Existence and Verification for Decentralized Nondeterministic Discrete‐Event Systems Under Bisimulation Equivalence

In this paper, we study the decentralized control problem for nondeterministic discrete‐event systems (DESs) under bisimulation equivalence. In order to exactly achieve the desired specification in the sense of bisimulation equivalence, we present a synchronous composition for the supervised system based on the simulation relation between the specification and the plant. After introducing the notions of simulation‐based controllability and simulation‐based coobservability, we present the necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of a decentralized supervisor such that the controlled system is bisimilar to the specification, and an algorithm for verifying the simulation‐based coobservability is proposed by constructing a computational tree.     

Discrete–continuous analysis of optimal equipment replacement

In operations research, the equipment replacement process is usually modeled in discrete time. An alternative approach is represented by continuous‐time vintage capital models that explicitly involve the equipment lifetime and are described by nonlinear integral equations. The paper introduces and analyzes a model that unites both these approaches. The structure of optimal replacement, transition, and long‐term dynamics, and clustering and splitting of replaced machines are discussed and illustrated with numeric examples. Equipment splitting is demonstrated when the optimal equipment lifetime increases.     

基于聚合跟踪误差的多USV自适应连续协调控制

针对仅邻近多无人水面船(Unmanned Surface Vessel,USV)在无向连通通信拓扑结构下,USV协调轨迹跟踪控制问题,提出一种基于领航者跟随协调策略的分布式自适应连续跟踪控制算法。通过引入虚拟领航者,假设其已知期望轨迹和期望速度,利用跟随者的队形位置跟踪误差和速度跟踪误差构造聚合跟踪误差。进而基于协调跟踪控制系统的聚合跟踪误差系统模型,使用自适应项补偿外界环境的干扰,结合边界层理论提出分布式自适应连续协调跟踪控制算法以提高系统的鲁棒性。通过Lyapunov稳定性理论证明了聚合跟踪误差的收敛性,所有USV的位置跟踪误差和速度跟踪误差有界并趋于一致,仿真验证了该算法的有效性。     

Reliable Decentralized Supervisors for Discrete‐Event Systems Under Communication Delays: Existence and Verification

A reliable decentralized supervisory control framework for discrete‐event systems is proposed to deal with possible actuation failures and communication delays. We mainly focus on the existence of such a controller that the control performance can be guaranteed even in face of local supervisor failures and communication delays. Especially, the existence of k‐reliable decentralized supervisors under communication delays is characterized by the notion of k‐reliable together with . In addition, the verification for k‐reliable decentralized supervisors is investigated by developing a constructive methodology to test the k‐reliable . It is shown that for a given number of distributed components, the existence of such k‐reliable decentralized supervisors can be checked with a polynomial complexity in the size of the state space.     

Discrete‐Time Consensus Filters for Average Tracking of Time‐Varying Inputs on Directed Switching Graphs

In this paper, we consider discrete‐time distributed estimation on a directed graph with switching topologies. Motivated by a recent PI consensus filter, we modify the protocol and remove the limitation of undirected graph and gain conditions with requirement for global topological information. The protocol is then extended to switching topologies. Convergence analysis is conducted for constant inputs under both balanced directed and general directed graphs with topological switching. Then, the result is extended to all cases for time‐varying inputs with an analytical derivation of the error bound. Satisfactory simulation results are shown to validate theoretical claims.     

不确定性时滞大系统的分散鲁棒跟踪控制器设计

研究不确定性关联时滞大系统的分散鲁棒输出跟踪控制问题,系统中不确定项具有数值界,可满足匹配条件,基于不确定项的表达形式,给出了存在分散分散鲁棒跟踪控制器的线性矩阵不等式（LMI）条件,在此基础上,通过建立求解受LMIs约束的凸优化问题,提出了具有较小反馈增益LMI设计方法,使受控系统渐近跟踪给定的参考输入,LMI方法求解简单,便于计算。     

Discrete‐Time Super‐Twisting Guidance Law with Actuator Faults Consideration

This paper proposes a robust fault‐tolerant guidance law against unknown maneuvering targets based on discrete‐time sliding mode control theory. To address this problem, a time‐delay observer is designed to estimate the lumped disturbance, which includes target maneuver as well as actuator faults. A robust discrete‐time guidance law is then synthesized based on the discrete‐time super‐twisting algorithm. Due to the principle of the super‐twisting algorithm, the presented guidance law is a naturally chattering‐free formulation. Detailed stability analysis shows that the line‐of‐sight angular rate under the proposed guidance law can be stabilized in a small region around zero. Simulation results are also provided to verify the effectiveness of the proposed approach.     

