资源水价的研究

本文分析了资源水价的内涵与形成机制，认为资源水价的内涵主要体现在3个方面，即：产权、有用性和稀缺性，并且资源水价是以产权所体现的价值为核，通过有用性与稀缺性修正而形成；分析了水资源产权价值确定的思路，提出了水资源有用性修正系数与稀缺性修正参数的计算方法；运用所建立的方法分析计算了天津市2000典型年的水资源有用性修正系数与稀缺性修正参数。     

Discussion of “Investigating the Vulnerability of dry-Season Water Supplies to Climate Change: A Case Study of the Gwangdong Reservoir Drought Management System, Korea” by Donghoon Cha; Sangeun Lee; and Heekyung Park

Cha et al. (Water Resources Management, 26(18):4183–4201 2012) improved the method used to measure the vulnerability of a reservoir water supply that arises due to water scarcity in a dry season. Water supply vulnerability is expected to increase due to climate change. The authors showed that the Gwangdong Reservoir Drought Management Model (GRDM2), developed in a previous study and based on the adaptation mechanism, is useful to estimate the vulnerability of water supplies. The authors assumed 48 future scenarios, consisting of a combination of 6 future inflow scenarios and 8 future water requirement scenarios, of the Gwangdong reservoir drought management system. They computed damage cost of water scarcity in dry seasons until the 2050s. Simulation results showed that severe damage may take place from the 2020s and damage four times greater than in the 2009 water scarcity event may occur in the 2050s. As a result, GRDM2 was reported to be useful to measure the magnitude of climate change vulnerability, concentrating on damage of water scarcity in a dry season.     

Structuring water rights in China: a hierarchical framework

Abstract

The rapid development of China’s market economy compels the adoption of water rights and associated market mechanisms to optimize the allocation of water resources. The complexity of understanding and practising Chinese water rights is highlighted by the unique contextual characteristics of an authoritarian political regime, rapid socio-economic change and increasing scarcity of water resources. This article proposes a hierarchical framework to describe the particular water-rights structure in China based on natural resources institutional economics. It provides an analysis of emerging water markets and key factors affecting the formation of a modern water-rights system in contemporary China.     

地下水灌溉服务市场对农业用水生产率的影响

基于2001年和2004年在河北省和河南省的实地调查,定量分析地下水灌溉服务市场对农业用水生产率的影响。研究结果表明,地下水灌溉服务市场有利于提高作物单位用水的生产率(产出能力和经济价值)。因而,有效地促进地下水灌溉服务市场可以在一定程度上提高水资源的管理水平,缓解水资源短缺的矛盾。     

Impact of Water Reallocation on the Economy in the Fertile Crescent

Water scarcity is a societal problem in arid and semi-arid regions in the Fertile Crescent (FC). In FC countries, water shortages threaten economic growth, social cohesion, environmental sustainability and political stability. Under drought conditions, water shortages can be mitigated by using water more efficiently and by appropriate allocation of scarce water resources. In this paper water reallocation is addressed by reallocating some agricultural water use for other higher-value uses such as municipal and industrial sectors. Reallocating water from irrigation to other uses can provide sufficient and sustainable water supplies to meet the growing domestic and industrial demands for the next two decades. Most of the literature on water reallocation suggests that shifting water use from agriculture to other sectors would be feasible, but few studies address how much water should be reallocated.. The conceptual model will suppose that there are two users (A and B) and that their economic efficiency can be achieved when MB_A?=?MB_{B, ceteris paribus} . A reallocation of water away from agriculture at 1 % of average total water use per year for the next 20 years for a total reallocation of 20 % by year 20. would increase GDP, could help alleviate the water-scarcity problem in the FC and lead to more efficient use of water. Further work or modeling is less important than is action based on available analyses. All evidence suggests decision-makers would be on solid ground to began re-allocating water in the FC now.     

Moving beyond ‘more crop per drop’: insights from two decades of research on agricultural water productivity

ABSTRACT

Concern over increasing water scarcity has led to the introduction of the concept of agricultural water productivity and an emphasis on interventions to achieve ‘more crop per drop’. Yet, a strong debate continues on how the concept is to be defined and used. Drawing largely from the irrigation literature, the origins of the concept and its methodological developments are reviewed, and its use in applied work over two decades is discussed. Based on this analysis of conceptual and applied research, key insights into the concept’s contributions and limitations are presented, as well as opportunities for further refinements.     

