Reliability based design optimization using response surface augmented moment method

Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology - A new approach toward reliability based design optimization (RBDO) is proposed based on the response surface augmented moment method (RSMM). In RSMM,...     

结构可靠性分析中含交叉项的改进响应面法

针对非线性隐式功能函数的可靠性分析问题,提出一种基于试验设计技术含交叉项的改进响应面法。该方法首先采用基于试验设计的矩估计得到试验点并拟合响应面函数,然后通过计算拟合重要度得出最大贡献试验点并进行补充抽样,选择最佳交叉项,获得了隐式功能函数的更好近似,从而提高了失效概率的计算精度。算例表明该方法应用的广泛性和优越性。     

Reliability-based design optimization via high order response surface method

To reduce the computational effort of reliability-based design optimization (RBDO), the response surface method (RSM) has been widely used to evaluate reliability constraints. We propose an efficient methodology for solving RBDO problems based on an improved high order response surface method (HORSM) that takes advantage of an efficient sampling method, Hermite polynomials and uncertainty contribution concept to construct a high order response surface function with cross terms for reliability analysis. The sampling method generates supporting points from Gauss-Hermite quadrature points, which can be used to approximate response surface function without cross terms, to identify the highest order of each random variable and to determine the significant variables connected with point estimate method. The cross terms between two significant random variables are added to the response surface function to improve the approximation accuracy. Integrating the nested strategy, the improved HORSM is explored in solving RBDO problems. Additionally, a sampling based reliability sensitivity analysis method is employed to reduce the computational effort further when design variables are distributional parameters of input random variables. The proposed methodology is applied on two test problems to validate its accuracy and efficiency. The proposed methodology is more efficient than first order reliability method based RBDO and Monte Carlo simulation based RBDO, and enables the use of RBDO as a practical design tool.     

Using response surface methodology with response transformation in optimizing plasma spraying coatings

The paper aims at proposing a method to develop a robust partially stabilized zirconia (PSZ) performance for the plasma spraying process with applications of surface response methodology and fractional factorial experiment. First, with the application of analysis of variance, significant factors are screened. Appropriately choosing control factors while constructing response functions helps to develop a robust process. Second, a nonlinear response surface function is designed to explore the space of the process. This smooths the progress of developing not only a proper relation between yielded and process variables, but also an optimal parameter setting that produces desirable response values. Experimental results show that a quadratic model with the proposed two-step design make it a simple, effective, and efficient way to a robust process. Model prediction is improved by additional data transformation. Optimization of PSZ performance in the plasma spraying process has been achieved.     

Performance optimization of hypervelocity launcher system using experimental data

This study presents the performance optimization of hypervelocity launcher system by using the experimentall data. During the optimization, the RSM (Response Surface Method) is adopted to find the operating parameters that could maximize the projectile speed. To construct a reliable response surface model, 3 full factorial method is used with the selected design variables, such as piston mass and 2 driver fill pressure. Nine test data could successfully construct the reasonable response surface, which used to yield the optimal operational conditions of the system using the genetic algorithm. The optimization results are confirmed by the experimental test with a good accuracy. Thus, the optimization can improve the performance of the facility.     

一种适用于复杂产品的可靠性评估方法

利用数理统计原理，针对复杂产品提出一种适用于其可靠性评定的矩拟合法。该方法是将部件和分系统试验数据折合成系统的试验数据，作为系统试验的验前信息，从而由二项式分布求任意置信度下的系统可靠度下限。计算方法简单实用，是复杂产品可靠性评定的较优方法。     

A study on improving bone conduction speaker performance by electromagnetic prediction and performance distribution by statistical analysis method

The present paper is focused on the stochastic characteristics of the electromagnetic force, one of the performance parameters for the bone conduction speaker which is one of the devices in the “smart glass”. The design parameters were taken as significant, affecting the electromagnetic force. Characteristic analysis of significant parameters was considered by using the factorial design method. Significant factor of main effect was selected via fractional factorial design method. Main effect and interaction of selected factor were analyzed applying the full factorial design method. The independency of the selected parameter and their significant interaction were examined by using the F-test method. Linear and non-linear characteristics for the selected parameters and performance were examined by creation of the median point within the analysis results for significance analysis. Therefore, prediction model derived non-linear regression model from the central composite design of response surface method. For probability distribution of the electromagnetic characteristics, related prediction model and Monte Carlo simulation method were applied. Electromagnetic performance prediction result showed 98.5 % level and improved maximum 99.8 % reliability level under 3σ level of dimensional management. In view of this, such stochastic design approach could improve design efficiency via verification of individual design parameters’ effect on the performance levels, thereby proving design reliability based on the object levels.     

