Al-Zr-O-B原位合成复合材料的微观组织和力学性能

采用Al-Zr(CO3)2-KBF4体系用熔体反应法成功合成了新型颗粒增强铝基复合材料.XRD和SEM分析表明, Zr(CO3)2和KBF4与铝液反应生成了ZrB2、Al2O3、Al3Zr颗粒,颗粒尺寸细小,且弥散分布于基体中,其平均尺寸约为80～90 nm;拉伸试验结果显示.Al-Zr(CO3)2-KBF4体系反应生成的复合材料的抗拉强度和屈服强度随着反应物加入量的增加均显著提高,复合材料的抗拉强度为150.3 MPa,较铝基体的78.0 MPa提高了 92.7%;屈服强度为113.7 MPa,较铝基体的42.0 MPa提高了170.7%;复合材料的伸长率先升后降;由复合材料的拉伸断口SEM可知,随着反应物质量增加,塑性变形区减小,但仍然是塑性断裂.     

Al-Zr-O-B体系原位合成颗粒增强铝基复合材料及其性能

研究了采用Al-Zr(CO3)2-KBF4组元通过熔体反应法原位合成颗粒增强铝基复合材料.X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)分析表明:内生增强相颗粒为ZrAl3、ZrB2和Al2O3,粒度为3～4μm,且在基体中弥散分布.复合材料的力学性能和干滑动磨损特性研究表明:在反应物加入量为0～20%(质量百分数)范围内时,复合材料的抗拉强度和屈服强度较纯铝基体明显提高,当反应物加入量为20%时,抗拉强度为150.3 MPa,屈服强度为113.7 MPa.当反应物加入量为5%时延伸率最佳为33%,属塑性断裂.复合材料的耐磨性较铝基体显著提高,当反应物加入量为10%时耐磨性最好.铝基体的磨损机制是粘着磨损,而(ZrAl3 ZrB2 Al2O3)p/Al复合材料的磨损机制是磨粒磨损.     

Al-K2ZrF6体系熔体反应法合成复合材料的微观组织和力学性能

开发了Al-K2ZrF6体系熔体反应法合成原位铝基复合材料，采用XRD，SEM和TEM分析了复合材料中相组成、微观组织和界面结构。实验结果表明：合成的增强相为Al3Zr颗粒，常规金属型铸造的复合材料中其尺寸在3μm～4μm左右，一般成聚集态分布，颗粒形貌基本为长方体状：该复合材料经重熔快淬成形后，颗粒尺寸减小，基本为粒状，并弥散分布于基体上。Al3Zr／Al复合材料的界面结构研究表明，Al3Zr颗粒与Al存在一定的晶体学位向关系：[^-2^-21]Al3Zr∥[100]Al，（012）Al3Zr∥（1^-10）Al，其点阵错位度仅为10．87％，这表明Al3Zr颗粒可作为基体Al相的形核衬底。Al3Zr／Al复合材料的力学性能测试显示，当Al3Zr颗粒体积分数为11.2％时，抗拉强度和屈服强度分别为148．7MPa和110．2MPa，而且Al3Zr／Al复合材料的抗拉强度和屈服强度均随颗粒体积分数增加显著提高。     

Al-Zr-O体系熔体反应法合成复合材料的微观组织和拉伸性能

采用熔体反应法 ,以ZrO2 、ZrSiO4 和ZrOCl2 粉剂为反应物在熔融的铝 ( 85 0℃ )中成功制备了Al/ (Al3 Zr Al2 O3 ) P 复合材料。扫描电镜 (SEM )和电子探针 (EPMA)分析表明 :Al Zr O体系反应生成的复合材料 ,颗粒尺寸细小 ,Al2 O3 为 1～ 3μm ,Al3 Zr小于 1μm ,且弥散分布于基体中。拉伸试验结果显示 :Al Zr O体系反应生成Al/ (Al3 Zr Al2 O3 ) P 复合材料的抗拉强度和屈服强度较基体纯Al均显著提高。其中Al ZrOCl2 体系生成的复合材料的抗拉强度为14 8 7MPa ,屈服强度为 112 4MPa ,分别较基体纯Al提高了 93 6 %和 170 8%。     

Al-Zr(CO3)2体系反应生成Al基复合材料的力学和磨损性能研究

运用Al-Zr（CO3）2体系熔体反应法制备了（Al3Zr＋Al2O3）p／Al合材料，研究了（Al3Zr＋Al2O3）p／Al复合材料的力学和磨损性能。结果表明：Al-Zr（CO3）2与Al熔体反应生成了Al2O3、Al3Zr颗粒；（Al3Zr＋Al2O3）g/A复合材料的抗拉强度和屈服强度随颗粒理论体积分数的增大而提高，当颗粒体积分数为10％时，复合材料的Rm为148．3MPa，较铝基体提高了90．1％，复合材料的Rp02为110．5MPa，较铝基体的提高了163．1％，复合材料的断后伸长率先升后降；由复合材料的拉伸断口SEM可知：随着反应物质量增加，塑性变形区减小，但仍是塑性断裂；由磨损表面SEM观察表明：（Al3Zr＋Al2O3）p/Al复合材料的磨损特征为黏着磨损和磨粒磨损的混合型磨损。     

