单元类型对有限元计算弯管截面畸变及壁厚变化的影响

在1Cr18Ni9Ti管回转牵引弯曲试验的基础上,分别采用实体单元和壳单元进行了相应的有限元模拟。分析2种单元类型的模拟结果后发现,采用实体单元和壳单元都能较好地表现管材的弯曲成形形状及过程,但两者的模拟结果存在差异。实体单元能较为准确地反映弯管的应力应变状态,对弯管横截面畸变的模拟结果更接近于实验值,而在预测弯管壁厚变化及起皱程度时,壳单元更合适。     

Drop Test of Plastic Packagings – Correlation with Material Parameters and Change of Packaging Behaviour After Impact of Standard Liquids

A guided drop test was performed to achieve a defined and reproducible impact orientation of jerrycans. The drop heights where 50% of the jerrycans experienced a failure from a crack where fluid can escape (50% failure drop height) were compared among jerrycans made of four different materials, in their original state and preconditioned with standard liquids. To analyse the impact of only elevated temperatures, the packages were preconditioned for 21 days at 40°C without the use of chemicals. The 50% failure drop height was compared by using Young's modulus; the notched impact strength (NIS) of specimen cut from plates which were manufactured by compression moulding and the notched tensile impact strength of specimen cut‐outs of the jerrycans' side walls. The NIS depends highly on the thermal preconditioning of the plates being manufactured by compression moulding. A trend can be seen that a higher Young's modulus, a higher NIS and a higher notched tensile impact strength result in a higher 50% failure drop height, but the values are spread. The influence of the wall thickness cannot be neglected. The change of the 50% failure drop height in regard to the preconditioning at 40°C with and without nitric acid was compared in terms of their resistance to molecular degradation, density and degree of crystallinity. The conditioning at elevated temperature causes post‐crystallization. It was shown that the resistance to molecular degradation determined on pressed plates correlates with the change of the 50% failure drop height after pre‐storage with nitric acid. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

弯曲速度对弯管壁厚变化的影响

采用不同弯曲速度对5A06和1Cr18NiTi管进行了旋转弯曲试验和有限元模拟。分析后指出,弯曲速度对弯曲内侧管壁变形影响较大,弯曲内侧切向应力、应变及管壁增厚率均随弯曲速度增大而增大。同时,内侧管壁增厚对弯曲速度的敏感性具有随原始壁厚的增大而减小的变化趋势。薄壁管在过大弯曲速度下成形时,内侧因材料流动受阻滞易发生失稳起皱。     

材料性能和相对壁厚对管材助推弯曲影响的分析

在管材弯曲成形系列研究中,针对管材弯曲过程中助推工艺对弯管横截面畸变和壁厚减薄进行有限元分析。 利用有限元方法分析了在不同材料、不同相对壁厚条件下,助推对弯管横截面畸变和壁厚减薄的影响,并推导出不计截面畸变时的壁厚减薄率公式。 结果表明,在管材弯曲过程中,对不同材料和相对壁厚的管材,助推可缓解管材横截面畸变,减小外侧壁厚减薄程度。 此外,随相对壁厚减小,助推对截面畸变和壁厚减薄的缓和程度均有所增加。 对于较易发生塑性变形的材料,助推工艺的壁厚减薄缓和作用明显,而对于不锈钢,则在截面畸变方面缓和作用明显。     

Influence of Wall Thickness on the Ultrasonic Evaluation of Small Closed Surface Cracks and Quantitative NDE

A new ultrasonic evaluation method has been developed for the quantitative characterization of smaller tight cracks under no load condition. In this approach, the ultrasonic testing is considered as an inverse problem to determine simultaneously the crack size and the extent of crack closure. The present paper is on the analysis of the influence of wall thickness on the evaluation of closed surface cracks from the inaccessible side of the wall. Based on experimental observation, the evaluation algorithm has been extended for the characterization of cracks with different wall thickness from the measured angle beam response. Evaluated results of both open and tightly closed small cracks with different wall thicknesses verify the method as a powerful tool for detecting and characterizing small surface cracks quantitatively.     

