The transfer from the Ebro basin to the Mediterranean basins as a decision of the 2001 national hydrological plan: The main problems posed

The main objective of the National Hydrological Plan of Spain is to transfer water from the Ebro River to basins along the Mediterranean coast. However, fundamen tal studies that should have been carried out before the Plan was approved are still not available. Among these are cost-benefit analyses of the transfer, nature of its beneficiaries, potential users who can afford this high-priced water, and social and environmental impacts of the project. In addition, the proposed transfer of water does not reflect modern thinking on water management, nor does it consider the latest technological alternatives.     

The environmental impact of the Spanish national hydrological plan on the lower Ebro river and delta

The main goal of the Spanish National Hydrological Plan is the implementation of an inter-basin water transfer of a maximum of 1050 hm 3 /year from the lower Ebro River to the north and south Mediterranean coast. The plan also includes an additional list of public works of about 100 new dams and the infrastructure for new irrigation areas, as well as water treatment plants and river canalizations, etc. Taking into accout that the planned Ebro transfer would take 50 m 3 /s during 8 months, and that river flow is mostly in the interval of 150-250 m 3 /s during this period, the abstraction would repesent between one-third and one-fifth of the Ebro flow. This plan, if implemented, would have a strong negative environmental impact on the fluvial ecosystem, as well as on the estuarine and marine ecosystems, but these impacts have not been properly considered in the environmental assessment. This paper principally deals with the environmental effects of the water transfer on the area that supplies the water, downstream from the diversion point. The impact of an inter-basin water transfer on the mouth area is based on three aspects: (1) there is an increase in salinity in the delta and estuary; (2) there is a decrease in the biological productivity, mostly due to the decrease of nutrient inputs, and there are also changes in the species distribution; and (3) the river carries less sediment, which affects the geomorphology of the system. The possible effects of lower water quality and changes in the fluvial system have also to be considered. The sustainability of deltas can only be guaranteed with the allocation of an appropriate flow regime, which must include not only a liquid flow, but also a solid flow (sediment), given that deltas and coastal systems need sediment inputs (and nutrients) from the river to maintain their structure and dynamics. The classical methods of determining environmental flows in rivers are neither designed nor adequate for the objective of maintaining the deltas and estuaries in a good ecological state. The determination and implementation of an environmental flow regime not only for the river but also for the coastal and marine systems represent a new challenge for scientists and managers.     

An assessment of the Spanish national hydrological plan

The paper is a comprehensive review of the Spanish National Hydrological Plan, which proposes to transfer water from the lower part of the Ebro River up to the Levante basins, around 912 km away. The National Hydrological Plan is a conventional, static plan, which focuses primarily on supply management. The plan is based on the explicit assumption that the world will change only incrementally during its entire economic life of 100-200 years. The analysis indicates that much of the increased water demands forecasted are unlikely to materialize due to increasing emphasis on demand management practices, major structural changes in the agricultural sector that will occur by 2020 and the requirements of the Water Directive of the European Union, which must be fulfilled by 2010. Even now, the cost per cubic metre of water delivered at the end of the transfer is nearly twice the cost of desalinated water. The National Hydrological Plan in its present form cannot be justified for economic, environmental and social reasons. In addition, the plan will not be necessary if demand management practices are implemented.     

The economic unsustainability of the Spanish national hydrological plan

This paper analyses the economic aspects of the Ebro water transfer, which have been overlooked in the Spanish National Hydrological Plan. The questions exam ined are the cost of transferred water, and irrigated agriculture in the Levante and south-eastern regions, which are the main water transfer destinations. Results show that the water transfer is not economically sustainable, because the costs of the diverted water are higher than the current marginal value of water in agriculture, and crop profitability is insufficient to pay for the whole volume of transferred water. A compromise solution between increasing water supply and demand management measures will combine a reasonable water price increase with water desalination in coastal counties. This solution would reduce water demand with a moderate effect on farmers' revenue and net income. Spain could find alternative investment projects to the water transfer, able to improve social welfare.     

