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1.
Piyarat Weerachanchai Chaiyot Tangsathitkulchai Malee Tangsathitkulchai 《Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering》2011,28(12):2262-2274
Slow pyrolysis studies of palm kernel cake (PKC) and cassava pulp residue (CPR) were conducted in a fixed-bed reactor. Maximum
liquid yield (54.3 wt%) was obtained from PKC pyrolysis at 700 °C, heating rate of 20 °C/min, N2 gas flow rate of 200 cm3/min and particle size of 2.03 mm. Fuel properties of bi-oils were in following ranges: density, 1.01–1.16 g/cm3; pH, 2.8–5.6; flash point, 74–110 °C and heating value, 15 MJ/kg for CPR oil and 40 MJ/kg for PKC oil. PKC oil gave main
contents of n-C8–C18 carboxylic acids, phenols, and esters, whereas CPR oil gave the highest amount of methanol soluble fraction consisting of
polar and non-volatile compounds. On gas compositions, CPR pyrolysis gave the highest yield of syngas produced, while PKC
pyrolysis offered the highest content of CO2. Pyrolysis chars possessed high calorific values in range from 29–35 MJ/kg with PKC char showing a characteristic of reasonably
high porosity material. 相似文献
2.
Banyong Nakrumpai Kejvalee Pruksathorn Pornpote Piumsomboon 《Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering》2006,23(4):570-575
The aim of this research was to study the effect of fabrication factors on the performance of MEA of a PEM fuel cell. The
MEA was prepared by using 5 cm2 of porous electrodes with Pt loading 1 mg/cm2 and Nafion 115 membrane from Electrochem Co. Ltd. The studied factors were temperature, pressure and time of compression
in the range of 130–150 ‡C, 50–100 kg/cm2 and 1–5 minutes, respectively. A 2k factorial design was conducted in this study. The results showed that interaction between pressure and temperature and interaction
between temperature and time of compression have significant effects on the performance of the MEA. With low pressure, but
high temperature and long compression time, current density is increased. The results showed that the optimum condition was
65 kg/cm2, 137 ‡C and 5.5 min of compression time. It was also found that the force of 69 kg-cm for assembling the single cell gave
the best performance. 相似文献
3.
V. Kale S. P. R. Katikaneni M. Cheryan 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1999,76(6):723-727
Crude rice bran oil containing 16.5% free fatty acids (FFA) was deacidified by extracting with methanol. At the optimal ratio
of 1.8:1 methanol/oil by weight, the concentration of FFA in the crude rice bran oil was reduced to 3.7%. A second extraction
at 1:1 ratio reduced FFA in the oil to 0.33%. The FFA in the methanol extract was recovered by nanofiltration using commercial
membranes. The DS-5 membrane from Osmonics/Desal and the BW-30 membrane from Dow/Film Tec gave average FFA rejection of 93–96%
and an average flux of 41 L/m2·h (LMH) to concentrate the FFA from 4.69% to 20%. The permeate, containing 0.4–0.7% FFA, can be nanofiltered again to recover
more FFA with flux of 67–75 LMH. Design estimates indicate a two-stage membrane system can recover 97.8% of the FFA and can
result in a final retentate stream with 20% FFA or more and a permeate stream with negligible FFA (0.13%) that can be recycled
for FFA extraction. The capital cost of the membrane plant would be about $48/kg oil processed/h and annual operating cost
would be about $15/ton FFA recovered. The process has several advantages in that it does not require alkali for neutralization,
no soapstock nor wastewater is produced, and effluent discharges are minimized. 相似文献
4.
D. J. McClements M. J. W. Povey 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1988,65(11):1791-1795
A pulse echo technique has been used to measure the ultrasonic velocity of a number of 15% w/w glyceride/paraffin oil mixtures
with increasing temperature (0–70 C). At the lower temperatures the glycerides are completely solid and there is a fairly
steady decrease in velocity with temperature (ca. −3.8 ms−1C−1). As the temperature rises the glycerides become increasingly soluble in the paraffin oil and the velocity decreases more
rapidly. Once the glyceride is completely soluble in the paraffin oil, a fairly steady decrease in velocity with temperature
(ca. −3.3 ms−1C−1) resumes. The dependence of ultrasonic velocity on the amount of solid glyceride present means the technique can be used
to investigate phase transitions in binary glyceride/oil mixtures. 相似文献
5.