磁悬浮控制力矩陀螺锁紧机构可靠性设计及优化

鉴于传统确定性优化方法没有考虑结构参数的随机性对结构性能的影响,本文提出了一种基于可靠性灵敏度的锁紧弹片结构优化方法。首先,以某磁悬浮控制力矩陀螺锁紧弹片为研究对象,研究了有限元建模和失效模式;然后,考虑弹片结构尺寸和材料参数的随机性,结合响应面法与一次二阶矩法,研究了串联失效模式下弹片的可靠度计算方法,进而推导了可靠性关于设计变量均值和方差的灵敏度计算公式;最后,根据灵敏度分析结果,研究确定了弹片结构优化策略,构建了弹片可靠性优化模型。分析了安全系数法和可靠性法优化结果的差异,结果表明:与安全系数法相比,可靠性法的优化结果更好;在保证弹片可靠度的前提下,采用可靠性优化方法不仅使弹片质量下降了23.71%,使锁紧机构更加优化,而且使陀螺房质量也下降了0.98kg,有利于磁悬浮控制力矩陀螺整机结构的轻量化。     

产品服务系统共生设计理论与方法

针对具有多主体、产品与服务共生特征的产品服务系统设计困难问题,首次将共生理念引入产品服务系统设计,突破传统设计理论的单边串行为多边并行设计模式,提出产品服务系统共生设计理论与方法.为保证异质异构产品服务建模的多样性和一体化,基于超网络提出产品服务系统共生建模方法,并建立共生特征和共生吸引模型,以驱动设计要素的跨层转化....     

Experimental investigation of laser transformation hardening of low alloy steel using response surface methodology

In this research, a systematic investigation on laser transformation hardening (LTH) process is carried out on high-strength low-alloy medium carbon steel, EN25 using design of experiments (DOE). The effect of input process parameters like laser power, travel speed over the response hardened width (HW), hardened depth (HD), and hardened area (HA) are analyzed. The experimental trials are conducted based on the design matrix obtained from the 3^k full factorial design (FFD) using a 2 kW continuous wave Nd:YAG laser power system. A quadratic regression model is developed to predict the responses using response surface methodology (RSM). Based on the developed mathematical models, the direct and interaction effects of the process parameters on LTH are investigated. The optimal hardening conditions are identified to maximize the HW and minimize the HD and HA. The results of the validation test show that the experimental values quite satisfactorily agree with the predicted values of the mathematical models and hence, the models can predict the response adequately.     

Optimizing the qusai-static folding and deploying of thin-walled tube flexure hinges with double slots

The thin-walled tube flexure（TWTF） hinges have important potential application value in the deployment mechanisms of satellite and solar array, but the optimal design of the TWTF hinges haven＇t been completely solved, which restricts their applications. An optimal design method for the qusai-static folding and deploying of TWTF hinges with double slots is presented based on the response surface theory. Firstly, the full factorial method is employed to design of the experiments. Then, the finite element models of the TWTF hinges with double slots are constructed to simulate the qusai-static folding and deploying non-linear analysis. What＇s more, the mathematical model of the TWTF flexure hinge quasi-static folding and deploying properties are derived by the response surface method. Considering of small mass and high stability, the peak moment of quasi-static folding and deploying as well as the lightless are set as the objectives to get the optimal performances. The relative errors of the objectives between the optimal design results and the FE analysis results are less than 7%, which demonstrates the precision of the surrogate models. Lastly, the parameter study shows that both the slots length and the slots width both have significant effects to the peak moment of quasi-static folding and deploying of TWTF hinges with double slots. However, the maximum Mises stress of quasi-static folding is more sensitive to the slots length than the slots width. The proposed research can be applied to optimize other thin-walled flexure hinges under quasi-static folding and deploying, which is of great importance to design of flexure hinges with high stability and low stress.     

System identification of a composite plate using hybrid response surface methodology and particle swarm optimization in time domain

Material properties of composites are identified using a novel hybrid RSM–PSO method in this paper. Different response surface methodology (RSM) methods and particle swarm optimization (PSO) methods are studied initially on a 4 degrees-of-freedom (4DOF) dynamic system on their performance in terms of speed and accuracy. The best combination is used as a hybrid RSM–PSO method to evaluate the performance on system identification of an orthotropic plate along with a 4DOF dynamic system and an isotropic plate. The novelty of the present paper is to identify the composite plate material properties using RSM methods based on time domain signals, which is not hitherto reported in the literature. Also, whereas previous papers have used full factorial design for system identification, here CCDI is used. The input factors (design variables) are the system parameters which are to be identified and the response (objective function) is error sum-of-square of acceleration response with respect to new test system. The performance of the proposed method is also evaluated with the addition of 5% Gaussian noise to simulate the experimental errors. The system parameters of the orthotropic plate were identified with 0% and 0.25% average prediction error with zero and 5% addition of noise respectively by the proposed hybrid RSM–PSO method. It is also showed a much better performance and robustness to noise addition when compared to the other RSM methods in the literature.     