Capturing the complexity of water uses and water users within a multi-agent framework

Due to the hydrological and socio-economic complexity of water use within river basins and even sub-basins, it is a considerable challenge to manage water resources in an efficient, equitable and sustainable way. This paper shows that multi-agent simulation (MAS) is a promising approach to better understand the complexity of water uses and water users within sub-basins. This approach is especially suitable to take the collective action into account when simulating the outcome of technical innovation and policy change. A case study from Chile is used as an example to demonstrate the potential of the MAS framework. Chile has played a pioneering role in water policy reform by privatizing water rights and promoting trade in such rights, devolving irrigation management authority to user groups, and privatizing the provision of irrigation infrastructure. The paper describes the different components of a MAS model developed for four micro-watersheds in the Maule river basin. Preliminary results of simulation experiments are presented, which show the impacts of technical change and of informal rental markets on household income and water use efficiency. The paper also discusses how the collective action problems in water markets and in small-scale and large-scale infrastructure provision can be captured by the MAS model. To promote the use of the MAS approach for planning purposes, a collaborative research and learning framework has been established, with a recently created multi-stakeholder platform at the regional level (Comisión Regional de Recursos Hidricos) as the major partner. Finally, the paper discusses the potentials of using MAS models for water resources management, such as increasing transparency as an aspect of good governance. The challenges, for example the need to build trust in the model, are discussed as well.     

The application of economic-engineering optimisation for water management in Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico.

Mathematical optimisation is used to integrate and economically evaluate wastewater reuse, desalination and other water management options for water supply in Ensenada, Baja California Mexico with future levels of population and water demand. The optimisation model (CALVIN) is used to explore and integrate water management alternatives such as water markets, reuse and seawater desalination, within physical capacity constraints and the region's water availability, minimising the sum of economic costs of water scarcity and operating costs within a region. The modelling approach integrates economic inputs from agricultural and urban water demand models with infrastructure and hydrological information, to identify an economically optimal water allocation between water users in Ensenada. Estimates of agricultural and urban economic water demands for year 2020 were used. The optimisation results indicate that wastewater reclamation and reuse for the city of Ensenada is the most economically promising alternative option to meet future water needs and make water imports less attractive. Seawater desalination and other options are not economically viable alone, but may have some utility if combined with other options for the Ensenada region.     

An assessment of the effects of Africa's water crisis on food security and management

Food security remains one of the most pressing concerns of this century. This article explores the often overlooked role of water scarcity in food security. This is particularly important within the African context, because most states on the continent rely heavily on agriculture. The article therefore focuses on Africa, discussing triggers and practices related to water usage currently in place, as well as their impact on development. The authors offer various recommendations on how to improve and streamline policies to encourage efficient water use.     

A perfect storm: the causes and consequences of severe water scarcity,institutional breakdown and conflict in Yemen

Yemen faces a dire water availability crisis, with groundwater being extracted at four times the rate of natural recharge and the capital, Sana’a, at risk of running out of water altogether. Yemen’s capacity to adapt to water scarcity has been undermined by misrule, weak institutions and patronage-driven politics that have eroded traditional tribal mechanisms of water governance and conflict management without leaving a viable alternative in their place. Using material gleaned from interviews with water specialists, this article investigates the forces impeding water reform and the mechanisms mediating the relationship between water scarcity, institutional dysfunction and violent conflict in Yemen.     

Sustainable and integrated water resources management for the coastal areas of Shandong Province, China.

Water scarcity and water pollution are severe problems in the Northern part of China, strongly affecting socio-economic development and standards of living and environment. The Shandong province is specifically plagued by water scarcity. In the coastal catchments of the Shandong province the water scarcity is even increased due to saltwater intrusion, reducing the usability of water resources available. The pressing water problems in the costal catchments in the Shandong province and resulting socio-economic troubles forced the Chinese authorities to implement a variety of measures to relieve water scarcity and abate saltwater intrusion. But not much has been achieved so far as the measures are not coordinated in their effects and cost-benefit relations have not been considered sufficiently. Such a situation calls for good, which means integrated, sustainable water management. The assessment of this situation in the project "Flood Control and Groundwater Recharge in Coastal Catchments" financed by the German Ministry of Research and Education is presented. Further objectives and first ideas for an IWRM-concept are explained. These ideas are based on concepts developed in Germany in the context of the fulfilment of the European Water Framework Directive.     

