我国湿热地区人群基础热舒适反应研究(3):冬夏对比分析

沿用经典热舒适研究方法,对我国湿热地区自然通风环境受试者分别进行夏季和冬季气候室实验,并对其心理反应与生理反应作冬夏季对比,得到其热反应的季节性变化特征为:与夏季相比,冬季的热感觉保持不变,但热舒适度与可接受度在低温环境显著降低,而在高温环境显著升高;心率显著增加,皮肤温度有所升高,在高温环境下的皮肤湿润度有所降低.季节性变化特征为湿热地区人群心理适应与生理习服提供了重要证据.     

我国湿热地区人群基础热舒适反应研究(4):分体空调建筑人群的实验结果

采用气候室实验与现场调研相结合的方法,对我国湿热地区分体空调建筑人群进行了冬夏两季的气候室实验,针对当前环境、热经历、气候和季节4个适应要素展开了一系列对比分析,得到湿热地区人群的热适应特征为:季节和气候性适应体现在生理热反应上,前者表现为夏季与冬季相比心率下降,出汗量增多,皮肤温度下降,后者表现为与温带气候相比,湿热气候人群的出汗量减少,皮肤温度降低;环境控制度和热经历对心理热反应产生影响,较高控制度环境与较低控制度环境相比,较凉经历与较热经历相比,热感觉随环境的变化更敏感,可接受的热感觉范围更宽。     

人体热舒适的生理热适应机理研究进展

针对热舒适的现场研究更多地关注行为调节和心理调节对人体热舒适的影响,忽略了生理热适应的作用,论文概述了热适应模型的3个代表模型,分析了3个代表模型的特点以及忽略生理热适应的原因,概括了当前生理热适应的研究现状,归纳出生理指标遴选研究、生理热适应研究和基于生理、心理及行为调节的热舒适多元评价模型研究这3个研究方向,提出了生理热适应研究还需系统而完善地揭示中国不同地域气候区人群的生理热适应差异;揭示中国不同气候区人群的适应温度区阈值以及表达阈值的生理指标;提出揭示室外环境参数对生理热适应的影响,这对完善热适应模型、实现舒适又节能的建筑热环境具有重要意义。     

严寒地区人体热适应性研究(3):散热器供暖环境下热反应实验研究

为了考察冬季供暖期间室外气温变化时不同室内温度对人体生理反应和心理热反应的影响,在散热器供暖的微气候室中,对受试者的皮肤温度、心率和血压等生理参数进行了测试,并对其热感觉和热舒适等主观热反应进行了问卷调查,研究供暖初期、中期和末期人体生理反应和心理热反应的变化规律。结果表明:随着冬季室外气温的下降,人们会更容易从心理上接受偏冷的环境,对室内温度期望不高,在相同的室内环境中感觉越来越热;相同的室外气温下,随着室内温度的降低,人体的皮肤温度会降低,心率下降;当室外气温下降而室内温度相同时,人体手臂皮肤温度显著升高,心率加快。说明随着冬季供暖期室外气温的逐渐降低,人们对偏冷环境的热适应性增强,这为严寒地区人体心理适应和生理习服提供了证据。     

新的热适应研究理论模型与方法及其在湿热地区的应用

针对现有热适应研究存在的问题,提出新的热适应研究理论模型与方法,并在我国湿热地区应用,验证了新的理论模型与方法的有效性,初步揭示了受试人群的热适应特征。     

我国湿热地区使用分体空调建筑的热舒适与热适应现场研究(2):适应行为

对受试者在建筑热环境中调整服装、开窗、使用风扇和启停空调器等适应行为进行了分析,得到了我国湿热地区人群在使用分体空调建筑中的适应行为特征,确定了适应行为变化的有效温度范围和关系式,并在与以往研究结果的综合对比中获得了湿热地区人群在建筑环境中的热适应特征。     

建筑环境热适应文献综述

给出了以建筑环境热适应为题的详尽文献综述成果。热舒适研究的适应观点认为,人们在真实环境中的热感觉受其以往热经历和文化与技术行为的综合影响。适应模型的一个重要前提是,人不再是给定热环境的被动接受者,而是通过多重反馈循环与人-环境系统交互作用的主动参与者。热适应可分为三种不同的过程——行为调节、生理习服和心理适应或期望。气候室和现场的证据均表明,较慢的习服过程与较为适中的建筑环境中发生的热适应关系不大,而行为调节和期望的影响则大得多。现场证据调查中的一个最重要的发现是空调建筑和自然通风建筑中热舒适反应存在差别,这可能是由人们以往在建筑中的热经历和不同的感知控制度共同导致的。     

