氢燃料发动机燃烧与排放控制研究进展

围绕氢燃料作为车用发动机理想代用燃料这一主题,全面论述氢燃料发动机混合气的形成规律和点火技术;剖析氢发动机的异常燃烧机理和NOx的排放机理;分析影响氢燃料发动机排放的主要因素;总结异常燃烧和NOx排放的控制技术。     

余热制氢发动机的开发研究

余热制氢发动机利用发动机排气余热将甲醇裂解为氢，并将裂解的氢与汽油混合燃烧。本文叙述了余热制氢发动机的结构特点和工作原理，从氢燃料的储存、发动机的新能源和排放污染等方面分析了余热制氢发动机的优势，给出一些余热制氢发动机的排放试验数据，探讨余热制氢发动机的应用可行性。     

缸内直喷混合燃料发动机的性能研究

采用了一套定压配比燃料供给系统,通过向缸内直接喷射混合气,经电控系统精确控制喷射量,对天然气掺氢的发动机性能进行分析研究。结果表明,发动机燃用天然气掺氢燃料通过定压配比直喷技术,可以提高充气效率,与纯天然气发动机相比能够提高发动机动力和排放性能。     

氢发动机排气污染及NOx排放优化控制

研究了在汽油中加入氢气后混合燃料发动机的排放特性,给出了氢汽油混合燃料可以全面改善汽油机的废气排放,然后进行了高压喷射型氢发动机的两个主要运转参数(点火提前角和喷氢提前角)对NOx排放影响的研究。试验表明点火提前角、喷氢提前角对NOx排放量有很大影响。在建立以点火提前角、喷氢提前角、喷氢量为控制变量,以动力性或经济性为性能指标泛函,且排放不超标等为约束条件的氢发动机最优控制模型的基础上,提出了分别以径向基(RBF)网络、模糊神经网络(FNN)求解最优控制模型的新方法,进行了仿真计算和试验数据的对比研究。研究结果给出了两种网络均可以成功取代传统MAP而满足要求。其中以模糊神经网络所用时间较短。     

氢动力车研究与发展现状

评述了氢动力车的研究与发展现状，主要介绍了氢燃料的特性、燃氢车发动机的特点，随车贮氢技术以及氢动力车的最近发展动态。     

天然气掺氢发动机的性能研究

以台架试验的方法,对不同负荷与点火提前角下天然气掺氢发动机的经济性和排放特性进行了研究,试验中使用了掺氢比为0%～40%的天然气掺氢混合燃料。试验结果表明,随着掺氢比的增加,燃气消耗率呈降低趋势,发动机的经济性得到明显的改善;在不同负荷下,随着掺氢比的增加,NOx与CO的排放都呈增加趋势,CH4的排放呈降低趋势。掺氢比一定时,随着点火提前角和掺氢比的增加,NOx、CH4与CO排放都呈增加趋势,优化点火提前角可以改善天然气发动机的排放。     

氢及混氢燃料发动机研究进展与发展趋势

目前,氢燃料发动机发展迅速,本文总结了国内外在此领域的发展现状,分析了目前存在早燃、回火、功率密度低、储运难、NOx排放高等问题,重点介绍了汽油混氢的可行性与研究现状,并指出了未来先进氢燃料发动机的发展方向.     

燃料重整制氢及其应用方式的比较

燃料重整制氢是一种通过催化剂使得燃料经过化学反应产生氢气的制氢方法,所制取的氢气可以作为质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)的原料,也可以直接参与发动机燃烧。本文主要介绍了几种不同燃料重整制氢机理,以及氢气在车用发动机上的应用方式。分析表明,发动机掺氢燃烧可以加速火焰燃烧,缩短燃烧期,改善发动机的性能。同时,还可以起到减少尾气排放的作用。因此,发动机掺氢燃烧是燃料重整的最有效应用方法。     

氢燃料内燃机的发展与前景

综述了国内外氢燃料汽车发动机的发展历程和研究现状,论述了氢燃料汽车发动机不仅在解决日益严峻的能源短缺和大气污染方面具有优势,而且,相对于燃料电池,在成本、技术门槛、市场基础等方面也具有优势,因此有望率先被市场接受.最后指出了氢燃料汽车发动机的发展趋势.     

