妥卡替尼的合成新工艺

开发妥卡替尼的新工艺路线并对其进行改进,重点合成其三个关建中间体。4-([1,2,4]三唑并[1,5-a]吡啶-7-氧基)-3-甲基苯胺(6)经5步反应制得,产率32. 8%,纯度99. 1%; N4-(4-([1,2,4]三唑并[1,5-a]吡啶-7-氧基)-3-甲基苯基)喹唑啉-4,6-二胺(15)经3步反应制得,产率67. 0%,纯度99. 5%; 4,4-二甲基-2-(甲硫基)-4,5-二氢恶唑三氟甲磺酸盐(17)经2步反应制得,产率为67. 2%;得出结论:妥卡替尼经9步反应制得,总收率16. 7%,纯度 99. 5%(HPLC),目标产物及中间体结构经1HNMR、13C-NMR和LC-MS确证。     

波齐替尼合成工艺研究

本研究改进了表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)酪氨酸激酶抑制剂波齐替尼(Poziotinib,1)的合成工艺。以价廉易得的3,4-二氢-7-甲氧基-4-氧代喹唑啉-6-醇乙酸酯(5)为起始原料,经氯化、取代、酯水解反应得到中间体4-(3,4-二氯-2-氟苯氨基)-7-甲氧基喹唑啉-6-醇(14);化合物14与4-(甲苯-4-磺酰氧)哌啶-1-羧酸叔丁酯(11)经酯化、脱保护得中间体N-(3,4-二氯-2-氟苯基)-7-甲氧基-6-(哌啶-4-氧基)喹唑啉-4-胺(10);化合物10再与丙烯酰氯经酰化反应得到目标产物EGFR酪氨酸激酶抑制剂Poziotinib(1)。终产物HPLC纯度为99.46%(面积归一化法),以3,4-二氢-7-甲氧基-4-氧代喹唑啉-6-醇乙酸酯(5)计,总收率为43.2%。目标终产物及关键中间体的结构经HRMS和1H NMR确证。该方法与原研专利相比,缩短了合成路线,总收率较高,后处理简单,适合工业化生产,本研究可为Poziotinib(1)的生成及其衍生物的合成提供理论参考。     

达沙替尼合成工艺改进

以2-氨基噻唑-5-甲酸甲酯为起始原料,采用一锅法将氨基进行保护并进行甲酯水解,再与2-氯-6-甲基苯胺缩合后,得到的中间体依次与4,6-二氯-2-甲基嘧啶、N-羟乙基哌嗪发生取代反应制得达沙替尼。总收率由原14.9%提高至41.5%,该合成工艺提高了反应收率,降低了生产成本,有利于工业化生产。     

达沙替尼的合成研究

以2-氯-6-甲基苯胺为起始原料,在吡啶的催化下,以99％的转化率得到酰化产物（E）-N-（2-氯-6-甲基苯基）-3-乙氧基丙烯酰胺（Ⅲ）;Ⅲ在以水为主的溶剂中与N-溴代丁二酰亚胺（NBS）、硫脲经“一锅法”连续反应得化合物2-氨基-N-（2-氯-6-甲基苯基）-5-噻唑甲酰胺（V）;V经纯化后与4,6-二氯-2-甲基嘧啶反应得化合物2-（6-氯-2-甲基嘧啶-4-氨基）-N-（2-氯-6-甲基苯基）-5-噻唑甲酰胺（Ⅵ）;Ⅵ与1-（2-羟乙基）哌嗪缩舍得达沙替尼（Ⅶ）,总收率为71％.该合成方法条件温和、反应步骤少、收率高.     

吉非替尼的合成研究

以3-羟基-4-甲氧基苯甲醛为起始原料合成了抗肿瘤药吉非替尼.先将3-羟基-4-甲氧基苯甲醛的醛基转化成氰基,再与N-(3-氯丙基)吗啉缩合,依次经硝化、还原、与DMF-DMA反应、与3-氯-4-氟苯胺反应合成得到吉非替尼,总收率约33%.     