Modeling and optimization of features of bead geometry including percentage dilution in submerged arc welding using mixture of fresh flux and fused slag

Quality has now become an important issue in today’s manufacturing world. Whenever a product is capable of conforming to desirable characteristics that suit its area of application, it is termed as high quality. Therefore, every manufacturing process has to be designed in such a way that the outcome would result in a high quality product. The selection of the manufacturing conditions to yield the highest desirability can be determined through process optimization. Therefore, there exists an increasing need to search for the optimal conditions that would fetch the desired yield. In the present work, we aim to evaluate an optimal parameter combination to obtain acceptable quality characteristics of bead geometry in submerged arc bead-on-plate weldment on mild steel plates. The SAW process has been designed to consume fused flux/slag, in the mixture of fresh flux. Thus, the work tries to utilize the concept of ‘waste to wealth’. Apart from process optimization, the work has been initiated to develop mathematical models to show different bead geometry parameters, as a function of process variables. Hence, optimization has been performed to determine the maximum amount of slag--flux mixture that can be used without sacrificing any negative effect on bead geometry, compared to the conventional SAW process, which consumes fresh flux only. Experiments have been conducted using welding current, slag-mix percentage and flux basicity index as process parameters, varied at four different levels. Using four³ full factorial designs, without replication, we have carried out welding on mild steel plates to obtain bead-on-plate welds. After measuring bead width, depth of penetration and reinforcement; based on simple assumptions on the shape of bead geometry, we calculated other relevant bead geometry parameters: percentage dilution, weld penetration shape factor, weld reinforcement form factor, area of penetration, area of reinforcement and total bead cross sectional area. All these data have been utilized to develop mathematical models between predictors and responses. Response surface methodology (RSM), followed by the multiple linear regression method, has been applied to develop these models. The effects of selected process parameters on different responses have been represented graphically. Finally grey relational analysis coupled with the Taguchi method (with Taguchi’s orthogonal array) has been applied for parametric optimization of this welding technique. Confirmatory experiments have been conducted to verify optimal results.     

直齿轮耦合转子系统的振动可靠性研究

为了探索随机变量对直齿轮耦合转子系统的振动可靠性的影响排序,为产品在设计阶段提供理论参考,首先,基于有限元法,建立了参数化的直齿轮耦合转子动力学模型;其次,结合随机摄动技术、可靠性设计相关理论,建立了随机响应模型和可靠性求解模型;然后,基于修正后的可靠性灵敏度计算方法,提出了针对齿轮耦合转子系统的可靠性灵敏度设计模型,研究了齿轮参数的改变对转子系统可靠性的影响;最后,在基本随机变量是混合变量的情况下,对其灵敏度进行了无量纲化,得到可靠性对各个基本随机变量的影响程度的排序.研究结果表明,对可靠性影响最大的因素为啮合角,需要严格控制.     

薄板装配工艺系统可靠性建模与分析

提出一种计入销/孔(槽)公差面向产品质量的薄板装配工艺系统可靠性建模方法。综合考虑定位销公差、零件孔(槽)公差和定位销磨损量,构建薄板装配偏差统计数字特征模型;分析推导定位销过程磨损模型,探讨装配质量与工艺系统可靠性之间的关系,综合考虑定位销故障率和过程磨损量对工艺系统可靠性的影响,建立工艺系统结构可靠性模型和面向装配质量的可靠性模型,继而形成薄板装配工艺系统可靠性建模方法;以车身侧板装配为例,应用提出的建模方法分析车身侧板装配工艺系统可靠性。结果表明：定位销磨损、夹具布局和销/孔(槽)公差是影响车身侧板装配工艺系统可靠性的重要因素。该方法为薄板装配工艺系统可靠性研究提供了一种新的思路。     

Efficient warpage optimization of thin shell plastic parts using response surface methodology and genetic algorithm

During the production of thin shell plastic parts by injection molding, warpage depending on the process conditions is often encountered. In this study, efficient minimization of warpage on thin shell plastic parts by integrating finite element (FE) analysis, statistical design of experiment method, response surface methodology (RSM), and genetic algorithm (GA) is investigated. A bus ceiling lamp base is considered as a thin shell plastic part example. To achieve the minimum warpage, optimum process condition parameters are determined. Mold temperature, melt temperature, packing pressure, packing time, and cooling time are considered as process condition parameters. FE analyses are conducted for a combination of process parameters organized using statistical three-level full factorial experimental design. The most important process parameters influencing warpage are determined using FE analysis results based on analysis of variance (ANOVA) method. A predictive response surface model for warpage data is created using RSM. The response surface (RS) model is interfaced with an effective GA to find the optimum process parameter values.     