An economic appraisal of the Spanish national hydrological plan 1

Article 43 of the Spanish Water Law (revised text, Legislative Decree 1/2001 of 20 July) lays down the obligation for the planning of national water resources to be approved by law. This mandate was fulfilled on 6 July 2001, with the publication of the law of the National Hydrological Plan (Law 10/2001, 5 July, of the National Hydrological Plan, hereinafter referred to as the NHP). The application of this law has important implications from an economic point of view, given its large budget (at least €4.2 billion, corresponding to the official budgeted amount), and the economic forces it will unleash if it is completed. It will also have serious repercussions for the Ebro basin and the catchment basins that will receive the diverted waters. The NHP, and all the corresponding studies and documentation, offer numerous interesting perspectives for economic analysis, from methodological and conceptual aspects to empirical consider ations. Its analysis from an economic policy viewpoint has fostered numerous contribu tions (all the official documentation on the NHP is available on the website of the Ministerio de Medio Ambiente (www.mma.es)). There may, or may not, be a scarcity of water resources in certain basins, but there are so many sources of documentation, analyses and research studies on the topic that it is literally impossible to revise them in such limited space. A fair summary of this body of literature is that the NHP has been severely judged by most economic analysts. A concise and synthesized sentence would appear to reflect the general agreement that the NHP should not be carried out according to the terms, premises and budgets on which it has been drawn up (the most complete source of information published to date is the volume edited by P. Arrojo in 2001, El Plan Hidrolo´gico Nacional: A Debate (Bilbao, Fundacio´n Nueva Cultura del Agua y Bakeaz), which contains dozens of reports on the NHP). The purpose of this paper is to describe the assumptions used in the economic analysis of the NHP and summarize the extant literature on the subject. It attempts to review the state of the art of the knowledge concerning the 'NHP economy' and finally formulate some reflections on the future of this NHP and other optional plans.     

Some economic lessons from past hydrological projects and applications to the Ebro river transfer proposal

In many arid countries water project planning has undergone significant changes over the past 20 years. This re-evaluation has been motivated by the shortcomings of the traditional 'supply' approach to water project development and the differences between the planned project outcomes and the actual results. The response has been for projects whose water was allocated and priced using the traditional methods to restructure their water allocation and pricing to accommodate changing demands for water and evolving environmental preferences. The transfers proposed under the Spanish National Hydrological Plan are compared to water projects in other arid countries.     

二郎河宿松水文站洪水预报方案

将钓鱼台水库以上区域作为独立单元构架,应用新安江模型原理,进行宿松站洪水预报方案的构架并进行评定,满足水文情报预报的相关规定.     

江西省水文基础设施建设“十二五”规划

本文介绍了《江西省水文基础设施建设"十二五"规划》的背景、目标、规模、内容、论证及其效益评估.     

Assessing the effects of hydrological and chemical stressors on macroinvertebrate community in an Alpine river: The Adige River as a case study

In this study, the combined effects of hydrological and chemical stressors on benthic macroinvertebrates were evaluated in order to explore the response of the biological community to multiple stressors. The Adige River, located in the south‐eastern Alps, was selected as a case study because representative of the situation of a large river in which the variety of stressors present in the Alpine region act simultaneously. As expected, streamflow showed a seasonal pattern, with high flows in the spring–summer period; however, locally, the natural hydrological regime was altered by the presence of hydropower systems, which chiefly affected low flows. Multivariate analysis showed seasonal and spatial patterns in both chemical and hydrological parameters with a clear gradient in the concentration of nitrate, personal care, and pharmaceutical products moving from headwaters to the main stem of the river. The macroinvertebrate community composition was significantly different in summer and winter and between up and downstream sites. Streamflow alteration chiefly due to water use by hydropower affected community composition but not richness or diversity. Gammarus sp., Hirudinea, and Psychomyia sp., were positively correlated with flow variability, increasing their densities in the sites with higher streamflow variability because of hydropeaking. The results obtained in this study show that the composition of the macroinvertebrate community responded to seasonality and to changes in the main stressors along the river and highlights the importance of the spatial and temporal variability of stressors in this Alpine river. Taking into account, this variability will help the decision‐making process for improving basin management.     

