德国住房保障体系及其对我国的启示

快速城市化和工业化成功推动了中国城市发展,同时也导致了严重的住房供需矛盾,低收入阶层住房得不到有效保障。纵观西方国家保障性住房的发展历程,各国政府综合运用了多种政策工具对市场进行干预,形成了有效的住房保障发展模式。其中,德国的住房保障体系建设堪称典范,其发展经验受到广泛借鉴。本文对德国住房保障体系的政策演变、资金筹措和监督体系等方面进行了分析,最后结合中国住房保障体系的发展现状提出了相关建议。     

Interstitial Space and Everyday Housing Practices

Abstract

This paper explores the role of interstitial space and everyday housing practices at the domestic scale. Interstitial space is often framed as “empty” or “in-between” space located in the shadows of conventional built form and everyday practices. In this paper, we focus on interstitial space as a site of often undervalued or taken-for-granted housing possibility. We begin the paper by outlining the contours of interstitial space as a theoretical concept before highlighting two cross-cultural examples of domestic housing storage practices within the Australian context: (1) “under the house” in the Queensland vernacular and (2) “close to the wind-break” in a remote Aboriginal community in the centre of Australia. We conclude by drawing attention to the importance of interstitial spatial practices for housing theory and practice and offer suggestions for further research.     

对我国城市住宅品质提升实践及存在问题的思考

随着我国城市住宅存量的不断增 加,老旧城市住宅品质退化问题引起各方关 注。但人们对住宅品质与品质提升内涵的认 识尚不全面。近年来,许多城市相继开展了住 宅品质提升实践,探索了综合改造、节能改造 以及宜居性改造等品质提升模式,不仅美化 了城市面貌,满足了居民提升居住品质的需 求,而且为解决住宅品质退化问题提供了许 多路径和方法。为了推动我国住宅品质提升 实践可持续发展,本文通过对上述典型案例 进行分析和总结,发现其中的特色做法和不 足,提出住宅品质提升层级化思路,探索科学 系统的住宅品质提升概念。     

上海市住房保障体系建设概述

目前,上海已基本构建起廉租住房、经济适用住房、公共租赁住房、动迁安置住房＂四位一体＂的住房保障体系。廉租住房、经济适用住房分别解决城镇户籍低收入和中低收入家庭的住房困难;公共租赁住房主要解决城镇户籍青年职工、来沪务工人员和引进人才等常住人口的阶段性居住困难;动迁安置住房主要解决城市改造区域动迁居民的住房改善问题。各项基本制度和配套政策已在推行实施,并将不断优化完善。＂十二五＂规划期间,上海居民的住房困难将得到明显改善。     

欧洲住宅合作社的历史流变与当今实践

欧洲有悠久的住宅合作社传统.合作社源起于19世纪中期的无政府主义传统.它们不只是提供另类的住宅形式,同时也是政治、经济、社会体系的实验.无政府主义的合作社实践不但催生了现代规划学科,同时也促成了1920年代的福利社会的住宅资助政策体系的成形.从19世纪末开始,住宅合作社的空间实践大致经历了"前期酝酿""第一次高峰期""...     

法国《社会团结与城市更新法》对中国保障性住房建设的启示

二战后法国住房数量严重短缺,政府在城市郊区大规模集中建设社会住宅,虽在短时期内满足了住房数量需求,但导致了社会隔离的产生。为了解决这一问题,法国自1980年代开始寻求促进社会融合的方法。2000年法国颁布了《社会团结与城市更新法》(SRU法),从根本上改变了社会住宅的选址和建设方式,对社会住宅的均衡分配起到了积极作用。本文分析了SRU法的出台背景、内容、适用范围以及实施效果,并结合中国国情,对中国保障性住房在选址及建设规模方面提出建议:从城市整体尺度的角度考虑选址;不同区位的住房建设应采取多样化的资金筹措方式;建立监管体系,促进住房均衡分布。     

An Institutional Approach to Analysis of State Capacity in Housing Systems in the Developing World: Case Studies in South Africa and Costa Rica

Mutually balanced roles and activities within state, market and society are needed to underpin effective and equitable housing systems. How these develop and interact necessitates negotiation, which in itself requires certain basic structures to be in place and certain capacities to be available. In the developing world this is often not the case, leading to theories based on the limitations of the command economy, market failure, or promoting state-market partnerships. While it draws on a political economy analytical framework, the paper is grounded in the application of new institutionalism to the study of housing systems, which it argues provides a more relevant theoretical framework for housing system analysis than previous structural analyses. The paper focuses on the constraints that state capacity can have on state-society relationships within the broader context of negotiations between the state, the market and society on housing policy and delivery issues. The empirical experience of state capacity vis-à-vis housing policy development and delivery is investigated in South Africa and Costa Rica, which, despite being very different in many respects, display a number of striking similarities in the analysis.     