An experimental investigation of cylindrical wire electrical discharge turning process

The cylindrical wire electrical discharge turning (CWEDT) process was developed to generate precise cylindrical forms on hard, difficult to machine materials. A precise, flexible, and corrosion-resistant submerged rotary spindle was designed and added to a conventional five-axis CNC wire electrical discharge machine (EDM) to enable the generation of free-form cylindrical geometries. The hardness and strength of the work material are no longer the dominating factors that affect the tool wear and hinder the machining process. In this study, the effect of machining parameters on surface roughness (R _a) and roundness in cylindrical CWEDT of a AISI D3 tool steel is investigated. The selection of this material was made taking into account its wide range of applications in tools, dies, and molds and in industries such as punching, tapping, reaming, and so on in cylindrical forms. Surface roughness and roundness are chosen as two of the machining performances to verify the process. In addition, power, pulse off-time, voltage, and spindle rotational speed are adopted for evaluation by full factorial design of experiments. In this case, a 2²?×?3² mixed full factorial design has been selected considering the number of factors used in the present study. The main effects of factors and interactions were considered in this paper, and regression equations were derived using response surface methodology. Finally, the surfaces of the CWEDT parts were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to identify the macro-ridges and craters on the surface. Cross sections of the EDM parts were examined using the SEM and microhardness tests to quantify the sub-surface recast layers and heat-affected zones under specific process parameters.     

Development of a cutting tool condition monitoring system for high speed turning operation by vibration and strain analysis

Cutting tool wear is a critical phenomenon which influences the quality of the machined part. In this paper, an attempt has been made to create artificial flank wear using the electrical discharge machining (EDM) process to emulate the actual or real flank wear. The tests were conducted using coated carbide inserts, with and without wear on EN-8 steel, and the acquired data were used to develop artificial neural networks model. Empirical models have been developed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). In order to analyze the response of the system, experiments were carried out for various cutting speeds, depths of cut and feed rates. To increase the confidence limit and reliability of the experimental data, full factorial experimental design (135 experiments) has been carried out. Vibration and strain data during the cutting process are recorded using two accelerometers and one strain gauge bridge. Power spectral analysis was carried out to test the level of significance through regression analysis. Experimental results were analyzed with respect to various depths of cut, feed rates and cutting speeds.     

Optimization for rising or falling ridge systems in non-spherical designs

The response surface (RS) methodology is a well-known tool employed for product and process optimization. In some engineering optimization problems the fitted response has a rising or falling ridge system, namely the stationary point of response is remote from the design region. For such a case, usually the classical method, called ridge analysis (RA), is employed to specify the optimum operating conditions for an optimization problem. In this paper, it is proven that the RA does not guarantee the global maximum or minimum point of response in the experimental region for non-spherical designs such as face-centered designs, Box-Behnken designs, and two-level factorial designs. The current study proposes an approximation based on the use of desirability function technique to solve this ridge optimization problem, and demonstrates that the desirability function technique is more effective than the RA technique described by Myers and Montgomery (2002) for non-spherical designs which are frequently applied for engineering problems. To show the effectiveness and advantages of the proposed technique, a case study is presented to optimize the forming parameters of a tube hydroforming (THF) process where a Box-Behnken design is employed.     

基于响应面修正敏度模型的结构可靠性影响因素分析方法

针对实际工况下结构可靠性影响因素复杂多样的特点,提出一种基于响应面修正敏度模型的结构可靠性影响因素分析方法。首先,融合最优多项式响应面函数与Sobol’灵敏度算法,推导出兼顾多影响因素局部与全局灵敏度分析的响应面修正灵敏度模型。并在此基础上,结合耦合因素的试验设计与极差验证、多体动力学分析、结构静力学分析,建立一种结构可靠性影响因素的灵敏度量化分析方法。最后,以典型收割机结构为分析对象对提出方法进行实例研究,研究结果表明脱粒滚筒转速对结构可靠性的灵敏度影响最大,粮仓负载的影响最小,其平均预测精度为97.36%,提出的方法可以实现多种耦合影响因素的灵敏度精确分析,从而为结构可靠性影响因素评估提供了一种思路。