MXene基罗纹针织物的制备及其应变传感性能

借鉴染色工艺,采用轧烘焙技术制备了高弹性导电过渡金属碳化物/氮化物（MXene）基罗纹针织物,通过SEM、电阻测试、传感性能测试对其进行了结构和性能表征。结果表明,MXene基罗纹针织物具有较好的弹性和弹性回复性,并且织物中MXene负载量随轧烘焙循环次数的增加而增加,织物电阻随轧烘焙循环次数的增加而降低,最低为38.3?/□;织物的应变传感性能测试表明,MXene基罗纹针织物传感性能具有明显的各向异性,并且横列方向的传感性能优于纵行方向。MXene基罗纹针织物横列方向的传感系数和传感区间分别为72.80、0～160%,远高于纵行方向（最大传感系数为4.4,传感区间为0～24%）。     

Highly flexible fabric strain sensor based on graphene nanoplatelet–polyaniline nanocomposites for human gesture recognition

Flexible and wearable smart fabrics are becoming increasingly popular in healthcare and motion monitoring because of their potential applications in flexible and stretchable electronics. The integration of ordinary fabric with conductive fillers provides the fabric with new and intriguing functions, such as sensation. In this study, a low‐cost and efficient manner was used to fabricate a highly reliable conductive composite on fabric as an effective sensing material for gesture recognition. A strain sensor was fabricated by the incorporation of the highly conductive polyaniline (PANI) polymer, graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs), and a handful of silicon rubber (SR) onto elastic Lycra fabric via a spin‐coating method. We demonstrated that the fabric strain sensor was able to detect and monitor the bending angle of a human finger. By means of the covered structure of the PANI and GNPs, the composite fabric could bear a 40% maximum strain and possess the pleasant characteristic of stretching and bending. The gauge factor of the fabric strain sensor reached 67.3; this was an improvement of approximately four times compared to sensors without PANI microparticles. Finally, the superior performance of our strain sensor through the integration of five strain sensors on a glove for the motion detection of fingers was demonstrated. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017 , 134, 45340.     

Novel gas sensor from polymer‐grafted carbon black: Vapor response of electric resistance of conducting composites prepared from poly(ethylene‐block‐ethylene oxide)‐grafted carbon black

A crystalline block copolymer of poly(ethylene‐block‐ethylene oxide) (PE‐b‐PEO) was successfully grafted onto a carbon black surface by direct condensation of its terminal hydroxyl groups with carboxyl groups on the surface using N,N′‐dicyclohexylcarbodiimide as a condensing agent. The electric resistance of the composite from PE‐b‐PEO (PEO content is above 50 wt %)‐grafted carbon black drastically increased to 10⁴–10⁶ times of the initial resistance in a vapor of dichloromethane, chloroform, tetrahydrofuran, and carbon tetrachloride, which are good solvents for PE‐b‐PEO, and returned immediately to the initial resistance when the composite was transferred in dry air. However, the change of the electric resistance of these composites was less than one‐tenth in a poor solvent vapor at the same condition. The response of the electric resistance was reproducible and stable even after exposure to a good solvent vapor and dry air with 30 cycles or exposure to the vapor over 24 h. The effect of PEO content on the vapor response was also investigated. The composite from PE‐b‐PEO‐grafted carbon black responded to the low vapor concentration with a linear relationship between the electric resistance and the concentration of the vapor in dry air. This indicates that the composite can be applied as a novel gas sensor. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 77: 2437–2447, 2000     

二维导电材料/柔性聚合物复合材料基可穿戴压阻式应变传感器的研究进展

可穿戴应变传感器在人体运动检测、健康监测、可穿戴电子设备和柔性电子皮肤等新兴领域具有极大的应用前景。近年来,由二维（2D）导电材料和柔性聚合物基体组成的可穿戴压阻式应变传感器具有较高的灵敏度、良好的拉伸性和柔韧性、优异的耐久性、可调的应变传感性和易加工等特点,受到广泛关注。基于此,本文对基于2D导电材料/柔性聚合物复合材料（2D-CPC）的可穿戴压阻式应变传感器的类型、传感机理、性能指标、影响因素及应用等进行了综述,并对其未来发展趋势进行了展望。     

Studies on polycarbazole‐modified electrode and its applications in the development of solid‐state potassium and copper(II) ion sensors

