Effects of talk show viewing on adolescents

The authors investigated the effects of talk-show viewing on adolescents social reality beliefs. A survey was administered to 282 high school students to evaluate the following three popular hypotheses about the effects of viewing talk shows: (a) viewers overestimate the frequency of deviant behaviors, (b) viewers become de-sensitized to the suffering of others, and viewers trivialize the importance of social issues. The results provided support for the first hypothesis but not the second. Contrary to the third hypothesis, talk show viewing was positively related, among some age groups, to perceived importance of social issues.     

Emergence of the viewing public: Does social television viewing transform individual viewers into a viewing public?

This study wanted to find out whether social viewing, the act of exchanging ideas through online media while watching television programs, can turn an audience member into a viewing public. This study proposed nine variables that represent attributes of viewing pubic and content analyzed social viewing discussions based on those variables. The results showed that more than half of the discussions reflected negotiated reading and independent reading of the television texts. A factor analysis of the nine indicators of social viewing resulted in three factors – issue viewing, network viewing and critical viewing. The comparison of three factors across four programs showed that social viewing is sensitive to genres of programs. As expected, the documentary, a non-fiction genre, caused viewers to be engaged in issue related discussions with critical perspectives. The drama genre, on the other hand, was less successful in transforming an audience into public. The study also found that the quality of program did not influence the social viewers’ discussions.     

Television-World Estimates, Real-World Estimates, and Television Viewing: A New Scheme for Cultivation

This study proposes a new scheme for cultivation based on measures of television viewing and the relationship between TV-world estimates and real-world estimates as they are examined in three topics—criminality prevalence, the share of violent crimes, and the number of old people. Content analysis of prime-time and off prime–time programming (210 hours) and a survey of viewers (N = 591) form the data set. A model that covers 85% of the respondents, and is composed of five groups of viewers, is suggested. The groups are specified as simple cultivation (when estimation of the real world is biased but does match a correct estimation of the television world), over cultivation (when the real world is seen as a replica of the TV world but estimation of television reality is exaggerated), double distortion (when TV reality and the real world are both exaggeratedly estimated), simple no cultivation (when both the real world and the TV world are correctly estimated), and distorted no cultivation (when estimation of the real world is correct but TV reality is incorrectly estimated). The groups are differentiated by the amount of television viewing as the heaviest viewers are in the overcultivation group, and the lightest viewers are in the distorted no cultivation group. These results hold when demographics and consumption of media other than television are controlled for.     

I hate binge-watching but I can’t help doing it: The moderating effect of immediate gratification and need for cognition on binge-watching attitude-behavior relation

Binge-watching is becoming a new “norm” for viewers in the way they consume their favorite TV shows and movies, nevertheless, most scholarly research on binge-watching remains exploratory. This study investigated (1) the relationship between attitudes toward binge-watching and the extent of binge-watching and (2) the role of viewers’ personality traits (i.e., immediate gratification [IG] and needs for cognition [NFC]) on this association. The results from the analysis of the survey data (N?=?714) illustrated that there was a positive association between viewers’ negative attitudes and the extent of their binge-watching, showing a signature indicator of attitude-discrepant behaviors. Furthermore, a significant interaction effect of a negative attitude toward binge-watching and IG on binge-watching behavior was found. High-IG respondents with a negative attitude toward binge-watching were more likely to binge-watch than their low-IG counterparts, marked by a greater negative attitude toward binge-watching as a guilty pleasure.     

Do Children Learn How to Watch Television' The Impact of Extensive Experience With Blue's Clues on Preschool Children's Television Viewing Behavior

This is, we believe, the first investigation of the effects of experience with a particular program series on children's subsequent television viewing behavior and comprehension. Three- to 5-year-old, regular, experienced Blue's Clues viewers were compared to new, inexperienced viewers. In Study 1, experienced Blue's Clues viewers looked less but overtly interacted more with a new episode of Blue's Clues . This effect was most pronounced during recurrent format portions of the episode. They also showed greater comprehension of familiar content. Study 2 compared experienced and inexperienced viewers on viewing behavior and comprehension of an episode of a different series. Experienced Blue's Clues viewers looked less but overtly interacted more; there were no differences in comprehension. These results suggest that a television series can teach children a style of television viewing transferable to new episodes and to new series.     