法国社会住宅政策的演变及其启示

法国社会住宅系统创立于19世纪中叶工业革命以后,二战后逐步发展完善,形成了以政府贷款、补贴等优惠政策为刺激,通过公私舍作的方式建设管理社会住宅的系统。社会住宅系统起到了解决贫困人1：2居住问题,缓解社会矛盾,调控房地产市场等多种作用。但社会住宅空间分布集中,建设规模偏大等原因,造成了1980年代以来法国严重的居住隔离问题。2000年以后,法国确立了通过社会住宅的重新分布实现社会混和的战略目标。文章通过对法国社会住宅政策演变历程的回顾,总结出它的成功与失败之处．并结合国内的实际情况、提出中国应加大政府的财政投入、扩大融资方式,建立以租赁为主的保障性住房系统,并以此调控厉地产市场;同时注意通过综合规划,防止居住隔离现象进一步加剧,维持社会的和谐稳定。     

契约实践的空间话语--城市空间的另类解读

文章从1778-1955年上海老城厢的128宗房地交易与变更的契约档案中寻找契约实践的空间话语。没有一般的话语，只有具体语境中的话语。空间话语的谱系写作是对城市空间的另类解读。契约实践的空闻话语亟需列入研究的课题。     

The Uneven Development of 'Social Rented Housing': Explaining the Historically Marginal Position of Housing Associations in Britain

The first part of this paper is concerned with rethinking the notion of social rented housing, arguing that it is appropriate to refer to a dual social rented sector, both now and in the past, and to set municipal and non-municipal models of provision alongside the dominant consumption side models of mass and residual social housing. The idea of uneven development of social rented housing in Britain refers to the numerical dominance of local authority provision, and the insignificant quantitative contribution of housing associations and their predecessors until the last years of the 20th century. The second part of the paper poses the question of why the voluntary sector failed to thrive after 1918, and examines some historical evidence from four key periods up to the early 1960s. It is argued that the poor performance of these organisations immediately after 1918 led to them failing to overcome local authority opposition and civil service scepticism in the 1930s.     

析法国社会住宅建设中的公共干预方式

以法国大力推行社会住宅建设为背景，分析了当前国际性的住宅危机和供需状况，以及社会住宅的融资方式和公共资助体系。随着社会住宅政策的不断演变，法国的公共干预模式也进行了调整和完善，逐渐由公共部门主导向公私合作方向发展，进而在协议区开发模式下鼓动私人部门的力量进行大规模的建设。     

荷兰住房协会——社会住房建设和管理的非政府模式

荷兰社会住房比例在全欧洲最高,其社会住房主要由住房协会建设和管理.文章追溯了住房协会的发展历程以及对荷兰政府不同住房政策的反应,总结了住房协会的双重二元特征:私人机构但是却承担了公共责任,是资金来源于政府的NGO组织.在1990年代资金独立之后,公共使命和从事市场活动成为了住房协会新的特征.文章还分析了住房协会在与政府、协会之间以及居民的关系中所扮演的的不同角色,反映了其各项职能.此外,对荷兰住房协会管理的模式进行了总结和反思,以期对我国的保障性住房建设提供借鉴和思考.     

大型社区的人口、住房、活力与公平 上海大型社区规划理念与策略的社会学思考

文章围绕大型社区的人口、住房、活力与公平问题,对上海大型社区的规划理念与策略进行了社会学思考,并贯穿了对保障性住房规划与建设得失的反思,对上海的新城、大型社区建设及至更多城市新城、新区的住房建设、人口导入和社会管理问题具有启示意义。     

Housing Inequality and Social Class in Europe

On the basis of European Survey on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) data, this paper conducts a comparative analysis of housing conditions in different European countries by focusing on social class. The variance in housing conditions by social class could provide further insights about the divergence/convergence hypotheses stemming from the comparative analysis of living conditions of European countries. To support this claim, two main dimensions of housing inequality will be identified: tenure and housing well-being. A micro-level data analysis was performed, in order to take account of individual and family costs of access and maintenance of ownership in settings and in periods (such as the present day) of rising housing prices and income resources that decrease in terms of amount and stability. The aim is thus to demonstrate that, despite the difference in well-being in Europe between owners and non-owners (on the average the firsts are better off), homeowners cannot be regarded as a privileged category per se.     