Electrochemical synthesis of polycarbazole, having better stability and electrochromic activity, in dichloromethane containing 0.1 M tetrabutyl ammonium perchlorate (TBAP) is reported at 1.4 V versus Ag/AgCl. The electrochemistry based on cyclic voltammetric measurements in dichloromethane containing TBAP show redox behavior of the polymer associated to doping and de‐doping of ClO ion within the polymer interstices. The polycarbazole matrix obtained by the potentiostatic and potentiodynamic modes of electropolymerization is characterized based on scanning electron microscopy, differential calorimetry, and infrared spectroscopy. De‐doping of the polymer is studied by electrochemical reduction in TBAP‐free dichloromethane followed by incubation of the polymer film in 1 M aqueous KCl solution for 24 h. The open circuit potential (OCP) of doped and de‐doped polycarbazole modified electrode under the present experimental conditions is found to 462 and 19 mV, respectively, versus SCE in 0.1 M NH₄NO₃. The de‐doped polymer shows remarkable sensitivity and selective to Cu(II) ion compared to its sensitivity for Fe³⁺, Ni²⁺, Co²⁺, Pb²⁺, and Cu⁺ ions. A typical response of the de‐doped polymer electrode to Cu(II) ion is reported. On the other hand, ClO doped polymer is used in the development of solid‐state K⁺ ion sensors using dibenzo‐18‐crown‐6/valinomycin as a neutral carrier–based, plasticized poly vinyl chloride matrix membrane assembled over a polymer‐modified electrode. The doped polymer under this condition helps in maintaining charge stabilization across Pt/polymer and polymer/PVC interfaces. The lowest detection limit for the potassium ion sensor is 5 × 10⁻⁵ M with a slope of 58 mV/decade for valinomycin‐based sensor and 6.8 × 10⁻⁵ M with a slope of 54 mV for dibenzo‐18‐crown‐6 carriers with a wide linearity. The typical potentiometric results on the sensitivity, detection limits, and OCP to K⁺ ion recorded using present polymer are compared with the data recorded earlier using polyindole and a similar neutral carrier–based PVC membrane. A comparison on electrode kinetics of these two polymer‐modified electrodes also has been made using the data on Tafel plots to study the relative kinetic polarizability based on ion‐exchange currents. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 75: 1749–1759, 2000     

Electrochemical sensors based on conducting polymer—polypyrrole

Conducting polymers can be exploited as an excellent tool for the preparation of nanocomposites with nano-scaled biomolecules. Polypyrrole (Ppy) is one of the most extensively used conducting polymers in design of bioanalytical sensors. In this review article significant attention is paid to immobilization of biologically active molecules within Ppy during electrochemical deposition of this polymer. Such unique properties of this polymer as prevention of some undesirable electrochemical interactions and facilitation of electron transfer from some redox enzymes are discussed. Recent advances in application of polypyrrole in immunosensors and DNA sensors are presented. Some new electrochemical target DNA and target protein detection methods based on changes of semiconducting properties of electrochemically generated Ppy doped by affinity agents are introduced. Recent progress and problems in development of molecularly imprinted polypyrrole are considered.     

石墨烯/聚合物泡沫压阻式应变传感器研究进展

基于石墨烯和聚合物的三维多孔结构的导电聚合物基复合材料（CPCs）具有轻量化、高灵敏度、宽应变检测范围、低成本和可扩展性等优点，已成为可穿戴柔性应变传感器的理想选择。首先，总结了柔性压阻式泡沫应变传感器的裂纹扩展机制、重叠-断开机制和隧穿效应机制；其次，介绍了3种具有多孔结构的石墨烯/聚合物柔性应变传感器的构筑工艺，包括基于聚合物泡沫、基于石墨烯/聚合物混合分散液、基于石墨烯泡沫的方法；然后，综述了通过上述3种工艺制备的柔性多孔应变传感器的传感性能，并列举了其在人体运动监测领域中的应用实例；最后，对基于石墨烯和聚合物的柔性多孔应变传感器面临的挑战和发展前景进行了展望。     

Synthesis and characterization of aniline and o‐toluidine conducting copolymer microtubes with the template‐synthesis method