超声化学原位合成（Al3Zr＋ZrB2）／A356复合材料的力学行为

利用超声化学熔体原位反应技术合成颗粒增强(Al3Zr ZrB2)/A356复合材料,通过SEM原位拉伸实验及其断裂表面研究分析复合材料的断裂行为。结果表明,复合材料的抗拉强度、屈服强度和伸长率分别达到403.61MPa、343.98MPa和8.9%,较未施加超声作用的复合材料分别提高16.09%、12.9%和32.83%;复合材料的室温拉伸断口SEM形貌表现出明显的韧窝断裂特征,为塑性断裂。裂纹的萌生机制主要有基体在滑移过程中的位错作用机制、内生Al3Zr和ZrB2颗粒脱落或破碎形成的空穴成核机制和基体缺陷诱发机制;由于内生增强颗粒微观分布上的不均匀性,当主裂纹扩展前方遇到颗粒密集区时,其扩展方向偏向颗粒贫化区,绕过颗粒密集区,并沿颗粒富集区与贫化区的界面向前扩展、延伸,形成宏观裂纹。     

Al-Zr(CO_3)_2体系反应合成复合材料的力学性能与断裂行为①

利用Al Zr(CO3)2原位反应体系,采用熔体反应法制备了(Al3Zr Al2O3)p/Al复合材料。XRD及SEM分析显示:原位反应生成的颗粒为Al3Zr和Al2O3,颗粒细小并均匀分布在基体中。拉伸实验表明:(Al3Zr Al2O3)p/Al复合材料的抗拉强度和屈服强度随颗粒含量的增大显著提高,当颗粒体积分数为10%时,复合材料的抗拉强度和屈服强度分别为148.3MPa和110.5MPa,但延伸率先上升后下降。原位拉伸研究表明:复合材料拉伸过程中裂纹的萌生及扩展机制可从两方面得到解释:滑移过程中的位错作用机制以及颗粒脱粘和破碎形成的"孔洞"成核与长大机制。     

微波热爆合成Al-ZrO_2-B系铝基复合材料研究

采用微波加热方式反应合成了Al-ZrO2-B系铝基复合材料,探讨了反应过程的基本原理。试验表明,合成反应过程仅需3~6min,且环境友好;未加B粉时,Al-ZrO2系的反应产物由α-Al2O3和Al3Zr组成,其中α-Al2O3为细小颗粒,Al3Zr为块状物,两者均匀分布于Al基体中;当加入B粉后,反应产物中的Al3Zr减少,同时新增了ZrB2增强体颗粒;在x(B)/x(ZrO2)为2时,Al3Zr基本消失,ZrB2也为细小颗粒,与α-Al2O3一同弥散分布于Al基体中,从而形成α-Al2O3和ZrB2复合增强的内生型Al基复合材料。     

Al-Zr(CO3)2体系反应合成复合材料的力学性能与断裂行为

利用Al-Zr(CO3)2原位反应体系,采用熔体反应法制备了(Al3Zr Al2O3)p/Al复合材料.XRD及SEM分析显示:原位反应生成的颗粒为Al3Zr和Al2O3,颗粒细小并均匀分布在基体中.拉伸实验表明:(Al3Zr Al2O3)p/Al复合材料的抗拉强度和屈服强度随颗粒含量的增大显著提高,当颗粒体积分数为10%时,复合材料的抗拉强度和屈服强度分别为148.3 MPa和110.5 MPa,但延伸率先上升后下降.原位拉伸研究表明:复合材料拉伸过程中裂纹的萌生及扩展机制可从两方面得到解释:滑移过程中的位错作用机制以及颗粒脱粘和破碎形成的"孔洞"成核与长大机制.     

用XD法合成的铝基复合材料的组织与力学性能

对Al-TiO2-B2O3系利用放热弥散（XD）反应法合成了铝基复合材料．当B2O3／TiO2摩尔比为0时，增强相由α-Al2O3颗粒和棒状物Al3Ti组成，抗拉强度和延伸率分别为250.4MPa和4.0％，断口中有的棒状物自身开裂，断裂由Al3Ti自身萌生裂纹，并沿其解理面扩展至界面引起，加入B2O3后，棒状物Al3Ti减少，基体晶粒细化，强度和延伸率同步提高；当B2O3／TiO2摩尔比为1时，Al3Ti基本消失，抗拉强度和延伸率分别提高到320.8MPa和10.6％，断口形貌由细小韧窝组成，随着实验温度的增加，延伸率进一步提高，拉伸强度则随之下降，棒状物Al3Ti因与基体的界面结合强度降低而与基体中脱离，表明Al3Ti对复合材料的性能提高不利，723K时，延伸率上升至20.5％，抗拉强度下降至85.6MPa。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。