Customizing Ground Color to Deliver Better Viewing Experience of Soccer Video

In this paper, we present a method to customize the ground color in outdoor sports video to provide TV viewers with a better viewing experience or subjective satisfaction. This issue, related to content personalization, is becoming critical with the advent of mobile TV and interactive TV. In outdoor sports video, such as soccer video, it is sometimes observed that the ground color is not satisfactory to viewers. In this work, the proposed algorithm is focused on customizing the ground color to deliver a better viewing experience for viewers. The algorithm comprises three modules: ground detection, shot classification, and ground color customization. We customize the ground color by considering the difference between ground colors from both input video and the target ground patch. Experimental results show that the proposed scheme offers useful tools to provide a more comfortable viewing experience and that it is amenable to real‐time performance, even in a software‐based implementation.     

Television and the Cultivation of Gender‐Role Attitudes in Japan: Does Television Contribute to the Maintenance of the Status Quo?

This study examines whether television viewing cultivates traditional gender-role attitudes and contributes to the maintenance of the status quo. Data from a sampling survey conducted in Tokyo reveal that the direction and magnitude of cultivation relationships vary across different subgroups. The results suggest that television tends to decelerate social change by cultivating traditional views among many viewers (especially females) but may "liberate" the most conservative viewers. The results also produced mostly unsupportive evidence in relation to the mainstreaming hypothesis; the patterns of interaction found in this study are more complicated. This article discusses the theoretical and methodological implications of these findings.     

Viewing Angle Matters—Screen Type Does Not

Increasingly, television content is available to viewers across 3 different screen types: TVs, personal computers (PCs), and portable devices such as mobile phones and iPods. The purpose of this study was to see what effect physical and apparent screen size has upon ad effectiveness. Using a sample of 320 members of the Australian public, we found that TV ads can be just as effective on PCs and iPods. However, controlling for screen type, ads viewed from a closer distance (i.e. with a wider viewing angle) were more likely to be recalled the next day, and were associated with more favorable brand attitudes. Shorter programs, product relevance, and use of close-ups and detailed images made no difference to this general viewing-angle effect.     

Region of Interest-Based Adaptive Multimedia Streaming Scheme

Adaptive multimedia streaming aims at adjusting the transmitted content based on the available bandwidth such as losses that often severely affect the end-user perceived quality are minimized and consequently the transmission quality increases. Current solutions affect equally the whole viewing area of the multimedia frames, despite research showing that there are regions on which the viewers are more interested in than on others. This paper presents a novel region of interest-based adaptive scheme (ROIAS) for multimedia streaming that when performing transmission-related quality adjustments, selectively affects the quality of those regions of the image the viewers are the least interested in. As the quality of the regions the viewers are the most interested in will not change (or will involve little change), the proposed scheme provides higher overall end-user perceived quality than any of the existing adaptive solutions.     

Dating in the dark: Vulnerable narcissism predicts inauthentic self-presentation in online dating

The current study investigated whether Dark Triad traits (vulnerable and grandiose narcissism, primary and secondary psychopathy, and Machiavellianism views and tactics) predicted inauthentic self-presentation whilst dating online, and whether those who reported engaging in antisocial dating behaviours were higher on Dark Triad traits, and more likely to self-present inauthentically in online dating. Online daters (N = 313) were recruited via Prolific and completed measures to assess Dark Triad traits, inauthenticity, and antisocial dating behaviours (i.e., ghosting and breadcrumbing). Vulnerable narcissism was a significant predictor of online dating inauthentic self-presentation. No other Dark Triad traits emerged as significant predictors. Online dating inauthentic self-presentation was significantly higher for those who had breadcrumbed someone. Those who had ghosted someone had significantly greater vulnerable narcissism and secondary psychopathy, and those who had breadcrumbed someone had significantly greater vulnerable narcissism and Machiavellianism views than those who had not. As previous research has demonstrated that individuals high on vulnerable narcissism are more likely to perpetrate intimate partner violence, online daters should consider evidence of inauthenticity to be ‘red flags’ for potential harm as interactions continue. Especially given the current study demonstrated those who had previously ghosted and breadcrumbed were higher on vulnerable narcissism.     