宁夏、内蒙古水权转换总体规划

宁夏、内蒙古自治区水权转换总体规划的制定，首先要明确指导思想和原则，其次是编制内容。在明确初始水权分配的原则下，根据灌区节水潜力与节水规划,制定宁夏、内蒙古自治区水权转换的实施方案。     

分布式水文模型在短期水文预报中应用的可行性探讨

针对目前基于物理机制的分布式水文模型在短期水文预报业务中尚未推广应用的事实,论证了分布式水文模型在短期水文预报中的可行性.以第二类分布式水文模型SWAT为例,分析了水文过程的模拟原理、方法和基本步骤,提出了其在短期水文预报中应用所需的降水预报技术、降水数据的空间展布技术、“3S”技术、流域坡面离散技术、对人工侧支水循环的处理技术等关键技术,并指出了分布式水文模型应用于短期水文预报时存在输入资料不足、模型自身缺陷、计算精度和效率的权衡等局限性和不足,提出需要进一步加强水循环过程的机理研究,加强与气象模型的耦合研究及对“3S”技术的应用研究.     

Spain's Ebro river transfers: Test case for water policy in the European Union

The USA's 20th-century experience with major subsidized water development left a plethora of problems. Another generation now struggles with how to correct them. Today there is consensus among experts that water policy should be the result of broad public participation and should consider the social, economic and environmental effects of water use and development. Yet, formal institutions in the USA have been slow to incorporate innovations reflecting this consensus. The European Community's (EC's) Water Framework Directive and Spanish water law, however, appear to embody a progressive approach to water policy. Criticisms of Spain's proposed Ebro River transfers cast doubt on whether they would conform to Spanish or EC policy. The paper concludes that before the Ebro proposal proceeds it should be judged rigorously, according to policies expressed in Spanish law and the Directive.     

Shifting to hydrological/hydrographic boundaries: a comparative assessment of national policy implementation in the Zerafshan and Ferghana Valleys

In the literature on the implementation of national policies there is an assumption that these get implemented uniformly within one country. Here, with a focus on the implementation of national policy on shifting from administrative to hydrological/hydrographic principles of water management in the Zerafshan Valley and the Ferghana Valley in Uzbekistan, this assumption is questioned. The case study demonstrates that national policies are resisted by lower-level bureaucrats, leading to diverse, even contradictory, outcomes of the same policy. The vested interests of a multiplicity of bureaucracies, the power of individual bureaucrats, and the discretional power given to bureaucracies in interpreting national policy are responsible for the different outcomes. The article calls for more comparative assessments across different regions for a better understanding of policy implementation.     

《水处理剂聚氯化铝》国家标准的修订

从聚氯化铝原料、产品成分、产品结构等方面分析了我国聚氯化铝产品的工艺技术特点,并与国外聚氯化铝产品的主要指标进行了对比。在此基础上提出了《水处理利聚合氯化铝》标准的修订依据、并对标准中有关聚氯化铝名称、示性式、适用范围技术要求试验方法、检验规则等修订的内容进行了阐述。     

加大灌区节水改造力度 打造国家粮食生产核心区

保障粮食安全始终是治国安邦的头等大事,党和国家历来高度重视。党的十七大和十七届三中全会都对粮食安全作出了重大战略部署,制定了《国家粮食安全中长期规划纲要（2008—2020年）》和《全国新增1000亿斤粮食生产能力规划（2009—2020年）》。纲要和规划中提出的挖掘粮食生产潜能的首要措施就是配套和改造现有灌区的灌排设施,改造中低产田,建设旱涝保收的高标准农田。     

Criterion for variability of the hydrological regime of bodies of water

Power Technology and Engineering -     

建设项目开工前的施工准备

施工准备工作一般包括以下两方面内容：一是工程施工管理者，对施工单位而言就是建立施工组织机构；二是根据实施管理的工程项目，按其功能、作用在施工前进行详细规划，做到管理者在实施过程中心中有数，目标明确。     

张家口市水文特性分析

水文特性在防汛抗旱中具有很重要的作用,本文通过张家口地区1959-1993年实测的降水、洪水、径流、蒸发等资料进行分析,意在全面了解本地区水文特性,为合理开发与利用张家口市的水资源,更好的为防汛抗旱等工作服务有着重要意义。     

卫星通信在察尔森水库水情测报中的应用

水情测报系统是掌握流域内实时水雨情信息的防汛非工程措施.为水库科学调度洪水,最大限度地发挥防洪减灾与兴利效益提供了科学手段和技术支持.本文对察尔森水库管理局现运行的超短波通信和卫星通信进行了比较,并从卫星通信的各个方面做了详细的介绍,论证了卫星通信适用于水库流域情况.