Meghan Allendorf Anand Subramanian Luis Rodriguez-Saona 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2012,89(1):79-88
This study evaluated the capabilities of a handheld mid-infrared (MIR) spectrometer combined with multivariate analysis to
characterize oils, monitor chemical processes occurring during oxidation, and to determine fatty acid composition. Vegetable
oils (corn, peanut, sunflower, safflower, cottonseed, and canola) were stored at 65 °C for 30 days to accelerate oxidation
reactions. Aliquots were drawn at 5 day intervals and analyzed by benchtop and portable handheld mid-infrared devices (4,000–700 cm−1) and reference methods (IUPAC 2301 [1], 2302 [1]; AOCS Cd 8-58 [2]; and Shipe 1979 [3]). PLSR and soft independent modeling of class analogy (SIMCA) models were developed for oil classification and estimation
of oil stability parameters. Models developed from MIR spectra obtained with a benchtop spectrometer equipped with a 3-bounce
ATR device resulted in superior discriminative performances for classifying oils as compared to those obtained from handheld
spectra (single-bounce ATR). Models developed from reference tests and handheld spectra showed prediction errors (SECV) of
1 meq/kg for peroxide value, 0.09% for acid value and 2% for determination of unsaturated fatty acids in different oils. Spectral
regions ~3,012–2,850 cm−1 (C–H stretching bands/shoulders of fatty acids), ~1,740 cm−1 (C=O stretching of esters), and ~1,114 cm−1 (–C–O stretching) were found to be important for prediction. Handheld-FTIR instruments combined with multivariate-analysis
showed promise for determination of oil quality parameters. Portability and ease-of-use makes the handheld device a great
alternative to traditional methods. 相似文献
6.
K. J. Moulton Sr. S. Koritala K. Warner 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1985,62(12):1698-1701
Soybean oil was partially hydrogenated in a continuous system with copper and nickel catalysts. The hydrogenated products
were evaluated for flavor and oxidative stability. Processing conditions were varied to produce oils of linolenate contents
between 0.4 and 2.7%, as follows: oil flow, 0.6–2.2 liters/hr; reaction temperature, 180–220 C; hydrogen pressure, 100–525
psig, and catalyst concentration, 0.5–1% copper catalyst or 0.1% nickel catalyst.Trans unsaturation varied from 8 to 20% with copper catalyst and from 15.0 to 27% with nickel catalyst. Linolenate selectivity
was 9 with copper catalyst and 2 with nickel catalyst. Flavor evaluation of finished oils containing 0.01% citric acid (CA),
appraised initially and after accelerated storage at 60 C, showed no significant difference between hydrogenated oils and
nonhydrogenated oil. However, peroxide values and oxidative stability showed that hydrogenated oils were more stable than
the unhydrogenated oil. CA+TBHQ (tertiary butylhydroquinone) significantly improved the oxidative stability of test oils over
oils with CA only, but flavor scores showed no improvement. Dimethylpolysiloxane (MS) had no effect on either flavor or oxidative
stability of the oils. 相似文献
7.
Supercritical fluid extraction is a viable alternative process for extracting oil from olive husk, a residue obtained in the
olive oil production. We analyzed the effects of pressure (P) (100–300 bar), temperature (T) (40–60°C), solvent flow (1–1.5 L/min), and particle size (D) (0.30–0.55 mm) on extraction yield, and three oil-quality parameters: acidity (OA), PV, and phosphorus content (PC). A response
surface methodology based on the statistical analysis of the experimental data permitted us to obtain mathematical expressions
relating the operational variables and parameters studied. At the best extraction condition of the experimental range analyzed
(P=300 bar, T=60°C, D=0.30 mm, and solvent flow=1.25 L/min at standard conditions), the oil yield was 80% (w/w) with respect to hexane extraction,
whereas the quality parameters OA, PV, and PC were 14% (w/w), 8 meq/kg, and 2.3·10−3% (w/w), respectively. These results were compared to those obtained by hexane Soxhlet extraction. The quality of the supercritical
extract was superior, requiring only simple refining. This advantage may result in improved economics of the supercritical
process in relation to the conventional extraction with hexane. 相似文献
8.