柱状装药炮孔壁初始压力数值模拟及误差分析

为研究ANSYS/LS-DYNA模拟柱状装药爆破孔壁初始压力的误差,对某一模型试验进行数值模拟,在不耦合系数分别为1.0、1.14、1.6这三种装药条件下,对孔壁初始压力的数值模拟值与模型试验实测值、理论计算值进行对比分析。结果表明:数值模拟值相对于实测值的平均误差为21%,且两者随不耦合系数Kd变化的趋势较一致;另外,数值模拟值和实测值比理论公式计算值大很多,是因为实测值受到被爆介质中反射应力波的干扰。     

飞片厚度对冲击波压力峰值衰减特性的影响分析

针对现有研究没有考虑飞片厚度对冲击波压力峰值衰减特性影响的问题,采用数值仿真的方法,通过建立不同厚度的飞片撞击无氧铜靶板的仿真模型,比较飞片与靶板撞击面脉冲宽度的仿真值和理论计算值,验证了数值仿真模型和仿真结果的可信度。采用最小二乘法对仿真数据进行处理,建立了飞片厚度与冲击波压力峰值指数衰减模型衰减系数之间的定量数学关系式,结果表明飞片厚度对冲击波压力峰值衰减特性的影响比较明显,飞片厚度与衰减系数近似成线性关系,飞片厚度越小,衰减系数越大,冲击波压力峰值的衰减速率越快,为相关实验设计与分析提供了理论参考。     

皇冠梨静压力学特性及模拟研究

目的 建立皇冠梨生理特性与力学损伤关系模型,实现果实静压过程的模拟研究。方法 通过材料松弛试验和静态压缩试验,研究果实材料力学特性。使用三维扫描方法辅助建立果实有限元模型,并对果实静载损伤过程进行模拟。结果 使用Maxwell黏弹性材料本构模型,成功模拟了果实流变特性。通过静压试验将所建立的梨果实黏弹性材料模型与传统弹塑性材料模型进行对比,误差降低了7%,从而验证了模拟的准确性。根据von Mises等效应力分布结果进行预测,发现在静载力为161.21 N时梨果实会出现明显损伤。结论 以上研究使用2种材料对静态压缩试验进行仿真模拟,进一步验证了使用数值模拟方法对水果静力学过程模拟的可靠性。为皇冠梨果实机械化采摘、储存包装及加工搬运过程提供了理论依据。     

A Method of Measuring Through‐Thickness Internal Strains and Stresses in Graphite

Abstract: Currently, the structural integrity of the nuclear graphite reactor components is evaluated using irradiated material properties data obtained from test reactors. These data are applied to numerical or mathematical models to assess the integrity of the graphite components. On the other hand, there is a need to measure internal strains and stresses in reactor core graphite and to explore the potential for in‐situ measurement. The deep hole drilling (DHD) technique is a semi‐destructive method for measurement of the through thickness residual strains or stresses. Previously the technique has been applied successfully to metallic and composite materials. In this paper, the method for internal strain and stress measurement in polygranular graphite is examined particularly when a significant volume fraction of porosity is present. Finite element simulation shows that the method can be used to measure internal stresses generated by a thermal gradient. On the basis of this a series of experiments have been conducted using Pile Grade ‘A’ (PGA) and PG25 filter graphite; with the latter being a surrogate for service exposed material. Tests were conducted to illustrate that the bulk mechanical response was linear elastic for both graphites and elastic moduli were measured. The DHD method was then used to determine internal strain and stress profiles through the materials. The results were compared with the strain data obtained from strain gauges bonded to the samples. Overall, there was an excellent agreement between the measured through‐thickness internal strains and stresses and the surface strains and stresses determined from the applied loading.     

The Influence of High Pressure Treatment and Thermal Pasteurization on the Surface of Polymeric Packaging Films

Several common single layer films (PE‐HD, PE‐LD, PP‐BO, PA6‐BO and PET‐BO) and multilayer (PS/PE, PP‐BO/PEpeel and PET‐BO/PE) films were treated by either high pressure (600 MPa) or temperature (80 °C/90 °C) to simulate a high pressure or thermal pasteurization process. The samples were tested by atomic force microscopy (AFM), profile method and surface energy measurements to obtain information about the influence of the treatments on the surface topography and surface energy of the samples and by differential scanning calorimetry and by tensile testing concerning material properties. As key figures arithmetic surface roughness (by AFM at Pulsed Force Mode and profile method), surface energy by surface energy measurement and adhesion between tip and surface by AFM were extracted. Results indicate an influence of both high‐pressure processing and thermal‐processing on the surface roughness of biaxial oriented polymer films as single layer films. Laminated biaxially oriented polymer films showed no changes regardless of which processing was performed. The surface energy was hardly affected by both of the treatments for any stretched, non‐stretched, single or laminated films.     