Copolymer microtubes composed of aniline and o‐toluidine were prepared through the synthesis of the desired polymer within the pores of a microporous anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) template. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy revealed that the obtained copolymer microtubes had uniform and well‐aligned arrays, and the aspect ratios of the AAO membranes could be controlled through their diameter and length. Infrared spectrometry and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy supported the surface analysis for the microtubes and also proved the formation of copolymers. Ultraviolet–visible/near‐infrared spectra proved that the doping effect decreased with an increase of o‐toluidine in the copolymers, but the solubility greatly improved (up to 3.83 g/L in N,N‐dimethylformamide), and the conductivity was as high as approximately 17.4 S cm^?1. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 1539–1543, 2005     

Melt processable conducting poly(aniline‐co‐o‐anisidine)/linear low‐density polyethylene composites with ethylene‐acrylic acid copolymer as compatibilizer

Conducting composites of aniline/o‐anisidine copolymer doped by dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (P(An‐co‐oAs)‐DBSA), linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE), and ethylene–acrylic acid copolymer (EAA) as compatibilizer were prepared by melt processing. The effects of composition on electrical conductivity, resistivity‐temperature characteristic, and mechanical properties were also investigated. The electrical conductivity of ternary composites markedly increased due to compatibilizition and protonation effect of the EAA. The SEM micrograph shows that the compatibility between the P(An‐co‐oAs)‐DBSA and the LLDPE matrix is enhanced after the introduction of EAA. The positive temperature coefficient of resistivity characteristic is observed. Tensile strength of P(An‐co‐oAs)‐DBSA/LLDPE/EAA composites is improved, compared with P(An‐co‐oAs)‐DBSA/LLDPE composites. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 1511–1516, 2005     

Development of an electrochemical‐surface plasmon dual biosensor based on carboxylated conducting polymer thin films

A biosensing platform based on the covalent attachment of biomolecules on electropolymerized carboxylated conducting polymers, poly(3‐aminobenzoic acid) and poly(3‐pyrrole carboxylic acid), were developed for the selective simultaneous detection of two biomolecules using electrochemical‐surface plasmon resonance (EC–SPR) spectroscopy. The surface morphology of the developed biosensors was studied by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. The EC–SPR dual biosensor was developed for the label‐free, simultaneous, and selective detection of glucose and human immunoglobulin G (IgG). A change in current density was clearly observed after the injection of glucose, whereas a change in SPR reflectivity was clearly observed after the injection of human IgG. The present work demonstrates the potential of this biosensing platform for real sample analysis in the future. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018 , 135, 45641.     

Synthesis of nano‐sized ZnO and polyaniline‐zinc oxide composite: Characterization,stability in terms of DC electrical conductivity retention and application in ammonia vapor detection

Nano‐sized particles of Zinc oxide (ZnO) were synthesized using a new chemical rout. The chemical oxidative polymerization of aniline in the presence of nano ZnO was employed to synthesize a polyaniline‐zinc oxide (PANI‐ZnO) nanocomposite. The material was characterized by using transmission electron microscopy, XRD, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The conductivity measurements showed the resulting composites possessed higher conductivity as compared to pure polyaniline (PANI). The nanocomposite exhibited fairly sensitive towards solution of aqueous ammonia (NH₃), when it was exposed to various concentrations of NH₃ in an ambient room temperature. The results show that the sensor has good sensitivity and good repeatability upon repeated exposure to NH₃. PANI‐ZnO nanocomposite was also used to study electrical conductivity under isothermal conditions in the temperature range 50–130°C. The composite was found stable under ambient conditions below 90°C in terms of DC electrical conductivity retention. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010     

Stabilizing polymer‐based bulk heterojunction solar cells via crosslinking

The active layer of a polymer photovoltaic cell is mainly based on a blend of two components: a semiconducting polymer (electron donor) and a fullerene derivative (electron acceptor) to form the bulk heterojunction (BHJ). To offer optimum photovoltaic performances, the morphology of this layer has to be very carefully controlled at the nanoscale. The materials of the BHJ require specific phase segregation enabling the optimum photogenerated exciton diffusion and dissociation, and also to ensure pathways for charge carriers to electrodes. However, such a specific morphology is thermodynamically unstable over time and phase segregation occurs with thermal cycling under solar operating conditions inducing a decrease of solar cell efficiency. This review reports on the recent progress towards obtaining a stable optimized BHJ morphology and improved efficiency stability, using different chemical routes for crosslinking the organic semiconductors. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry     

