共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 0 毫秒
1.
J. Quariguasi Frota Neto G. Walther J. Bloemhof J.A.E.E van Nunen T. Spengler 《国际生产研究杂志》2013,51(15):4463-4481
The primary objective of closed-loop supply chains (CLSC) is to improve the maximum economic benefit from end-of-use products. Nevertheless, the literature within this stream of research advocates that closing the loop also helps to mitigate the undesirable environmental footprint of supply chains. Therefore, closed-loop supply chains are assumed to be sustainable supply chains almost by definition. In this paper we analyse if and when this assumption holds. We illustrate our findings based on the Electric and Electronic Equipment (EEE) supply chain. For all phases of the supply chain, i.e. manufacturing, usage, transportation and end-of-life activities, we assess the magnitude of the environmental impacts, based on a single environmental metric, namely the Cumulative Energy Demand (CED). Given the environmental hot-spots in the Electric and Electronic Equipment supply chain, we propose useful extensions for existing CLSC optimisation models to ensure that closed-loop supply chains are at the same time sustainable supply chains. 相似文献
2.
Recent years have shown a shift in the focus of sustainable development from eco‐efficiency (minimizing negative impacts) towards eco‐effectiveness (optimizing positive impacts). Currently, a focus on circular models can be identified; Cradle to Cradle and circular economy are main examples of such models. However, the current number and variety of models and tools focusing on circular systems are limited with regard to packaging development. This paper explores packaging development models and tools in relation to circular systems, in order to identify the current status of the circularity focus. A range of identified models and tools is structured into two categories (generative and evaluative tools) which cover three types (protocols, diagrams and evaluations). This is in line with the distinction between early and later phases of development and the cumulative nature of environmental lock‐in. Protocol‐type models and tools come in different forms, such as principles, guidelines and checklists (e.g. Cradle to Cradle and DfE). Aside from these, eight diagram‐type models are analysed, focusing on packaging development, sustainable development and sustainable packaging development. In contrast to generative design tools, evaluation‐type models and tools (e.g. LCA) are most useful in the later stages of development processes. Resulting from the analysis of the models and tools, three types of integration – integrated product‐packaging development, the cross‐functional integration of actors and the front‐end integration of sustainability considerations – are appropriate for the development of product‐packaging combinations for circular systems. This leads to an agenda which shapes research directions towards achieving this development. © 2016 The Authors Packaging Technology and Science Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
3.
《International Journal of Pavement Engineering》2012,13(11):1342-1358
ABSTRACTA fuzzy real options methodology is utilised to help highway management organisations select the supreme alternative for project implementation. The uncertainties inherited from input factors, i.e. unit costs of construction work items, unit rates of user costs, annual traffic growth rate and annual discount rate, are addressed through fuzzy set theory, and the managerial flexibilities associated with initial construction, preventive maintenance and rehabilitation are modelled using real options (RO) theory. The framework presented for Pavement Alternative Selection by RO-based Decision Support system (PASRODS) is a software package that has been developed using a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet and Visual Basic for Applications and includes three main components: Database, Model and Reports. PASRODS analyses the project in a year-by-year staged backward dynamic programming solution. Application of PASRODS in a highway project case study in Iran demonstrates that taking the managerial flexibilities into account results in valuing the projects in a more rational and actual manner. On the other hand, considering different attitudes of the decision-maker may lead to changes in alternative ranking and help in selecting supreme one in terms of numerous aspects. 相似文献
4.
QFDE是一种流程合理、可执行性强的绿色设计方法,但因缺乏科学的环境影响评价指标及方法,以及采用定性分配权重,故难于寻求产品和生产工艺生态特性的改进。使用重视环境影响评价的LCA对QFDE进行改进,能改善QFDE对环境影响评价的不足,成为符合EuP生态设计需要、优化产品生态环境特性的生态设计方法。在介绍了QFDE的概念,并对其流程和不足以及LCA的生态环境影响指标进行详细分析的基础上,探讨了采用LCA改进后的QFDE进行食品和包装机械生态设计的方法、步骤及举措。 相似文献
5.
目的研究消费类数码产品可持续设计的有效应用。方法按照数码产品的定义对最近几年出现在消费市场上的数码产品进行归纳总结,并对其进行分类,以此来互相比较。再针对这种消费类数码产品的可持续设计,从消费类数码产品的生命周期着手,进而深入到产品的整个设计过程,分析产品所用材料的结构,对现今数码产品从设计到生命周期结束时对环境和资源所造成的影响进行量化。结论消费类数码产品的可持续设计具有重大意义,以汽车行业的可持续发展为借鉴,将对消费类数码产品的可持续设计应用起到很好的作用。 相似文献
6.