气辅成型过程气体穿透行为的MPI三维模拟及实验

采用MPI/GAS-3D模块分析了不同延迟时间和气体压力条件下的气体穿透效果,并与该工艺条件下实验测定的高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)气体辅助注射成型(GAIM)制品的气体穿透长度(GPL)及残余壁厚(RWT)进行比较,探讨了气辅成型中延迟时间和气体压力等关键工艺参数对制品气体穿透长度和残余壁厚的影响,利用实验数据分析了气体穿透长度与残余壁厚之间的定性关系。     

木质平托盘抗冲击性能有限元分析及试验研究

目的 以木质平托盘为对象,通过有限元仿真和试验分析影响木质平托盘抗冲击性能的主要因素。方法 用SolidWorks建立木质平托盘的3D模型,利用Abaqus有限元软件,以GB/T 4996—2014为依据进行角跌落试验仿真,分析木质平托盘上木质构件以及托盘钉上产生的应力和位移。为了进行对比,在实验室进行木质平托盘产品的角跌落试验,观察木质平托盘的破坏形式,并测量其对角线长度。结果 有限元仿真与实验室实物试验结果相吻合,验证了有限元仿真分析的正确性和有效性。有限元仿真分析发现钉孔处木质构件和托盘钉产生应力集中并逐渐发生塑性变形,且应力和变形数值随跌落次数的增加而增大,仿真和试验均表明跌落侧纵梁向内侧凹陷且变形最为明显,木质平托盘对角线变化量受跌落次数逐渐变大。结论 木质平托盘抗冲击性能随跌落次数的增加而下降。木质平托盘中木质构件、托盘钉的性能,以及托盘钉紧固件与木质构件的连接强度是决定木质平托盘抗冲击性能的关键因素。     

逆压梯度下近壁湍流的喷射和扫掠

采用Fourier谱展开和紧致有限差分格式，选用两组共振三波为相干结构的初值，计算了其在零压和逆压梯度作用下的演化。对演化后期流场的2，4象限的运动进行了详细的分析。结果发现，在逆压梯度下，扫掠对雷诺应力的贡献要强于喷射。无论是在零压梯度还是逆压梯度下，uv和u2在法向的输运主要是靠Q2和Q4这两种运动来完成的。零压梯度下喷射部分对输运的贡献大于扫掠的部分。而在逆压梯度下喷射部分对输运的贡献明显减少，扫掠的作用要强于喷射。     

整体串联药型罩前后级壁厚对射流的影响研究

本文采用数值仿真与试验研究相结合的研究方法.为进一步提高药型罩有效射流量以及侵彻钢靶的深度,设计了三种药型罩不同前后级壁厚匹配方式的串联装药结构,并利用有限元软件LS-DYNA对药型罩不同前后级壁厚的串联装药结构射流的成形以及对钢靶的侵彻过程进行了数值模拟研究;配以相应的炸药装药进行试验研究,并对两种研究结果进行了简要的分析.结果表明,药型罩前后壁厚比为0.05 mm∶0.1 mm的装药结构要比其它壁厚比的装药结构形成的射流头部速度更高,侵彻钢靶更深,而且数值模拟与试验研究所得结论基本吻合.     

补料比及反冲推头倾角对Y型管内高压成形质量的影响研究

目的 解决5A02铝合金Y型管在内高压成形过程中易出现破裂和内凹缺陷的问题,以获得最佳成形质量的管件,对成形中的补料比和反冲推头倾角进行研究。方法 使用内高压成形机进行实验,分析了管件的表面质量、管件壁厚分布情况,研究了补料比和反冲推头倾角对Y型管成形质量的影响。选取端面倾角大小分别为0°、13.5°、27°的反冲推头进行实验,设计了1.5∶1、2∶1、2.5∶1和3∶1 4组补料比进行对比分析。结果 比较3种不同反冲推头成形得到的管件,通过对支管成形效果的分析,确定13.5°为最佳反冲推头倾角;补料比在1.5~2.5时可成形出Y型管,补料比为2∶1时,Y型管成形质量最好。为获得成形质量高的Y型管,需选择补料比为2∶1的加载路径和端面倾角为13.5°的反冲推头进行实验。结论 采用合适的反冲推头端面倾角,既可以使Y型管获得理想高度的支管,又可有效地抑制成形中期支管出现的破裂缺陷;选择合理的补料比可以避免过渡圆角内凹缺陷,也可以改善Y型管的壁厚分布情况,进一步提升管件最终的成形质量。     