Mathematical modeling for the ionic inclusion process inside conducting polymer‐based thin‐films

Ionic inclusion inside thin conducting polymer (CP) film is a major and common feature for actuator as well as membrane‐based drug release. In this study, an electro‐active polymeric thin‐film system has been conceptualized. PNP‐electro‐neutrality (Poisson–Nernst– Planck) based modeling framework with customized boundary conditions is used to depict the electrochemical phenomena. In dynamic model, kinetics of probable redox reactions is included along with electro‐migration and diffusion terms in the overall PNP framework. At steady state, interfacial voltage seems to hold the critically important role, while ionic migration and reaction kinetics play very crucial roles in determining the dynamics of such systems. The validated model predicts that lowering in the standard potential of the polymeric electrode accelerates the process of ionic ingress. Higher ionic flux is obtained using slower voltage scan. Variation of diffusivity shows the large spectrum of relatively unexplored dynamics for such electro‐active thin‐film‐based system. The significance is in designing actuator‐ or membrane‐based controlled molecular release systems. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2008. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Possibilities of polymer‐aided dyeing of cotton fabric with reactive dyes at neutral pH

Water‐soluble polymers have versatile application, viz., water‐soluble polyacrylates have been widely used in the reactive dyeing of cellulosic fibers and the related soaping as an important component of the leveling and washing agent. In this article, one such water‐soluble polymer, polyacrylic acid has been synthesized, characterized, and applied in conjunction with various types of reactive dyes, namely triazinyl, vinyl sulfone, high exhaustion, and bifunctional reactive dyes, along with crosslinking agents, namely glycerol 1,3‐dichlorohydrin and hexamethylene tetramine‐hydroquinone, respectively. One of the crosslinking agents (the former one) has been synthesized in the laboratory. Crosslinking agent is necessary to adhere the dye molecule onto the cellulose macromolecule. Different process sequences have been formulated and explored for dyeing purpose. All such dyeings were carried out at neutral pH. The dyed samples were assessed through color strength in terms of K/S values and their fastness properties were assessed by standard methods. All such dyeings were compared with conventional dyed samples. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010     

Proton‐conducting polymers with reduced methanol permeation

The permeability of Nafion®117 and some types of acid‐base and covalently crosslinked blend membranes to methanol was investigated. The methanol crossover was measured as a function of time using a gas chromatograph with a flame ionization detector. In comparison to Nafion, the investigated acid‐base and covalently crosslinked blend membranes show a significant lower permeation rate to methanol. Additionally, another method to reduce the methanol permeability is presented. In this concept a thin barrier layer is plasma polymerized on Nafion 117 membranes. It is shown that a plasma polymer layer with a thickness of 0.3 µm reduces the permeability to methanol by an order of magnitude. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 74: 67–73, 1999     

Nematic–isotropic transition in polymer‐confined and polymer‐free liquid crystal mixtures

Depending on the processing conditions in liquid crystal (LC) display manufacturing, LC/polymer composite films may exhibit unusual properties with respect to the compositional and phase behavior of the LC constituents. In particular, we have observed extraordinary large shifts of phase transition temperatures in LC/polymer composites, which can not be explained by preferential solvation or adsorption. Therefore, the influence of real manufacturing conditions such as thermal stress, storage in vacuum, and UV irradiation on the nematic–isotropic (n–i) transition temperatures of commercial nematic mixtures was investigated. Shifts of the clearing temperature of up to 88 K, presumably due to partial evaporation or UV degradation, were observed. Furthermore, we found that annealing may lead to the replacement of the nematic phase by the smectic A phase at room temperature in both LC/polymer composites and pure LC samples. Among the tested commercial LC blends, the mixtures E7, MLC‐6650, and L101 showed the smallest stress effects. Practical consequences of our results are discussed. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010     