An E‐HOIM Based Data‐Driven Adaptive TILC of Nonlinear Discrete‐Time Systems for Non‐Repetitive Terminal Point Tracking

This work proposes a new adaptive terminal iterative learning control approach based on the extended concept of high‐order internal model, or E‐HOIM‐ATILC, for a nonlinear non‐affine discrete‐time system. The objective is to make the system state or output at the endpoint of each operation track a desired target value. The target value varies from one iteration to another. Before proceeding to the data‐driven design of the proposed approach, an iterative dynamical linearization is performed for the unknown nonlinear systems by using the gradient of the nonlinear system with regard to the control input as the iteration‐and‐time‐varying parameter vector of the equivalent linear I/O data model. By virtue of the basic idea of the internal model, the inverse of the parameter vector is approximated by a high‐order internal model. The proposed E‐HOIM‐ATILC does not use measurements of any intermediate points except for the control input and terminal output at the endpoint. Moreover, it is data‐driven and needs merely the terminal I/O measurements. By incorporating additional control knowledge from the known portion of the high order internal model into the learning control law, the control performance of the proposed E‐HOIM‐ATILC is improved. The convergence is shown by rigorous mathematical proof. Simulations through both a batch reactor and a coupled tank system demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

Tracking control of uncertain Euler–Lagrange systems with finite‐time convergence

A unified solution is presented to the tracking control problem of Euler–Lagrange systems with finite‐time convergence. A reconstruction module is designed to estimate the overall of unmodeled dynamics, disturbance, actuator misalignment, and multiple actuator faults. That reconstruction is accomplished in finite time with zero error. A nonsingular terminal sliding mode controller is then synthesized, and the resultant closed‐loop system is also shown to be finite‐time stable with the reference trajectory followed in finite time. Unlike most sliding mode control methods to handle system uncertainties, the designed control has less conservativeness and stronger fault tolerant capability. A rigid spacecraft system is used to demonstrate the effectiveness and potential of the proposed scheme. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Distributed Fixed‐Time Coordinated Tracking for Nonlinear Multi‐Agent Systems Under Directed Graphs

This paper is concerned with the fixed‐time coordinated tracking problem for a class of nonlinear multi‐agent systems under detail‐balanced directed communication graphs. Different from conventional finite‐time coordinated tracking strategies, the fixed‐time approach developed in this paper guarantees that a settling time bound is prescribed without dependence on initial states of agents. First, for the case of a single leader, a distributed protocol based on fixed‐time stability techniques is proposed for each follower to accomplish the consensus tracking in a fixed time. Second, in the presence of multiple leaders, a new distributed protocol is proposed such that states of followers converge to the dynamic convex hull spanned by those of leaders in a fixed time. In addition, for a class of linear multi‐agent systems, sufficient conditions that guarantee the fixed‐time coordinated tracking are provided. Finally, numerical simulations are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the theoretical results.     

Exponential Stabilization of Switched Discrete‐Time Systems with All Unstable Modes

This paper studies the exponential stabilization of switched discrete‐time systems whose subsystems are unstable. A new sufficient condition for the exponential stability of the class of systems is proposed. The result obtained is based on the determination of a lower bound of the maximum dwell time by virtue of the multiple Lyapunov functions method. The key feature is that the given stability condition does not need the value of the Lyapunov function to uniformly decrease at every switching instant. An example is provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed result.     

Discrete‐time repetitive controller for time‐delay systems with disturbance observer

A novel discrete‐time repetitive controller design for time‐delay systems subject to a periodic reference and exogenous periodic disturbances is presented. The main idea behind the proposed approach is to take advantage of the plant delay in the controller design, and not to compensate for the effect of this delay. To facilitate this concept, we introduce an appropriate time‐delay and a compensator in a positive feedback connection with the plant, such that a generator for periodic signals is constructed. Then a proportional controller is used to stabilize the closed‐loop system. The tracking control capability is thus guaranteed according to the internal model principle (IMP). In addition, to attenuate external periodic disturbances, a disturbance observer (DO) is developed to simultaneously achieve reference tracking and disturbance rejection. The possible fractional delay due to the digital discretization is handled by using a fractional delay filter approximation. The proposed controller has a simple structure, in which only a proportional parameter and a low‐pass filter are required to be chosen. The closed‐loop stability conditions and a robustness analysis under model uncertainties are studied. Numerical simulations and practical experiments on a servo motor system are conducted to verify the feasibility and simplicity of the proposed controller. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley and Sons Asia Pte Ltd and Chinese Automatic Control Society     

Adaptive Active Fault Tolerant Control for Discrete‐Time Systems with Uncertainties