大学毕业生低收入聚居群体住房问题研究

结合居住实态进行调研,实地考察大学毕业生住房构成模式,分析大学毕业生低收入群体住房存在的问题及总结问题成因,进而从国家政策和制度、设计实践等层面提出举措,以期为今后大学毕业生低收入聚居群体住房设计提供参考,解决日益严峻的大学毕业生低收入聚居群体住房问题。     

美国的住房状况与住房政策

通过整理2009和2011年美国住房调查数据,本文分析了美国的住房状况和住房政策,指出美国住房发展的核心问题不是总量缺乏,而是社会支付能力不足。本文在全面分析美国各项住房政策的基础上,描述了美国联邦和地方政府运用税收减免、公共住房建设、租房券资助、财政补贴和包容性区划等多种手段,体现出政策设计的组合与互补。最后,本文提出为了有针对性地制定住房政策,我国应当开展详尽的大规模住房状况调查,并根据实际情况组合运用各项住房发展政策。     

寻求社会公正与融合的可持续途径:荷兰社会住宅的发展与现状

作为世界上住房保障制度最为完善的国家之一,荷兰自20世纪初期以来长期重视社会住宅,即公有出租的保障性住房的规划和建设,将其作为解决城市住房问题、促进社会公正的主要方式,并根据社会经济背景的变化对其发展政策和策略进行合理的调整.与此同时,荷兰也已将社会住宅的规划建设作为解决社会问题,特别是克服不同收入阶层与种族间的居住空间隔离问题,促进社会融合的重要手段之一.本文将结合政策与实例分析对荷兰社会住宅发展进行具体探讨,以期对我国目前的保障性住房规划建设提供借鉴.     

The Planning System and the Provision of Affordable Housing in Rural Britain: A Comparison of the Scottish and English Experience

This paper compares recent experience in the use of the planning system to facilitate the provision of affordable housing in rural areas of Scotland and England. Following an introduction summarising key issues arising from the relevant literature, the paper first sets out the scale of need for rural affordable housing in the two countries and then summarises the differing planning policy frameworks. Scale of delivery is then addressed and an attempt is made to establish the extent to which differences in performance reflect variations in policy, delivery mechanisms or differing housing markets. The hypothesis is advanced that Scotland, although a more rural country, has made less use of planning policy to tackle issues relating to the need for rural social housing. In both countries scale of provision has lagged behind perceived need and a major reason for this would appear to be the tensions in planning policy between environmental and social sustainability objectives, with the scales so far weighted towards the environmental rather than the social imperative.     

欧洲与法国社会住房政策的主要问题

现在人们普遍认为,欧盟的27个国家中存在三种主要的社会住房政策模式：“剩余”模式（residual model）,主要存在于南欧及前东欧的共产主义国家,其主要特征是社会住房仅供给那些最贫穷的阶层。“一般”模式（generalist model）,这一模式下,虽然受到一种或多种形式的收入和租金上额的限制,但社会住房将提供给更广大的社会群体,这种模式主要存在于德国、英国、法国和比利时。“普惠”模式（universal model）,社会住房更多的以一种不带任何社会目标的“公共住房”的形式出现,其目的在于形成强大的社会租赁部门,为所有人提供大量的可支付的租赁住房。瑞典、丹麦和荷兰仍在一定程度上执行这一模式。第一部分介绍这三大模式,以及当前欧盟众多国家不同的社会住房情况。第二部分揭示了欧洲住房政策的普遍趋势以及为何走向“普惠”模式的废除,许多实行“一般”模式的国家如何向“剩余”模式靠拢及其原因。最后一部分重点是法国的情况,揭示2000年代的住房危机以及国家住房政策的主要方向是怎样向社会住房的“剩余”模式靠拢。最后,分析了这一过程对城市问题的主要影响,如社会融合和房地产的贬值。