国外水循环再利用的实践和启示

通过对国外一些水循环再利用实践的研究，我们可以得到一些启示：水循环再利用是解决淡水资源紧张的有效途径：产权明晰是解决水资源市场化开发的必要条件；示范工程具有引导民间资本投资、培育水资源市场的外部经济性；节水意识、节水活动离不开经济手段的激励；稀缺是研发活动的推进剂，科学合理的水价是前提。     

On the Marketisation of Water: Evidence from the Murray-Darling Basin,Australia

Policy makers will increasingly have to turn to water demand management in the future to respond to greater water scarcity. Water markets have long been promoted as one of the most efficient ways to reallocate water by economists, but have also been subject to much criticism due to their possible social, economic and environmental impacts. We engage with common critical perceptions of water markets by presenting first-hand evidence of their effects in the Murray-Darling Basin (MDB), Australia. Water markets in the MDB, as developed within an appropriate institutional framework and coupled with comprehensive water planning, have: (1) helped deliver improved environmental outcomes; (2) assisted irrigators’ adaptation responses to climate risks, such as drought; (3) increased the gross valued added of farming; and (4) been regulated in ways to meet social goals. If water markets are embedded within fair and effective meta-governance and property right structures, the potential exists for marketisation to increase efficiency, promote fairness in terms of initial water allocations, and to improve environmental outcomes.     

A framework for understanding energy for water

Abstract

This article offers a framework for understanding how energy is used to meet water demand in countries. Specifically, the relationships between energy use and water scarcity, the location of renewable water resources, and aggregate water demand are explored. The article also examines how policy options such as water price reforms, agriculture subsidies and crop elimination may influence the energy use and energy intensity of water withdrawals. Conclusions suggest that while policy options exist, certain uncontrollable factors such as severe water scarcity or substantial freshwater abundance limit the ability of some countries to significantly improve the aggregate energy efficiency of water provision.     

Bankruptcy to Surplus: Sharing Transboundary River Basin’s Water under Scarcity

In this article a three-stage framework is proposed for allocating water and welfare in transboundary river basins under water scarcity. The proposed allocation framework combines the bargaining theory with resource allocation and bankruptcy games. The water bankrupt Euphrates River was taken as a case study to demonstrate the applicability of the allocation framework. The results showed that the total monetary welfare that can be generated by reallocating the water in order of decreasing water productivity value of each riparian country is greater by 43.43% of total monetary warfare that can be made if each country were to utilize the water allocated to it independently. The proposed allocation framework rewarded Turkey, Syria and Iraq with welfare assignments which are 41.5%, 42.1% and 57.45% greater than what they could have achieved by unilaterally utilizing the water allocated to them. Generally, the proposed water allocation, water reallocation and welfare assignment framework provide some insights for allocating transboundary water in a way which is efficient, fair and sustainable.     

基于水权交易所的水权价格形成机制研究

我国为进一步加快建立健全水权制度和水价机制,开展水权交易试点工作,因而水权的定价机制成了当前研究的重点。通过对协商定价、招标投标定价和拍卖竞价三种水权转让定价方式进行深入的分析,探讨了其交易方式、价格形成机制以及交易流程。最终提出场内水权价格形成的综合模式,以期充分发挥三种水权价格模式的优势,为我国水权制度的健全和水价机制的形成提供相应的对策建议。     

基于水足迹模型的新疆水资源承载力分析

基于新疆1999-2014年统计资料,采用自下而上的水足迹概化方法,以水资源匮乏指标、水资源压力指数和水足迹经济效益为指标分析评价了区域的水资源承载力水平。结果表明:水资源承载力各指标均呈增长趋势,且水资源匮乏指标于2014年(枯水年)增长至1.03,表明水资源严重匮乏。建议在满足生态要求和粮食安全的前提下,调整农作物种植比例,增加低耗水高产值的工业产品生产,并通过跨区域调水和贸易来缓解区域水资源承载压力。     

An analysis of the framings of water scarcity in the Jordanian national water strategy

This viewpoint analyzes the Jordanian water strategy to investigate how water scarcity is framed, and what solutions are suggested. It also analyzes how the framings and discourses have changed in the two versions of the strategy, why, and their implications. The Jordanian national water strategy has been overlooked by the literature of hydropolitics. The analysis here also contributes by showing the interplay between discourses of scarcity and policy solutions.     

Towards sustainable irrigated Mediterranean agriculture: implications for water conservation in semi-arid environments

Water scarcity is a threat to food production systems, with appropriate water management being a major part of the solution. From the adoption of the European Water Framework Directive to the latest proposals for the Common Agricultural Policy Horizon 2020, the strategic lines for establishing a balance between agriculture and water resources in the European Union have been defined, including an emphasis on water pricing. This paper discusses the situation of irrigated agriculture in semi-arid areas such as southern Spain in terms of water scarcity, highlighting the main advantages and disadvantages of water-pricing policies as a solution to more sustainable irrigation management.     

河北省现实及中长期缺水损失评价

河北省属典型的资源型缺水省份。水资源短缺和水环境恶化已成为制约全省经济社会发展的重要因素。在深入研究缺水损失评价方法的基础上,定量分析了因缺水造成的直接损失或影响,为实施区域水资源合理配置,提高水资源和水环境承载能力,提供了参考依据。