CaO/(Mg-Fe-O)固体碱的制备及其酯交换催化活性研究

采用共沉淀、浸渍及高温焙烧的方法制备了Ca O/(Mg-Fe-O)固体碱催化剂,以蓖麻油转化率为催化剂活性评价指标,采用正交实验考察了制备条件对催化剂酯交换催化活性的影响。得到的优化条件为:Mg/Fe摩尔比3∶1,Ca(Ac)2浸渍液质量分数15%,浸渍时间12 h,焙烧温度800℃,焙烧时间2 h。以优化条件下制备的Ca O/(Mg-Fe-O)固体碱为催化剂,用于蓖麻油和甲醇酯交换反应,蓖麻油转化率可达94.74%。采用TG-DTA、FTIR、BET及XRD技术对催化剂及其前驱体进行了表征。结果表明:当温度超过750℃时,Ca(Ac)2/(Mg-Fe水滑石)几乎不再失重;Ca O/(Mg-Fe-O)固体碱和Ca(Ac)2/(Mg-Fe水滑石)相比,其—OH和CO2-3的红外吸收峰显著下降;负载于Ca O/(Mg-Fe-O)固体碱催化剂介孔中的Ca O起主要催化作用;Ca O/(Mg-Fe-O)固体碱中的Ca O以无定形或微晶的形式高度分散于Mg Fe2O4及Mg O表面。     

CaO/Co-Al-O固体碱的制备、表征及其油脂醇解活性

采用共沉淀、浸渍及高温焙烧的方法制备了Ca O/Co-Al-O固体碱催化剂。采用正交实验考察了制备条件对Ca O/Co-Al-O固体碱油脂醇解活性的影响,得到固体碱催化剂的优化制备条件为:Co与Al摩尔比3∶1、顺加法、Ca(Ac)2浸渍液质量分数0.25、焙烧温度700℃、焙烧时间6 h。以优化条件下制备的Ca O/Co-Al-O固体碱为催化剂,在甲醇与蓖麻油摩尔比9∶1、催化剂与蓖麻油质量比0.04∶1、搅拌速率400 r/min、反应温度65℃、反应时间3 h的条件下,蓖麻油转化率为94.74%。采用TG-DTA、FT-IR、BET及XRD技术对固体碱催化剂及其前驱体进行了表征。结果显示:固体碱催化剂前驱体Ca(Ac)2/Co-Al水滑石TG曲线有3个失重台阶,分别出现在100~200℃、200~300℃及680~730℃;Ca O/Co-Al-O固体碱催化剂的BET比表面积为42.7 m2/g,BJH脱附累积孔容为0.29 cm3/g,BJH脱附平均孔半径为11.4 nm;Ca O/Co-Al-O固体碱中的活性组分Ca O以无定形或微晶的形式高度分散于Co Al2O4及Co3O4表面。     

钙基固体碱催化剂用于花生油酯交换制备生物柴油

将钙基固体碱催化剂CaO和CaO/MgO用于催化花生油与甲醇酯交换制备生物柴油,考察了催化剂的制备条件,优化了CaO和CaO/MgO催化花生油酯交换反应工艺.研究表明,利用廉价碳酸钙作为原料,在800～900℃下N2气氛中煅烧制备的CaO具有比较好的催化活性;而CaO/MgO催化剂比较适宜的制备条件是用22.6%的Ca(Ac)2溶液浸渍MgO载体1次,在600℃下煅烧.CaO/MgO在空气中存放易失去活性,需在800～900℃下N2气氛活化.CaO和CaO/MgO催化剂均可使花生油与甲醇的酯交换反应在醇油摩尔比12:1、催化剂用量2%、反应温度65℃、反应时间2 h的条件下获得80%以上的酯交换转化率.与CaO相比,CaO/Mgo催化剂具有较高的抗水性和抗酸性,以及较好的重复使用性.     