Transportation and Transportability in the Cultivation of Genre-Consistent Attitudes and Estimates

The concept of transportation into narrative ( Green & Brock, 2002 ) is used to gain new insights into cultivation processes. A theoretical framework is developed where cultivation is seen as the result of a self-reinforcing interaction between persuasive and motivational effects of transportation: Repeated highly transportive experiences contribute to the overall cultivation effect by adjusting the viewers' worldviews after each exposure. At the same time, viewers are motivated to return to programming of a given genre because transportation is an enjoyable experience. Our study uses transportability as an indicator of repeated transportive experiences and seeks to test its validity and usefulness for cultivation research. Results indicate that transportability predicts transportation within specific viewing experiences. Although no linear moderation effects of transportability are found, the data suggest a nonlinear moderation. Genre-consistent attitudes held prior to exposure facilitate transportation, but transportation was not consistently related to increases in genre-related judgments after a single exposure. Limitations of the transportability measure to represent repeated transportive exposures are discussed.     

The effect of viewer behavior on reception and viewing of UHF television

The effects of viewer behavior on the reception and viewing of UHF television are explored. By integrating the results from three new studies sponsored by the Federal Communications Commission's UHF Comparability Task Force with previous work it is possible to distinguish between factors that significantly influence UHF viewing and those which do not. The three new studies are: 1) a large public opinion survey by Louis Harris and Associates of 1587 households predicted to receive both UHF and VHF television; 2) measurements of the gain of television receiving systems in 49 households in northern Illinois by the Institute for Telecommunications Sciences (Boulder, CO); and 3) the use of television viewing data collected by The Arbitron Company to study the relationship between UHF television viewing and the type of channel selector. The conclusions reached are: 1) actual UHF reception is significantly poorer than that predicted by the conventional analytical techniques, and the primary cause appears to be inadequate gain in the receiving systems viewers choose to install; 2) actual VHF reception is at least consistent with (if not better than) the conventional predictions; 3) viewers are not biased in their perceptions of UHF reception quality; and 4) the type of channel selector used by a viewer appears to have no impact on the amount of UHF television watched.     

优势眼在光栅3D显示中的影响

本文研究了优势眼在自由立体显示中的影响。本实验选取25位右视眼大学生和25位左视眼大学生作为观看者,他们都对新技术比较感兴趣,志愿参加体验观看光栅3D显示器并且经过了相应的锻炼。实验中让观看者左右移动自然观看光栅3D显示器播放的立体视频,并实时记录主观感受以及相应位置,同时使用指南针测量记录双眼与显示器平面所成角度,获得的数据用于分析优势眼在光栅3D显示中的影响,分析结果表明优势眼先经过跳变区域的观看者感受到跳变明显,不同优势眼观看者在观看区域内同一位置观看的主观感受以及观看角度存在差异,且越靠近边缘越明显。本文所分析的优势眼对观看者观看立体显示存在的影响为自由立体显示器的进一步发展提供参考。     

Tender Affective States as Predictors of Entertainment Preference

Four studies were conducted to explore how tender affective states (e.g., warmth, sympathy, understanding) predict attraction to entertainment that features poignant, dramatic, or tragic portrayals. Studies 1 and 2 found that tenderness was associated with greater interest in viewing sad films. Studies 3 and 4 found that tender affective states were associated with preferences for entertainment featuring not only sad portrayals but also entertainment featuring drama and human connection. Results are discussed in terms of how these forms of entertainment may provide viewers the opportunity to contemplate the poignancies of human life—an activity that may reflect motivations of media use related to meaningfulness or insight rather than only the experience of pleasure.     