氢燃料在汽车上的应用探讨

分析汽油－氢发动机、燃氢发动机及氢燃料电池的特点,并结合目前世界各国对氢燃料在汽车上的应用的研究状况,对氢燃料在汽车上的应用进行了展望。     

氢内燃机缸内燃烧特性

介绍了氢内燃机试验分析系统,对比和分析了不同工况下的氢内燃机缸内燃烧特性,总结了不同运行参数下氢内燃机的燃烧特点.试验结果表明:由于燃烧速度较高,氢内燃机可以在上止点或上止点后点火,此时指示效率下降并不明显.在中低转速时,氢内燃机可以适应不同转速,能够及时燃烧.油门开度对氢内燃机的影响很大,小油门开度时残余废气多,氢气的浓度降低,使氢气燃烧速度受到影响,指示热效率降低,循环变动增加.     

沼气掺氢发动机燃烧稳定性试验

在一台单缸火花点火发动机上开展了燃用不同组分配比的沼气模拟气体的掺氢混合气的燃烧稳定性试验研究.研究结果表明:在15%～35%的掺氢比范嗣内,随着混合气中掺氢比的增加,发动机循环变动变小,燃烧稳定性提高.掺氢导致平均指示压力的循环变动系数减小,燃烧放热率加快,火焰发展期缩短.其中35%掺氢比的混合气比15%掺氢比的混合...     

Countries to benefit most from early transition to hydrogen fueled transportation: Merit factor analysis

The world consists of many countries having differences in many areas, ranging from size to economic level, from population to education, etc. Consequently, they are not going to convert to hydrogen‐fueled transportation at the same time. Some will have the right conditions to convert to clean hydrogen transportation early, and other countries will have conditions which will result in a delay in conversion to hydrogen‐fueled transportation. In order to find out which countries are the candidates for early conversion to hydrogen fueled transportation and which countries might convert to hydrogen‐fueled transportation later, an analysis has been carried out covering almost all of the countries in the world. Results indicate that the countries with higher income per capita and smaller size could convert to hydrogen‐fueled transportation earlier. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Investigation on characteristics of ionization current in a spark-ignition engine fueled with natural gas–hydrogen blends with BSS de-noising method

Investigation on ionization current characteristic in a spark-ignition engine fueled with natural gas, natural gas–hydrogen bends and gasoline was conducted. Blind Source Separation (BSS) de-noising method is employed to separate the ionization current signal from the interference of spark tail generated by ignition discharge. Cylinder pressure was recorded, and local temperature at spark plug gap is calculated using AVL-FIRE simulation code. Results show that the simulated cylinder pressures are in good agreement with those of measured and the spark tail and ionization current can be separated using BSS method. Front flame stage and post flame stage in ionization current can be used to analyze the combustion characteristics of natural gas–hydrogen blends. De-noised current shows that the appearance of front flame stage and post flame stage (including the peaks in the stages) fueled with natural gas is postponed and compared with that fueled with gasoline, and the appearance of front flame stage and post flame stage advance with the increase of hydrogen fraction in natural gas–hydrogen blends. In addition, the amplitude of ionization currents in both front flame and post flame (including the two peaks) fueled with natural gas gives lower values compared with those fueled with gasoline and hydrogen addition can increase the amplitude. Maximum post flame current shows similar trend to maximum cylinder pressure and it has good correlation between the timing of maximum post flame current and the timing of maximum cylinder pressure. High correlation coefficient between maximum post flame current and maximum pressure is presented.     

Progress in hydrogen enriched hydrocarbons combustion and engine applications

The paper summarized the work on hydrogen enriched hydrocarbons combustion and its application in engines. The progress and understanding on laminar burning velocity, flame instability, flame structure flame and chemical kinetics were presented. Based on fundamental combustion, both homogeneous spark-ignition engine and direct-injection spark-ignition engine fueled with natural gas-hydrogen blends were conducted and the technical route of natural gas-hydrogen combined with exhaust gas recirculation was proposed which experimentally demonstrated benefits on both thermal efficiency improvement and emissions reduction.     

