate the frequent occurrences of rock burst in gob-side entry during the mining process of the mining zone No. 7, the mechanical model of main roof of fully-mechanized caving mining before breaking was established by the Winkler foundation beam theory, and the stress evolution law of surrounding rock with different dip angles of the seam during the mining process was analyzed by using FLAC3 D. The results show that: with the dip angle changing from 45° to 0°, the solid-coal side of gobside entry begins to form an L-shaped stress concentration zone at a dip angle of 30°, and the stress concentration degree goes to higher and higher levels. However, the stress concentration degree of the coalpillar side goes to lower and lower levels; the influence range and peak stress of the abutment at the lateral strata of adjacent gob increase with dip angle decreasing and reach a maximum value at a dip angle of 0°, but the tailgate is not affected; the abutment pressure superposition of two adjacent gobs leads to stress concentration further enhancing in both sides of gob-side entry. With the influence of strong mining disturbance, rock burst is easily induced by dynamic and static combined load in the advanced segment of gob-side entry. To achieve stability control similar to that in the roadway, the key control strategy is to reinforce surrounding rock and unload both sides. Accordingly, the large-diameter drilling and high-pressure water injection combined unloading and reinforced support cooperative control technology was proposed and applied in field test. The results of Electromagnetic Emission(EME) and field observation showed that unloading and surrounding rock control effect was obvious.     

Relevance between abutment pressure and fractal dimension of crack network induced by mining

Based on the geological conditions of coal mining face No. 15-14120 at No. 8 mine of Pingdingshan coal mining group, the real-time evolution of coal-roof crack network with working face advancing was collected with the help of intrinsically safe borehole video instrument. And according to the geology of this working face, a discrete element model was calculated by UDEC. Combining in situ experimental data with numerical results, the relationship between the fractal dimension of boreholes’ wall and the distribution of advanced abutment pressure was studied under the condition of mining advance. The results show that the variation tendency of fractal dimension and the abutment pressure has the same characteristic value. The distance between working face and the peak value of the abutment pressure has a slight increasing trend with the advancing of mining-face. When the working face is set as the original point, the trend of fractal dimension from the far place to the origin can be divided into three phases: constant, steady increasing and constant. And the turning points of these phases are the max-influencing distance (50 m) and peak value (15 m) of abutment pressure.     

Comparative study of model tests on automatically formed roadway and gob-side entry driving in deep coal mines

Automatically formed roadway(AFR) by roof cutting with bolt grouting(RCBG) is a new deep coal mining technology. By using this technology, the broken roadway roof is strengthened, and roof cutting is applied to cut off stress transfer between the roadway and gob to ensure the collapse of the overlying strata. The roadway is automatically formed owing to the broken expansion characteristics of the collapsed strata and mining pressure. Taking the Suncun Coal Mine as the engineering background, the control effect of this new technology on roadways was studied. To compare the law of stress evolution and the surrounding rock control mechanisms between AFR and traditional gob-side entry driving, a comparative study of geomechanical model tests on the above methods was carried out. The results showed that the new technology of AFR by RCBG effectively reduced the stress concentration of the roadway compared with gob-side entry driving. The side abutment pressure peak of the solid coal side was reduced by 24.3%, which showed an obvious pressure-releasing effect. Moreover, the position of the side abutment pressure peak was far from the solid coal side, making it more beneficial for roadway stability. The deformation of AFR surrounding rock was also smaller than the deformation of the gob-side entry driving by the overload test. The former was more beneficial for roadway stability than the latter under higher stress conditions. Field application tests showed that the new technology can effectively control roadway deformation. Moreover, the technology reduced roadway excavation and avoided resource waste caused by reserved coal pillars.     

Abutment pressure distribution for longwall face mining through abandoned roadways

Abutment pressure distribution is different when a longwall panel is passing through the abandoned gate roads in a damaged coal seam. According to the geological condition of panel E13103 in Cuijiazhai Coal Mine in China, theoretical analysis and finite element numerical simulation were used to determine the front pressure distribution characteristics when the longwall face is 70, 50, 30, 20, 10, and 5 m from the abandoned roadways. The research results show that the influence range of abutment pressure is 40 to 45 m outby the face, and the peak value of front abutment pressure is related to the distance between the face and abandoned roadways. When the distance between the longwall face and abandoned roadways is reduced from 50 to 10 m, the front abutment pressure peak value kept increasing. When the distance is 10 m, it has reached the maximum. The peak value is located in 5 to 6 m outby the faceline. When the distance between the longwall face and abandoned roadways is reduced from 10 to 5 m, the front abutment pressure sharply decreases, the intact coal yields and is even in plastic state. The peak value transfers to the other side of the abandoned roadways. The research results provide a theoretical basis for determining the advance support distance of two roadways in the panel and the reinforcement for face stability when the longwall face is passing through the abandoned roadways.     

Distribution of lateral floor abutment pressure in a stope

In order to study the distribution of lateral floor abutment pressure at a working face, we first used elasticity theory to establish a distribution model of lateral floor abutment pressure and then analysed its distribution. Second, we established a three-dimensional numerical simulation model of the Haizi Coal Mine No. 86 mining area by using FLAC3D (ITASCA Consulting Group) software. We investigated the distribution of lateral floor abutment pressure of a stope, which indicated that the position of abutment pressure peak varies at different floor depths. We then determined the rational reinforcement range of a floor roadway, based on the conclusion reached earlier. Finally, we used our conclusions in support of the No. 86 mining area crossing-roadway. The supported crossing-roadway remained stable when mining the upper workface, which validates the accuracy of our numerical simulation and provides a future reference for the support of span-roadways under similar conditions.     

Mining pressure monitoring and analysis in fully mechanized backfilling coal mining face-A case study in Zhai Zhen Coal Mine

Fully mechanized solid backfill mining(FMSBM) technology adopts dense backfill body to support the roof. Based on the distinguishing characteristics and mine pressure control principle in this technology, the basic principles and methods for mining pressure monitoring were analyzed and established. And the characteristics of overburden strata movement were analyzed by monitoring the support resistance of hydraulic support, the dynamic subsidence of immediate roof, the stress of backfill body, the front abutment pressure, and the mass ratio of cut coal to backfilled materials. On-site strata behavior measurements of 7403 W solid backfilling working face in Zhai Zhen Coal Mine show that the backfill body can effectively support the overburden load, obviously control the overburden strata movement, and weaken the strata behaviors distinctly. Specific performances are as follows. The support resistance decreases obviously; the dynamic subsidence of immediate roof keeps consistent to the variation of backfill body stress, and tends to be stable after the face retreating to 120-150 m away from the cut. The peak value of front abutment pressure arises at 5-12 m before the operating face, and mass ratio is greater than the designed value of 1.15, which effectively ensures the control of strata movement. The research results are bases for intensively studying basic theories of solid backfill mining strata behaviors and its control, and provide theoretical guidance for engineering design in FMSBM.