This paper presents a probabilistic sustainability design framework for the design of concrete repairs and rehabilitations intended to achieve targeted improvements in quantitative sustainability indicators. The framework consists of service life prediction models combining deterioration mechanisms with limit states and life cycle assessment models for measuring the impact of a repair or rehabilitation. Both types of models (service life or LCA) are formulated stochastically so that the time to repair and the accumulated sustainability impact are described by probability density functions. This leads to a probabilistic calculation of cumulative impacts throughout the structure’s service life, from initial repair to functional obsolescence (end of life). The methods discussed are in accordance with sustainability design requirements within the 2010 fib Model Code. A case study is presented which computes the probability that reinforced concrete repair strategies using thicker concrete cover will meet future greenhouse gas emission reduction targets proposed by the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 相似文献
7.
目的 对家具领域的可持续设计方法进行梳理,并通过具体案例研究教育家具的可持续设计,提出设计策略,探讨该方法的可行性。方法 采用ReCiPe2016方法对一宿舍家具套装设计案例进行产品生命周期评价(LCA)评估,得出产品的环境热点问题,提出对应的设计策略,并通过环境、质量、经济、可实现性四个维度的专家评审对得出的设计策略进行可行性分析。结果 评估结果表明钢材和实木多层板的制造及消耗是宿舍家具套装的环境热点。据此提出减少、优化钢材、木材用量;延长使用寿命;采取模块化或可替换部件的设计;建立回收与再制造系统;选用更环保板材;选用更环保的运输方式这六点设计策略,并对策略进行可行性评估。结论 使用产品生命周期评价(LCA)这一量化方法,能够帮助设计者利用全生命周期视角,发现产品的环境热点问题、提出改进策略、对比各改进方案的优劣。本文通过具体案例对教育家具可持续设计进行研究,具有一定的实际意义,同时也可为教育家具行业提供可持续设计参考。 相似文献
8.
本文通过将信息生命周期模型引入风险评估过程,为企业提供一套全新的风险评估方法。希望通过该方法的引入,能促使企业降低风险评估的成本,并减少资产遗漏等情况的发生。 相似文献
9.
D. D. Ince 《Design Studies》1984,5(4):239-247
One of the major problems facing software developers is their inability to rely on metric which quantify the quality of their products. One area where quantitative measures of quality is needed is software design. This paper examines the work that has been carried out in the area of program code metrics and how the results of this work can be used in the evaluation of software design metrics. Finally, the role of such metrics is examined with respect to future developments in software engineering in the UK. 相似文献
10.
中国材料生命周期分析数据库开发及应用 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
生命周期分析作为广泛使用的环境管理工具,用于定量化评价产品系统整个生命周期内的潜在环境影响,其具体应用需要大量的不同层次、不同地区和不同技术水平的相关环境负荷数据和评价方法体系数据的支撑。在系列国家科技计划的支撑下,调研了典型材料生产的环境负荷数据,开展了中国材料环境数据库(SinoCenter)的研究,建立了中国材料生命周期分析数据库平台。数据库包含公用系统,典型材料(钢铁、建筑材料、有色金属、高分子材料、联接材料)等70多个数据集,近十万条环境负荷数据,并简要介绍了数据库的主要功能及数据库的技术和商业应用。 相似文献
11.
12.
关于环境材料的一些研究进展 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
介绍了近两三年来环境材料的研究现状。在理论上,介绍了材料的环境协调性评价研究及一些最新的环境影响评价方法。在应用上,介绍了天然材料、可回收材料、水处理材料、大气治理材料等环境相容性材料和环境工程材料,以及材料生产工艺的环境协调性改造。目的在于丰富环境材料科学理论,推动环境材料科学的研究和发展。 相似文献
13.
Christine Charyton Richard J. Jagacinski John A. Merrill William Clifton Samantha DeDios 《工程教育杂志》2011,100(4):778-799
14.