尼洛替尼的合成研究

3-乙酰基吡啶与N,N-二甲基甲酰胺二甲缩醛反应制得(E)-3-二甲胺基-1-(3-吡啶基)-2-丙烯-1-酮,接下来与硝酸胍环合得4-(3-吡啶基)-2-胺基嘧啶,然后与3-溴-4-甲基苯甲酸乙酯缩合再经水解反应制得关键中间体4-甲基-3-[[4-(3-吡啶基)-2-嘧啶基]胺基]苯甲酸.此关键中间体直接与3-三氟甲...     

抗肿瘤药物恩曲替尼的合成工艺优化

改进了抗肿瘤药物恩曲替尼的合成工艺。以4-氟-2-硝基苯甲酸为起始原料,经酯化反应、亲核取代、还原、亲核加成、三氟乙酰基保护、水解后得到4-(4-甲基哌嗪-1-基)-2-[2,2,2-三氟-N-(四氢-2H-吡喃-4-基)乙酰胺基]苯甲酸。2-氟-5-溴苯腈和硼酸三甲酯发生亲核取代,再与3,5-二氟苄溴发生Suzuki偶联反应,经成环后得5-(3,5-二氟苄基)-1H-吲唑-3-胺。4-(4-甲基哌嗪-1-基)-2-[2,2,2-三氟-N-(四氢-2H-吡喃-4-基)乙酰胺基]苯甲酸与5-(3,5-二氟苄基)-1H-吲唑-3-胺发生缩合反应,再经脱三氟乙酰基得到目标化合物,纯度99.12%,总产率26.0%(以4-氟-2-硝基苯甲酸计)。相比于文献路线,合成工艺缩短了酰胺的合成步骤,进行了原工艺中价格昂贵的原料(3-氰基-4-氟苯基)硼酸的合成,节约了成本,优化了多步反应的条件及后处理方法。改进后的合成路线具有原料易得、操作简便、产率高的特点,更适合工业化生产。     

伊马替尼的作用机制及临床应用

伊马替尼是治疗慢性粒细胞白血病(CML)的一线用药,但近年来发现伊马替尼治疗胃肠道间质瘤(GIST)有明确效果,2002年伊马替尼被美国食品药品管理局(FDA)批准为GIST治疗药物。     

吉非替尼合成工艺研究

文章对新型抗肿瘤药物,表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)酪氨酸激酶抑制剂吉非替尼的合成进展进行了综述,并讨论了各路线优缺点及可行性。     

达沙替尼的合成工艺优化研究

以2-氨基噻唑-5-甲酸乙酯为原料,经过氨基保护、水解、经酰氯成酰胺、脱保护和两步亲核取代反应,合成了达沙替尼,反应总收率达53.4%。目标化合物经质谱、核磁共振氢谱确证结构。该合成工艺优化了反应条件,降低了生产成本,具有工业化生产前景。     

c-Kit Induces Migration of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells and Is a Promising Target for Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Treatment

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is associated with a poor prognosis and the absence of targeted therapy. c-Kit, a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK), is considered a molecular target for anticancer drugs. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) recognizing c-Kit are used for the treatment of c-Kit-expressing tumors. However, the expression, function, and therapeutic potential of c-Kit have been little explored in TNBC. Here, we studied the expression and effects of c-Kit in TNBC through in vitro and in silico analysis, and evaluated the response to TKIs targeting c-Kit. Analysis of TNBC cells showed the expression of functional c-Kit at the cell membrane. The stimulation of c-Kit with its ligand induced the activation of STAT3, Akt, and ERK1/2, increasing cell migration, but had no effect on cell proliferation or response to Doxorubicin. Analysis of public datasets showed that the expression of c-Kit in tumors was not associated with patient survival. Finally, TNBC cells were susceptible to TKIs, in particular the effect of Nilotinib was stronger than Doxorubicin in all cell lines. In conclusion, TNBC cells express functional c-Kit, which is a targetable molecule, and show a strong response to Nilotinib that may be considered a candidate drug for the treatment of TNBC.     