温湿度突变对人体热反应的影响

在中性-热和中性-冷工况下,对30名湿热地区受试者开展了温湿度突变对人体热反应影响的实验研究,从生理、心理反应的变化及其相互关系等方面分析了实验现象。研究发现心理超前和热感超越现象,发现突变条件下的热感觉与皮肤温度呈二次多项式关系,与皮肤温度变化率呈线性关系,得到了突变环境下人体热反应的预测模型。     

干湿热气候自然通风建筑下人体热反应的对比研究

地区气候的差异性造成了不同地区人们的适应能力、热舒适需求及室内环境保障设计的差异要求。为了比较干热和湿热气候对人体热反应的影响,选择典型干热和湿热气候的农村住宅进行夏季热舒适的现场调研,共获得1 476套有效数据。结果表明:干热和湿热地区80%可接受温度上限分别为33. 6℃和31. 9℃,干热气候人们的耐热能力以及对高温的接受能力要高于湿热地区。在干热气候下极端高温作用下,增加湿度、加大风速均不利于人们热感觉的改善,但在湿热气候区,湿度对人们热感觉影响不大,温度越高,风速越大,越有利于改善人们的热感觉。在湿热地区,人们期望风速增加、期望温度降低的意愿比干热地区更为强烈。以上研究为干热和湿热地区热舒适标准的制定、被动式设计和室内热环境的设计提供了参考。     

我国湿热地区自然通风建筑热舒适与热适应现场研究

在2008—2009年为期1年的广州某高校自然通风建筑现场调研的基础上,对23周共计921人次的调研数据在热环境、人体热反应及适应行为等方面进行了分析,得到了我国湿热地区典型自然通风建筑的室内热环境全年变化特征,获取了热感觉与标准有效温度的确定关系,验证了修正的PMV模型的适用性,分析得到我国湿热地区自然通风建筑的期望因子为0.8,同时获得了调整服装、开窗与使用风扇等适应行为的变化规律。     

Thermal comfort in naturally ventilated buildings in hot-humid area of China

Human responses to thermal environments in naturally ventilated (NV) buildings in hot-humid area of China were systematically investigated in the present study. Thirty local inhabitants long-time living in NV buildings participated in the study and reported their thermal sensations and perceptions and adaptive behaviors while all physical and personal variables were collected. Based on a year-long survey, a close match of indoor physical variables and occupants’ clothing insulation with outdoor climate was found as an important feature of NV buildings. Integrated indices can capture more thermal contexts in the NV buildings in hot-humid area of China than simple indices. Thermal sensation was found to be a good linear function of SET* with the thermal neutrality of 25.4 °C and the 90% (80%) acceptable range of 23.5–27.4 °C (22.1–28.7 °C) in SET*. The adaptive evidences were obtained for clothing adjustment, window opening and using fan respectively and the modified PMV model was validated to be applicable in NV buildings in hot-humid area of China with an expectancy factor of 0.822. Comparisons with other field studies indicate that people can develop various human-environment relationships through thermal adaptation to local climate, resulting in different thermal neutral temperatures in various climates. The subjects in hot-humid area of China are more acclimated and tolerable with hot and humid environments and more uncomfortable and intolerable with cold environments while compared with those in temperate climates.     

Field study on occupants’ thermal comfort and residential thermal environment in a hot-humid climate of China

This paper discusses thermal comfort inside residences of three cities in the hot-humid climate of central southern China. Only a few thermal comfort studies have been performed in hot-humid climates and none in Central Southern China. Field sampling took place in the summers of 2003 and 2004 by obtaining 110 responses to a survey questionnaire and measuring environmental comfort variables in three rooms in each of 26 residences. The objectives are to measure and characterize occupant thermal perceptions in residences, compare observed and predicted percent of dissatisfied and discern differences between this study and similar studies performed in different climate zones. Average clothing insulation for seated subjects was 0.54 clo with 0.15 clo of chairs. Only 48.2% of the measured variables are within the ASHRAE Standard 55-1992 summer comfort zone, but approximately 87.3% of the occupants perceived their thermal conditions acceptable, for subjects adapt to prevailing conditions. The operative temperature denoting the thermal environment accepted by 90% of occupants is 22.0–25.9°. In the ASHRAE seven-point sensation scale, thermal neutral temperature occurs at 28.6°. Preferred temperature, mean temperature requested by respondents, is 22.8°. Results of this study can be used to design low energy consumption systems for occupant thermal comfort in central southern China.     