Annegret Potthoff Mirco Weil Tobias Mei?ner Dana Kühnel 《Science and Technology of Advanced Materials》2015,16(6)
During the last decade, nanomaterials (NM) were extensively tested for potential harmful effects towards humans and environmental organisms. However, a sound hazard assessment was so far hampered by uncertainties and a low comparability of test results. The reason for the low comparability is a high variation in the (1) type of NM tested with regard to raw material, size and shape and (2) procedures before and during the toxicity testing. This calls for tailored, nanomaterial-specific protocols. Here, a structured approach is proposed, intended to lead to test protocols not only tailored to specific types of nanomaterials, but also to respective test system for toxicity testing. There are existing standards on single procedures involving nanomaterials, however, not all relevant procedures are covered by standards. Hence, our approach offers a detailed way of weighting several plausible alternatives for e.g. sample preparation, in order to decide on the procedure most meaningful for a specific nanomaterial and toxicity test. A framework of several decision trees (DT) and flow charts to support testing of NM is proposed as a basis for further refinement and in-depth elaboration. DT and flow charts were drafted for (1) general procedure—physicochemical characterisation, (2) choice of test media, (3) decision on test scenario and application of NM to liquid media, (4) application of NM to the gas phase, (5) application of NM to soil and sediments, (6) dose metrics, (S1) definition of a nanomaterial, and (S2) dissolution. The applicability of the proposed approach was surveyed by using experimental data retrieved from studies on nanoscale CuO. This survey demonstrated the DT and flow charts to be a convenient tool to systematically decide upon test procedures and processes, and hence pose an important step towards harmonisation of NM testing. 相似文献
15.
AbstractDuring the last decade, nanomaterials (NM) were extensively tested for potential harmful effects towards humans and environmental organisms. However, a sound hazard assessment was so far hampered by uncertainties and a low comparability of test results. The reason for the low comparability is a high variation in the (1) type of NM tested with regard to raw material, size and shape and (2) procedures before and during the toxicity testing. This calls for tailored, nanomaterial-specific protocols. Here, a structured approach is proposed, intended to lead to test protocols not only tailored to specific types of nanomaterials, but also to respective test system for toxicity testing. There are existing standards on single procedures involving nanomaterials, however, not all relevant procedures are covered by standards. Hence, our approach offers a detailed way of weighting several plausible alternatives for e.g. sample preparation, in order to decide on the procedure most meaningful for a specific nanomaterial and toxicity test. A framework of several decision trees (DT) and flow charts to support testing of NM is proposed as a basis for further refinement and in-depth elaboration. DT and flow charts were drafted for (1) general procedure—physicochemical characterisation, (2) choice of test media, (3) decision on test scenario and application of NM to liquid media, (4) application of NM to the gas phase, (5) application of NM to soil and sediments, (6) dose metrics, (S1) definition of a nanomaterial, and (S2) dissolution. The applicability of the proposed approach was surveyed by using experimental data retrieved from studies on nanoscale CuO. This survey demonstrated the DT and flow charts to be a convenient tool to systematically decide upon test procedures and processes, and hence pose an important step towards harmonisation of NM testing. 相似文献
16.
中间相炭微球(MCMB)负极材料作为新型材料受到了社会的关注,同时其制造所带来的环境污染也逐渐增加。本工作针对锂电池MCMB材料开展了全生命周期能耗与碳排放研究, 功能单位定义为生产1 t MCMB负极材料产品,系统边界包括原料获取、能源供应与材料生产阶段,分析了MCMB材料全生命周期的能耗结构,辨识了碳排放的关键影响因素。能耗分析结果显示,1 t MCMB负极材料的全生命周期能耗为149.37 GJ,初级能耗结构为原煤(82.82%)、原油(11.03%)、天然气(6.15%),能源生产阶段对生命周期能耗的贡献度为80.81%。碳排放分析结果显示,生产1 t MCMB负极材料的碳排放总量为11 824.61 kg CO2-eq,电力、中温沥青和焦炉煤气消耗量对碳排放计算结果的影响最为显著,调整能源结构是降低MCMB负极材料生产碳排放的有效手段。 相似文献
17.
18.
基于生命周期分析的建筑物能耗评价方法 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
张旭 《制冷空调与电力机械》2002,23(4):1-3,27
生命周期评价(Life Cycle Assessment,LCA)是一种评价产品、工艺或活动从原材料采集,到产品的生产、运输、销售、使用、回用、维护和最终处置整个生命周期有关的环境负荷过程,若能按照ISO14040中确定的LCA的技术框架,依据国家的相关能源和环境政策法规,结合中国的资源特点及生命周期评价方法,建立一套适合中国国情并可以同时考虑建筑能耗和环境影响的评价方法及相应的指标体系,将为我国建筑节能的跨载式发展的宏观决策和可持续性发展战略提供理论依据和基础数据。 相似文献
19.
我国出口商品受阻于国际绿色贸易壁垒,大多和包装环境性能达不到进口国的标准有关,因此制定绿色包装的评价标准和环境标志势在必行.这此提出了制定的对策:对绿色包装实行分级,再根据分级标准用LCA方法和可操作的5项指标分别制定评价标准,并相应的分别授予ISO14000Ⅰ型、Ⅲ型和单因素的环境标志. 相似文献