An active fault‐tolerant control scheme for discrete‐time systems is proposed to solve a difficult problem of fault‐tolerant controller design in the presence of partial loss of actuator effectiveness faults and structural parameter uncertainties assumed to be matched, using adaptive control techniques to help a faster and more accurate compensation of failure and uncertainty. An automated fault estimation scheme is developed together with an adaptive model parameter identification to obtain system parameter estimates. With these estimates fed back to the system, a model reference adaptive controller is constructed to achieve a desired tracking performance. Since parameters are obtained and updated online, the control system has an automatic failure compensation capability so as to recognize or reconfigure the control law in real time in response to failure indications. The stability and convergence follow from discrete‐time Lyapunov arguments. Simulation results from the linearized lateral dynamics model of the Boeing 747 airplane are presented to show the efficiency of proposed methods.     

Robust Mixed Performance of Continuous Switched Systems with Time Delay

In this paper, the robust mixed H₂ / H_∞ performance analysis of switched time‐delay systems with linear fractional perturbations and distributed delay via a switching signal selection is considered. Some delay‐dependent LMI‐based criteria are proposed to achieve the design of the switching signal. Our approach is guaranteed by the new proposed inequality in recent years. Finally, some numerical examples are illustrated to show the main results.     

Robust Reliable H∞ Control for Discrete‐Time Systems with Actuator Delays

This article focuses on the robust state feedback reliable H_∞ control problem for discrete‐time systems. Discrete‐time systems with time‐varying delayed control input are formulated. Based on the Lyapunov–Krasovskii method and linear matrix inequality (LMI) approach, delay‐dependent sufficient conditions are developed for synthesizing the state feedback controller for an uncertain discrete‐time system. The parameter uncertainty is assumed to be norm bounded. A design scheme for the state feedback reliable H_∞ controller is proposed in terms of LMIs, which can guarantee the global asymptotic stability and the minimum disturbance attenuation level. Finally, numerical examples are provided to illustrate the effectiveness and reduced conservatism of the proposed methods.     

时滞大系统分散鲁棒跟踪控制器设计: LMI 方法

针对一类满足匹配条件的不确定性关联时滞系统,导出了分散鲁棒输出跟踪控制器存在的充分条件。基于不确定项的表达形式,给出了存在分散鲁棒跟踪控制器的线性矩阵不等式（LMI）条件。通过建立求解受LMIs约束的凸优化问题,提出了具有较小反馈增益LMI设计方法,使受控系统渐近跟踪给定的参考输入。仿真示例说明了该方法的应用。     

一类线性不确定组合系统的输出反馈分散输出跟踪控制

讨论了线性不确定组合系统的鲁棒分散输出渐近跟踪问题.基于Lyapunov方程正定解的存在性,给出了输出反馈跟踪控制器的设计方法.对于系统中所有允许的不确定性,所设计的控制器均使系统的输出渐近跟踪所给定的参考信号,同时系统的状态保持有界.     

Discrete‐time higher‐order sliding mode control of systems with unmatched uncertainty

The research on discrete‐time higher‐order sliding mode has received a considerable attention recently. Systems with unmatched uncertainties are common in practice; however, the existing discrete‐time higher‐order sliding mode control algorithms are designed considering only matched uncertainty. This paper proposes a technique to design discrete‐time higher‐order sliding mode control for an uncertain LTI system in the presence of unmatched uncertainty. The proposed technique is numerically simulated and experimentally validated on an electromechanical rectilinear plant. Various experiments are conducted considering the several operational conditions of electromechanical systems in industries to verify the performance of the proposed controller.     

Discrete‐time output feedback for Markov jump systems with uncertain transition probabilities

This article addresses the output feedback control for discrete‐time Markov jump linear systems. With fully known transition probability, sufficient conditions for an internal model based controller design are obtained. For the case where the transition probabilities are uncertain and belong to a convex polytope with known vertices, we provide a sufficient LMI condition that guarantees the norm of the closed‐loop system is below a prescribed level. That condition can be improved through an iterative procedure. Additionally, we are able to deal with the case of cluster availability of the Markov mode, provided that some system matrices do not vary within a given cluster, an assumption that is suitable to deal with packet dropout models for networked control systems. A numerical example shows the applicability of the design and compares it with previous results. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

具有不匹配互联项相似组合大系统的分散控制及输出跟踪的LMI 方法

研究了一类相似组合大系统,其互联项不满足匹配条件,提出一种新的分散控制器设计方法,并结合线性矩阵不等式方法给出了系统渐近稳定的充分条件,其结果由Ｎ个线性矩阵不等式给出。用此研究了输出跟踪问题,并用仿真例子说明了该方法的有效性。