用于麻疯树籽油醇解的CaO/MgO固体碱催化剂的制备

采用等体积浸渍法制备了CaO／MgO固体碱催化剂，并将谈催化剂用于麻疯树籽油酯交换以制备生物柴油。催化剂的最佳制备条件为：Ca（Ac）2浓度12％、浸渍时间6h、煅烧温度700℃。在实际反应体系中，催化剂粒度为80目时催化活性较高。在优化条件下，采用该催化剂催化麻疯树籽油与甲醇反应生成脂肪酸甲酯，转化率迭到84．37％。     

La/CaO/MgO/Al_2O_3固体碱催化剂的制备及表征

以镧、钙、镁、铝的硝酸盐为原料,以尿素为沉淀剂,采用均匀沉淀及高温焙烧的方法制备了La/Ca O/Mg O/Al2O3固体碱催化剂。采用单因素实验考察了制备条件对催化剂活性的影响,得到制备固体碱催化剂的优化工艺条件为:n(La)∶n(Ca)∶n(Mg)∶n(Al)=0.027 0∶4∶2∶2,反应温度120℃,焙烧温度750℃,焙烧时间8 h。将优化条件下制备的La/Ca O/Mg O/Al2O3固体碱用于催化蓖麻油和甲醇的酯交换反应,在n(醇)∶n(油)=9∶1、m(催化剂)∶m(油)=0.04∶1、搅拌速率550r/min、反应温度65℃、反应时间3 h的条件下,蓖麻油转化率可达88.44%。采用Hammett指示剂法、TG、BET、XRD及SEM对催化剂及其前驱体进行了表征。结果表明:La/CaO/MgO/Al_2O_3固体碱的碱强度为7.2~11.2;当温度超过830℃时,La-Ca-Mg-Al水滑石的质量几乎不再随温度变化;催化剂比表面积为50.84 m2/g、孔容为0.107 3 cm3/g,催化剂主要由Ca O、Mg O及Al2O33种晶体组成。     

油脂醇解固体碱催化剂的制备及表征

以硝酸钙、硝酸锌、乙酸镁、乙酸铝为原料,碳酸钠为沉淀剂进行共沉淀反应,先制得钙、镁、锌碳酸盐及氢氧化铝混合沉淀,再经陈化、水洗、干燥、焙烧制得钙镁锌铝固体碱催化剂。将蓖麻油甲醇解反应中的蓖麻油转化率作为活性评价指标,采用正交试验考察了制备条件对催化剂活性的影响,得到制备催化剂的优化条件为:n(Ca)∶n(Mg)∶n(Zn)∶n(Al)=2∶0.5∶0.5∶1,混合溶液p H 8,焙烧温度850℃,焙烧时间7 h。将优化条件下制备的固体碱催化剂用于催化蓖麻油甲醇解反应,蓖麻油转化率达93.2%。采用热重分析、X射线衍射、N2吸附-脱附、扫描电镜及Hammett指示剂滴定法对催化剂及其前驱体进行了表征。结果显示:催化剂前驱体在700~800℃温区有1个明显的失重台阶,在800℃以后质量基本不随温度变化;固体碱催化剂主要由Ca O、Zn O及Mg O3种晶体构成,其比表面积为44.08 m~2/g、孔容为0.062 65 cm~3/g,特征为多孔连续型蜂窝状结构;固体碱催化剂的碱强度在7.2~15.0之间,总碱位量为14.895 mmol/g。     

Ca/Al复合固体碱催化剂用于生物柴油的制备

生物柴油可以由菜籽油与甲醇在碱催化剂的作用下通过酯交换反应制得.为解决生物柴油酯交换过程中的产物与催化剂分离问题,制备了Ca/Al复合固体碱催化剂,研究了反应条件对反应的影响.结果表明,该体系催化剂是制备生物柴油的良好非均相催化剂.生物柴油的最佳制备条件为:催化剂质量分数为原料油的10%,醇油摩尔比12:1,反应时间9h.催化剂经简单处理后,可重复使用4次且催化活性没有明显降低.所得生物柴油品质良好,基本达到相关标准.     