The Inhibitory Properties of a Novel,Selective LMTK3 Kinase Inhibitor

Recently, the oncogenic role of lemur tyrosine kinase 3 (LMTK3) has been well established in different tumor types, highlighting it as a viable therapeutic target. In the present study, using in vitro and cell-based assays coupled with biophysical analyses, we identify a highly selective small molecule LMTK3 inhibitor, namely C36. Biochemical/biophysical and cellular studies revealed that C36 displays a high in vitro selectivity profile and provides notable therapeutic effect when tested in the National Cancer Institute (NCI)-60 cancer cell line panel. We also report the binding affinity between LMTK3 and C36 as demonstrated via microscale thermophoresis (MST). In addition, C36 exhibits a mixed-type inhibition against LMTK3, consistent with the inhibitor overlapping with both the adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP)- and substrate-binding sites. Treatment of different breast cancer cell lines with C36 led to decreased proliferation and increased apoptosis, further reinforcing the prospective value of LMTK3 inhibitors for cancer therapy.     

帕唑帕尼衍生物的合成与初步的活性评价

本文设计合成帕唑帕尼衍生物,并进行初步抗肿瘤活性评价。以3-硝基-6-甲基苯胺和3-硝基-6-乙基苯胺为原料,通过成环、氨基甲基化、硝基还原和亲核取代反应合成得到了3个目标化合物,采用MTT分析法对合成的3个目标化合物进行初步的活性评价。得到3个帕唑帕尼衍生物,结构均经过了1H NMR和LC-MS表征,结构正确。合成的化合物未见国内外文献报道,对目标化合物设计的合成路线,路线步骤少,产率高,易纯化,可为相似结构化合物的合成提供参考。目标化合物1、3都具有较高的抗肿瘤活性。     

盐酸帕唑帕尼的合成工艺改进

以2-乙基苯胺为起始原料,经硝化、成环、甲基化、硝基还原、与2,4-二氯嘧啶取代、碘甲烷甲基化等反应制得2,3-二甲基-N-(2-氯嘧啶-4-基)-N-甲基-2H-吲唑-6-胺,再与2-甲基-5-氨基苯磺酰胺缩合、成盐制得抗肿瘤药盐酸帕唑帕尼,总收率约34.56%,其结构经1H NMR和MS确证。     

Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases: Mechanisms in Cancer

Protein tyrosine kinases, especially receptor tyrosine kinases, have dominated the cancer therapeutics sphere as proteins that can be inhibited to selectively target cancer. However, protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) are also an emerging target. Though historically known as negative regulators of the oncogenic tyrosine kinases, PTPs are now known to be both tumor-suppressive and oncogenic. This review will highlight key protein tyrosine phosphatases that have been thoroughly investigated in various cancers. Furthermore, the different mechanisms underlying pro-cancerous and anti-cancerous PTPs will also be explored.     

Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of aminoboronic acids as growth-factor receptor inhibitors of EGFR and VEGFR-1 tyrosine kinases

A series of aminoboronic acids was synthesized based on the structure of lavendustin pharmacophore 1. Their inhibitory activities against the epidermal growth-factor receptor (EGFR) and vascular endothelial growth-factor receptor-1 (VEGFR-1, Flt-1) protein tyrosine kinases, and various protein kinases, PKA, PKC, PTK, and eEF2K were evaluated. Selective inhibition activities were observed in a series of aminoboronic acids. 4-Methoxy-3-((2- methoxyphenylamino)methyl)phenylboronic acid 10 inhibited EGFR tyrosine kinase, whereas 4-(2,5-dihydroxybenzylamino)phenylboronic acid 12 inhibited Flt-1 protein kinase, although lavendustin pharmacophore 1 inhibited both EGFR and Flt-1 kinases at a compound concentration of 1.0 microg mL(-1). The selective inhibition of EGFR by 10 is considered to be due to the substitution of the dihydroxy groups on the benzyl moiety for a boronic acid group at the para position, whereas the selective inhibition of Flt-1 by 12 is due to the substitution of the carboxyl group on the aniline moiety in the lavendustin pharmacophore 1 for a boronic acid group.     