Curing characteristics of glycidyl azide polymer‐based binders

The curing of a glycidyl azide polymer (GAP) with a triisocyanate, Desmodur N‐100, was followed by measuring the hardness and viscosity. The thermal behavior of the cured samples were investigated by a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). Curing causes an increase in the glass transition temperature of GAP. The T_g of gumstocks also increases with an increasing NCO/OH ratio while the decomposition temperature remains practically unchanged. The ultimate hardness of the cured samples increases with an increasing NCO/OH ratio. The binder with a NCO/OH ratio of 0.8 was found to provide the most suitable thermal and physical characteristics for composite propellant applications. The increase in the glass transition temperature of gumstocks upon curing can be compensated by using a 1:1 mixture of bis‐2,2‐dinitropropyl acetal and formal as the plasticizer. The T_g value of gumstocks can be decreased to −46.7°C by adding 25% b.w. of a plasticizer which does not have any significant effect on the decomposition properties of the gumstocks. Furthermore, a remarkable decrease in the ultimate hardness of the gumstocks is achieved upon addition of a plasticizer, while the curing time remains almost unaffected. The addition of dibuthyltin dilaurate as a catalyst reduces the curing time of the gumstocks from 3 weeks to 5–6 days at 60°C. Use of the curing catalyst also results in the hardening of the gumstocks. The decomposition properties of the gumstocks remain practically unchanged while a noticeable increase is observed in the glass transition temperature with an increasing concentration of the catalyst. This can also be compensated by a reverse effect of the plasticizer. The gel time, an important parameter which determines the pot life of a propellant material, can be measured by monitoring the viscosity of the mixture, which shows a sharp increase when gelation starts. The addition of a curing catalyst shortens the gel time remarkably. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 80: 65–70, 2001     

Thermally stable conducting composites based on a carbon black‐filled polyoxadiazole matrix

New thermally stable conducting materials can be obtained by dispersing conducting carbon black into poly(4,4′‐diphenylether‐1,3,4‐oxadiazole) (POD–DPE) solution in NMP. The blend preparation process resulted in quite good dispersed composite and a relatively low percolation threshold (around 5 wt % of CB). The effect of the compressive stress on the resistivity of composite has been evaluated. The resistivity decreases continuously as the applied pressure is increased. In addition to the electrical conductivity, the presence of carbon black resulted in higher thermally stable materials. The thermal stability, electrical conductivity, and pressure‐sensible characteristics make this conducting material a good candidate for application in manufacture of pressure sensors for high temperature ambient. This material shows a typical semiconductor behavior, characterized by an increase of conductivity with the temperature. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 1631–1637, 2004     

Laccase‐catalyzed synthesis of conducting polyaniline‐lignosulfonate composite

Enzymatic polymerization of aniline was first performed in lignosulfonate (LGS) template system. High‐redox‐potential catalyst laccase, isolated from Aspergillus, was used as a biocatalyst in the synthesis of conducting polyaniline/lignosulfonate (PANI‐ES‐LGS) complex using atmospheric oxygen as the oxidizing agent. The linear templates (LGS), also serving as the dopants, could facilitate the directional alignment of the monomer and improve the solubility of the conducting polymer. The process of the polymerization was monitored using UV‐Vis spectroscopy, by which the conditions for laccase‐catalyzed synthesis of PANI‐ES‐LGS complex were also optimized. The structure characterizations and solubility of the complex were carried out using corresponding characterization techniques respectively. The PANI‐ES‐LGS suspensions obtained was used as coating for cotton with a conventional padder to explore the applications of the complex. The variable optoelectronic properties of the coated cotton were confirmed by cyclic voltammetry and color strength test. The molecular weight changes of LGS treated by laccase were also studied to discuss the mechanism of laccase catalyzed aniline polymerization in LGS template system. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016 , 133, 42941.     

Polycondensation between p‐dibromobenzene and m‐dibromobenzene

NiCl₂ (bpy)‐catalyzed polycondensation between p‐dibromobenzene and m‐dibromobenzene was carried out under various conditions. With the polycondensation, a series of copolymers with number‐average molecular weights of 2400 (by gel permeation chromatography with polystyrene standards) was formed, and some samples had good solubility in organic solvents. The IR spectra and the ultraviolet spectra measured in a tetrahydrofuran (THF) solution of the copolymer showed that there were p‐phenylene and m‐phenylene units in the copolymer. According to analyses with differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and X‐rays, with an increasing molar ratio of m‐phenyl units in the copolymer, the glass‐transition temperature, the temperature of viscous flow, and the crystallizability of the polyphenylene copolymer decreased. The fluorescence spectra of the copolymer measured in a THF solution showed an emission maximum at 373–376 nm, whereas the maximum shifted to 436.6 nm for the film. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 2210–2215, 2003