个体化微环境调节研究进展

指出由于室内人员在生理和心理反应、衣着量、活动强度和对室内温湿度与气流速度方面的偏好的差异，全空间空调方式不能同时为所有人提供可接受的热感觉和室内空气品质，而个体化调节方式可以在更大程度上满足人员的不同需要。综述了在人体周围空气流动、人体反应、个体调节系统方面的研究进展，讨论了个体化调节在减少能耗和提高生产率方面的优势。     

湿热地区步行商业街夏季室外热环境实测分析

我国湿热地区夏季空气温度和湿度相对较高,太阳辐射强烈,人们在此种气候条件下的室外步行商业街区活动可能会造成身体不适,甚至是中暑。因此,高品质的室外热环境既对于步行商业街区在吸引人流方面扮演了重要角色,同时也为城市公共空间提供活力。通过对南宁市典型步行商业街区夏季室外热环境变量进行测试,从而得出热环境与周围材质和建筑类型有关,遮阳形式是决定人在步行通道空间中是否感到舒适的重要因素。     

Effects of increased humidity on physiological responses,thermal comfort,perceived air quality,and Sick Building Syndrome symptoms at elevated indoor temperatures for subjects in a hot-humid climate

Recently, studies suggest that the average indoor temperature is typically >30°C and that the maximum temperature can reach 37.5°C in hot-humid areas. However, the effects caused by increasing the humidity at high indoor temperatures are not clear. In this study, twelve female and twelve male subjects were exposed to different operative temperature (26.6, 30.6, and 37.4°C) and relative humidity (50% and 70%) in a climate chamber. Data concerning thermal sensation, perceived air quality, and Sick Building Syndrome (SBS) were collected during 190-min-long exposure to each thermal condition. Heart rate, respiration rate, respiratory ventilation rate, mean skin temperature, and eardrum temperature were measured. It was found that increasing the relative humidity from 50% to 70% at 26 and 30°C had no significant effects on the physiological responses, thermal comfort, perceived air quality, or SBS symptoms of the subjects. However, when the temperature was elevated to 37°C, the heart rate, respiration rate, respiratory ventilation rate, mean skin temperature, and eardrum temperature increased significantly as a result of the increase in the relative humidity from 50% to 70%. The subjects felt hotter and more uncomfortable, and they found indoor air quality was more difficult to accept. The subjects are acclimatized to hot environments and more tolerant to heat. Therefore, the results are applicable to the acclimated people living in hot-humid climate.     

湿热湿冷地区夏季房屋热稳定性测试分析

湿热湿冷地区夏季室外空气相对湿度大,太阳辐射强度偏低,现有建筑的房屋热稳定性状况缺少基础性研究数据。本文选取该地区典型的居住建筑,对其夏季太阳辐射、室内外空气相对湿度、室内外空气温度和壁面温度等进行了现场测试。分析表明在该气候特征下,所测试居住建筑在夏季典型周期内的室内空气平均温度波幅为4.3℃,幅度较大且受朝向、围护结构构造做法等因素影响明显。     

热湿工况下工位辐射空调的热舒适实验研究

为研究热湿工况下使用工位辐射空调的人体热舒适情况,在人工环境实验室内,通过改变环境背景温度来影响人体的热感觉,并采用热感觉投票(TSV)作为评价标准,重点研究了人体头部、躯干、上肢、下肢以及整体热感觉情况。实验结果表明,尽管背景环境参数超出舒适范围,但使用工位辐射空调能维持受试者的舒适状态,即背景温度稳定在28℃时,平均整体热感觉投票值低于+0.2;背景温度为30℃时,受试者热感觉仍能满足ASHRAE规范中规定的80%可接受范围要求。