The West Wing as Endorsement of the U.S. Presidency: Expanding the Bounds of Priming in Political Communication

This study uses priming as a theoretical basis from which to investigate potential effects of NBC's The West Wing on individual-level perceptions of the U.S. presidency. As a result, this work extends political communication-based priming research to entertainment television content. Josiah Bartlet, the fictional president portrayed on the show, is generally perceived more positively by viewers than either the Republican President George W. Bush or Democrat William Jefferson Clinton. Perceptions of the importance of being engaging to presidential success rose as a result of watching the program, and The West Wing viewers retained more positive images of Bush and Clinton after the viewing experience. Viewing The West Wing seems to prime more positive images of the U.S. presidency that subsequently influence individual-level perceptions of those individuals most directly associated with this office. The authors make theoretical connections to previous work on role display and trust in democratic institutions.     

Simultaneous 2D and 3D perception for stereoscopic displays based on polarized or active shutter glasses

Viewing stereoscopic 3D content is typically enabled either by using polarizing or active shutter glasses. In certain cases, some viewers may not wear viewing glasses and hence, it would be desirable to tune the stereoscopic 3D content so that it could be simultaneously watched with and without viewing glasses. In this paper we propose a video post-processing technique which enables good quality 3D and 2D perception of the same content. This is done through manipulation of one view by making it more similar to the other view to reduce the ghosting artifact perceived without viewing glasses while 3D perception is maintained. The proposed technique includes three steps: disparity selection, contrast adjustment, and low-pass filtering. The proposed approach was evaluated through an extensive series of subjective tests, which also revealed good adjustment parameters to suit viewing with and without viewing glasses with an acceptable 3D and 2D quality, respectively.     

Who Views Violence in Britain?

Younger viewers watched more programs containing violence and the strength of the association increased with higher amounts of viewing.     

Priming Crime and Activating Blackness: Understanding the Psychological Impact of the Overrepresentation of Blacks as Lawbreakers on Television News

Two experiments examined the extent to which U.S. viewers' perceptions that Blacks face structural limitations to success, support for the death penalty, and culpability judgments could be influenced by exposure to racialized crime news. Participants were exposed to a majority of Black suspects, a majority of White suspects, unidentified suspects, and noncrime news stories. In addition, participants' prior news viewing was assessed. In Study 1, heavy news viewers exposed to unidentified perpetrators were less likely than heavy news viewers exposed to noncrime stories to perceive that Blacks face structural limitations to success. In addition, heavy news viewers exposed to unidentified perpetrators were more likely than heavy news viewers exposed to noncrime stories to support the death penalty. In Study 2, participants exposed to a majority of Black suspects were more likely than participants exposed to noncrime stories to find a subsequent race-unidentified criminal culpable for his offense. In addition, heavy news viewers were more likely to exhibit the above effect than light news viewers. The methodological and theoretical implications of these findings are discussed in light of chronic activation and the priming paradigm.     

Prime-Time Television: Assessing Violence During the Most Popular Viewing Hours

This Study was designed to assess the prevalence and context of violence in prime-time television programming using a random, representative sample of 23 broadcast, independent, and cable channels. Results showed that, regardless of the times of day, viewers are likely to encounter violence in roughly 2 out of 3 programs when they view television. Using social cognitive theory to frame our analysis, we also identified specific channel types and genres that feature potentially harmful depictions of violence during prime time. Specifically, broadcast network and basic cable are the most problematic channel types, and reality television is the most problematic genre. Results are summarized highlight the day parts, channels, and genres that are most likely to contribute to negative effects from prime-time viewing.     

On the Design of Quantizers for DPCM Coders: Influence of the Subjective Testing Methodology

In the Candy design procedure for DPCM quantizers, the subject is given a specific task to perform. We test the hypothesis that the form of this task influences the results that are obtained. In one experiment the viewers were permitted unlimited time to evaluate noise visibility; in another test using a different testing procedure viewing time was reduced to one second. Visibility functions were obtained from these tests, and quantizers were designed and then evaluated on the basis of impairment ratings of coded pictures. Our results indicate that the design procedure is indeed sensitive to the viewing conditions.