Multiple Mechanisms Mediate Resistance to Sorafenib in Urothelial Cancer

Genetic and epigenetic changes in the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling render urothelial cancer a potential target for tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) treatment. However, clinical trials of several TKIs failed to prove efficacy. In this context, we investigated changes in MAPK signaling activity, downstream apoptotic regulators and changes in cell cycle distribution in different urothelial cancer cell lines (UCCs) upon treatment with the multikinase inhibitor sorafenib. None of the classical sorafenib targets (vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1/-receptor 2, VEGFR1/-R2; platelet-derived growth factor receptor α/-receptor β, PDGFR-α/-β; c-KIT) was expressed at significant levels leaving RAF proteins as its likely molecular target. Low sorafenib concentrations paradoxically increased cell viability, whereas higher concentrations induced G1 arrest and eventually apoptosis. MAPK signaling remained partly active after sorafenib treatment, especially in T24 cells with an oncogenic HRAS mutation. AKT phosphorylation was increased, suggesting compensatory activation of the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) pathway. Sorafenib regularly down regulated the anti-apoptotic myeloid cell leukemia 1 (Mcl-1) protein, but combinatorial treatment with ABT-737 targeting other B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family proteins did not result in synergistic effects. In summary, efficacy of sorafenib in urothelial cancer cell lines appears hampered by limited effects on MAPK signaling, crosstalk with further cancer pathways and an anti-apoptotic state of UCCs. These observations may account for the lack of efficacy of sorafenib in clinical trials and should be considered more broadly in the development of signaling pathway inhibitors for drug therapy in urothelial carcinoma.     

新型抗乳腺癌药帕博西尼的合成进展

帕博西尼（palbociclib）是一种治疗转移性乳腺癌的新药,于2015年获得美国食品药品监督管理局批准上市。本文较全面地报道了帕博西尼的9种合成工艺路线,并进行了相应的评价。通过对这些合成工艺的比较和分析,发现帕博西尼的合成主要包括4个关键步骤：构建吡啶酮并嘧啶环、2位引入[5-（1-哌嗪基）-2-吡啶基]氨基、6位引入乙酰基和8位引入环己基。传统的合成路线存在诸多缺点,如反应步骤多、采用价格昂贵的金属钯以及有毒的有机锡化物和强碱二（三甲基硅基）胺基锂（LiHMDS）、部分操作条件苛刻和总收率低。新开发的路线或通过选择恰当的原料和反应,或选用新型反应器如微波-超声波联合反应器,或通过“一锅煮”方式来减少反应步骤,避免采用钯类和有机锡类化合物,从而构建反应步骤少、收率高、环境友好和较具有工业化价值的合成路线。帕博西尼的合成路线总体上向着原辅材料价廉易得、所采用试剂环保、反应路线短、操作简单、反应条件温和及总收率高的方向不断改进。就现有的合成路线而言,倘若能寻找到操作简单的催化剂代替强碱LiHMDS,以2,4-二氯嘧啶为起始原料的合成路线8具有较强的工业化前景;倘若能解决微波-超声波联合反应器的放大问题,以2-乙酰基-2-丁烯酸甲酯为起始原料的合成路线6是最具工业化前景的路线。此外,本文也介绍了具有更好的药代性质和体内稳定性的氘代帕博西尼的合成工艺,可根据帕博西尼的先进合成路线对此工艺进行改进。