氢内燃机的改装设计与控制研究

介绍了一款基于奇瑞480发动机改造而成的纯氢内燃机。该机采用氢气进气歧管多点顺序喷射,各缸顺序无分电器点火方式,同时改装了曲轴箱通风阀,加装了电子节气门、电控EGR阀等部件。采用江奎科技发动机电控单元快速开发平台UECU,开发出氢内燃机电控单元。对氢内燃机的控制策略进行了研究,实现了底层软件、应用层软件以及故障诊断软件的模块化;采用K线通讯模式,开发出了氢内燃机的监控与调试软件,对氢内燃机进行性能的标定试验,成功实现了氢内燃机的起动和转速PID控制,同时优化控制参数改善回火与抑制早燃现象。     

Combustion and emissions performance of a hybrid hydrogen–gasoline engine at idle and lean conditions

Due to the narrow flammability of gasoline, pure gasoline-fueled spark-ignited (SI) engines always encounter partial burning or even misfire at lean conditions. Gasoline engines tend to suffer poor combustion and expel large emissions at idle conditions because of the high variation in the intake charge and low combustion temperature. Comparatively, hybrid hydrogen engines (HHE) fueled with the mixtures of hydrocarbon fuels and hydrogen seem to achieve lower emissions and gain higher thermal efficiencies than the original hydrocarbon-fueled engines due to the wide flammability and high flame speed of hydrogen. Since a HHE only requires a small amount of hydrogen, it also removes concerns about the high production and storage costs of hydrogen. This paper introduced an experiment conducted on a four-cylinder SI gasoline engine equipped with a hydrogen port-injection system to explore the performance of a hybrid hydrogen–gasoline engine (HHGE) at idle and lean conditions. The injection timings and durations of hydrogen and gasoline were governed by a hybrid electronic control unit (HECU) developed by the authors, which can be adjusted freely according to the commands from a calibration computer. During the test, hydrogen flow rate was varied to ensure that hydrogen volume fraction in the intake was constantly kept at 3%. For the specified hydrogen addition level, gasoline flow rate was reduced to make the engine operate at idle and lean conditions with various excess air ratios. The test results demonstrated that cyclic variations in engine idle speed and indicated mean effective pressure were eased with hydrogen enrichment. The indicated thermal efficiency was obviously higher for the HHGE than that for the original gasoline engine at idle and lean conditions. The indicated thermal efficiency at an excess air ratio of 1.37 was increased from 13.81% for the original gasoline engine to 20.20% for the HHGE with a 3% hydrogen blending level. Flame development and propagation periods were also evidently shortened after hydrogen blending. Moreover, HC, CO and NOx emissions were all improved after hydrogen enrichment at idle and lean conditions. Therefore, the HHE methodology is an effective and promising way for improving engine idle performance at lean conditions.     

预燃室式天然气掺氢发动机燃烧及排放模拟

为探索掺氢对预燃室式大功率中速天然气发动机燃烧和排放的影响,采用计算流体动力学耦合化学动力学方法,在一台6ACD320型天然气发动机上,对氢气体积分数为0～ 30％的天然气-氢气混合燃料的燃烧过程进行了数值模拟.结果表明:在天然气中掺氢促使缸内产生了更多的0、OH等活性自由基,从而加速了缸内火焰传播,发动机的指示燃气消...     

纯氢和天然气掺氢燃料发动机的试验研究

在某点燃式发动机上,试验研究了纯氢和不同比例天然气掺氢的燃烧与排放特性。结果表明：纯氢燃料燃烧快,燃烧持续期短,缸压和放热率升高率大且峰值较高,λ=1．1时,峰值压力为3．9MPa,燃烧持续期为12℃A。氢燃料的稀燃界限宽,过量空气系数λ=3时,峰值压力降低到1．7MPa,NOx排放趋于零。天然气掺氢可以改善天然气燃烧特性,拓展天然气的稀燃极限。在相同工况下,掺氢30％的混合气燃烧持续期比天然气缩短20℃A,但缸压峰值和NOx排放增加,这可以通过稀燃和优化点火提前角来降低峰值压力和NOx排放。掺氢30％的混合气可以在λ=1．857时稳定的工作,此时峰值压力降低到1．57MPa,NOx的排放小于50×10^-6。