电点火头加速寿命试验药剂及桥丝变化分析

文中为了研究电点火头在长期储存后药剂和桥丝的变化情况，对电点火头进行了高温高湿加速寿命试验，并对点火头药剂的红外吸收光谱进行对比分析，结果表明，经加速寿命试验的点火头药剂受温度和湿度的影响大部分发生了分解，显微镜观察表明桥丝表面腐蚀严重。     

The Effect of High Pressure Processing on the Integrity of Polymeric Packaging – Analysis and Categorization of Occurring Defects

As high‐pressure processing is used increasingly for the treatment of packed products, different packaging has been investigated with respect to their structural behaviour and stability under high‐pressure processing. Often, failures and changes of the polymeric structure occur. Common damage symptoms of high‐pressure‐treated packaging materials are defined and classified in this review. These damage symptoms are allocated to the physico‐chemical effects that created them. The effects may be separated into direct effects induced by the action of the high‐pressure alone and indirect effects that are mediated via compressed contents of the package, i.e. filled product and gaseous headspace. The direct effects split up again in reversible and irreversible structural changes. The indirect effects are generated by compressed headspace gases, other compressed substances and the consequences of increased amounts of gases dissolved in the polymers. If applicable, current theoretical approaches have been allocated to the different categories of damage. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Order reduction in computational inelasticity: Why it happens and how to overcome it—The ODE‐case of viscoelasticity

Time integration is the numerical kernel of inelastic finite element calculations, which largely determines their accuracy and efficiency. If higher order Runge–Kutta (RK) methods, p≥3, are used for integration in a standard manner, they do not achieve full convergence order but fall back to second‐order convergence. This deficiency called order reduction is a longstanding problem in computational inelasticity. We analyze it for viscoelasticity, where the evolution equations follow ordinary differential equations. We focus on RK methods of third order. We prove that the reason for order reduction is the (standard) linear interpolation of strain to construct data at the RK‐stages within the considered time interval. We prove that quadratic interpolation of strain based on t_n, t_{n + 1} and, additionally, t_{n ? 1} data implies consistency order three for total strain, viscoelastic strain and stress. Simulations applying the novel interpolation technique are in perfect agreement with the theoretical predictions. The present methodology is advantageous, since it preserves the common, staggered structure of finite element codes for inelastic stress calculation. Furthermore, it is easy to implement, the overhead of additional history data is small and the computation time to obtain a defined accuracy is considerably reduced compared with backward Euler. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The Ratio D<Subscript><Emphasis Type="Italic">int</Emphasis></Subscript> /D between the Coefficients for the Diffusion of Internal Energy and of Self Diffusion in Thermal Conductivity Data Correlations for Gases of Linear Molecules

Highly consistent sets of generalized cross sections are used to judge critically correlations of the thermal conductivity in the limit of zero density for nitrogen, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide. The correlations were developed by Millat, Vesovic, and Wakeham some years ago using restricted experimental information in order to deduce a set of generalized cross sections as consistent as possible for the extrapolation beyond the temperature range of the primary experimental data. Recently, the generalized cross sections needed have been evaluated by means of classical trajectory calculations for rigid rotors on the basis of accurate anisotropic ab initio potential energy hypersurfaces including a new improved way to take into account the vibrational degrees of freedom. It is shown that the ratio between the coefficients of internal energy and of self diffusion D_int /D was not appropriately chosen and that this effect was extensively compensated in a fortuitous way in the course of the development of the data correlations by a likewise unsuitable choice of the ratio A* between the effective cross sections of viscosity and self-diffusion.Paper presented at the Sixteenth European Conference on Thermophysical Properties, September 1–4, 2002, London, United Kingdom.