Ca-Zn-Al-O固体碱的制备、表征及其油脂醇解催化活性

以硝酸钙、硝酸锌、硝酸铝为原料,以尿素为沉淀剂,采用均匀沉淀法制备了催化剂前驱体Ca-Zn-Al类水滑石,再高温焙烧制得Ca-Zn-Al-O固体碱催化剂。以一定条件下蓖麻油和甲醇的酯交换反应为探针反应,蓖麻油转化率为催化剂活性评价指标,采用单因素实验考察了催化剂制备条件对催化剂活性的影响。得到制备催化剂的最佳工艺条件为:n(Ca)∶n(Zn)∶n(Al)=2∶1∶1,反应温度120℃,焙烧温度850℃,焙烧时间7 h。将该催化剂用于蓖麻油和甲醇的酯交换反应,在醇油摩尔比9∶1、催化剂与油质量比0.04∶1、反应温度65℃、搅拌速率550 r/min、反应时间3 h的条件下,蓖麻油转化率可达94.5%。采用TG、BET及XRD对催化剂及其前驱体进行了表征。结果表明:Ca-Zn-Al类水滑石在25~800℃温区,随温度升高其质量一直下降,在800~900℃温区,其质量几乎为定值;催化剂BJH脱附累积比表面积为27.36 m~2/g,BJH脱附累积孔容为0.050 45 cm~3/g;Ca-Zn-Al-O固体碱主要由CaO、ZnO两种晶体组成。     

Ca-Mg-Zn-O催化剂的制备、表征及其蓖麻油醇解的催化活性评价

采用共沉淀及焙烧的方法制备了Ca-Mg-Zn-O固体碱催化剂。采用正交试验考察了制备条件对Ca-Mg-Zn-O固体碱油脂醇解催化活性的影响,得到的优化条件为:n(Ca):n(Mg):n(Zn)=1:1:2、焙烧温度800℃、焙烧时间5 h。以优化条件下制备的Ca-Mg-Zn-O固体碱为催化剂,在醇/油摩尔比9:1、催化剂/油质量比0.04:1、搅拌速率550 r/min、反应温度65℃、反应时间3 h的条件下,蓖麻油转化率达到96.3%。采用TG-DTA、FTIR、XRD、BET技术及Hammett指示剂法对催化剂及其前驱体进行了表征,结果为:Ca-Mg-Zn碱式碳酸盐TG曲线有3个失重台阶,分别出现在200~350℃、450~550℃及680~750℃温区;Ca-Mg-Zn-O固体碱催化剂由ZnO、MgO及CaO 3种晶体构成,其BET、比表面积为5.91m~2/g,BJH脱附累积孔容为0.009 8 cm~3·g~(-1),BJH脱附平均孔半径为3.50 nm,碱强度在7.2~11.2之间。     

BaFe12O19@（CaO-CaAl12O19）磁性固体碱催化甘油制备碳酸甘油酯

以九水硝酸铁、硝酸钡为原料采用溶胶凝胶法得到BaFe_(12)O_(19)前驱体,焙烧浸渍勃姆石溶胶后分散于Ca(NO_3)_2·4H_2O溶液,采用沉淀法合成了磁性固体碱催化剂BaFe_(12)O_(19)@(CaO-CaAl_(12)O_(19))。对其进行了磁滞回线、X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、CO_2-TPD表征。将制得的磁性固体碱催化剂应用于甘油和碳酸二甲酯的酯交换反应,考察反应条件对产物收率的影响。结果表明:催化剂有较强的碱强度且活性位包裹均匀、有较好的磁性;在m(Ca(NO_3)_2·4H_2O)∶m(BaFe_(12)O_(19)@AlOOH)=5∶1、反应温度85℃、反应时间2.5 h、n(甘油)∶n(碳酸二甲酯)=1∶5、催化剂用量5%条件下,甘油转化率达到99.43%,碳酸甘油酯收率达到99.38%。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the