A direct ethanol fuel cell (DEFC) of 5 cm2 membrane-electrode area was studied systematically by varying the catalyst loading, ethanol concentration, temperature and
different Pt based electro-catalysts (Pt–Ru/C, Pt-black High Surface Area (HSA) and Pt/C). A combination of 2 M ethanol at
the anode, pure oxygen at the cathode, 1 mg cm−2 of Pt–Ru/C (40%:20%) as the anode and 1 mg cm−2 of Pt-black as the cathode gave a maximum open circuit voltage (OCV) of 0.815 V, a short circuit current density of 27.90 mA cm−2 and a power density of 10.3 mW cm−2. The optimum temperatures of the anode and cathode were determined as 90 °C and 60 °C, respectively. The power density increased
with increase in ethanol concentration and catalyst loading at the anode and cathode. However, the power density decreased
slightly beyond 2 M ethanol concentration and 1 mg cm−2 catalyst loading at the anode and cathode. These results were validated using cyclic voltammetry at single electrodes under
similar conditions to those of the DEFC. 相似文献
9.
The growth dynamics of the height of burning pressed specimens with the specimen ends subjected to a compressive force of
constant magnitude is studied using the heterogeneous Ti+C+20% TiC system as an example. It is found that in the examined
range of compressive forces 0.1–2 kg/cm2, the growth of the height of the burning specimens with time obeys a linear law; under a compressive force of ≈0.1 kg/cm2, the specimen height increases by ≈100%, and under a force of ≈2 kg/cm2, it increases by about 25%. The method used to measure the growth dynamics of the specimen height during combustion proved
a useful tool for the experimental determination of both the burning time of the specimens and the delay in the transfer of
combustion through an obstacle.
__________
Translated from Fizika Goreniya i Vzryva, Vol. 43, No. 3, pp. 103–109, May–June, 2007. 相似文献
10.
Furfural production by acid hydrolysis and supercritical carbon dioxide extraction from rice husk 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Wirungrong Sangarunlert Pornpote Piumsomboon Somkiat Ngamprasertsith 《Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering》2007,24(6):936-941
The aim of this research was to study the effect of furfural production from rice husk by hydrolysis accompanying supercritical
CO2 (SC-CO2) extraction. The two-level fractional factorial design method was used to investigate the production process carried out
with respect to furfural yield. The process variables are temperature range of 373–453 K, pressure 9.1–18.2 MPa, CO2 flow rate 8.3 × 10−5–1.7 × 10−4 kg/s (5–10 g/min), sulfuric acid concentration 1 to 7 (%wt) and ratio of liquid to solid (L/S) 5 : 1 to 15 : 1 (vol/wt).
The results obtained from the experimental design showed that increasing temperature, pressure, CO2 flow rate and sulfuric acid concentration but decreasing ratio of liquid to solid would improve furfural yield. Moreover,
furfural production by two-stage process (pre-hydrolysis and dehydration) can improve furfural yield further to be around
90% of theoretical maximum. 相似文献
11.
Z. Benzo M. Murillo E. Marcano C. Gomez A. Garaboto A. Espinoza 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2000,77(9):997-1000
The determination of phosphous was carried out using emulsion sample preparation followed by analysis by inductively coupled
plasma-atomic emission spectrometry. The optimal oil-in-water (o/w) emulsion and surfactant concentrations were found by applying
response surface methodology. Two phosphorus emission lines were tested. Ethoxynonylphenol was a good choice for the emulsion
preparation. The optimal concentration for the oil in the o/w emulsion and the surfactant concentrations were ca. 8.0–37% w/w and ca. 1.0–10% w/w ethoxynonylphenol, respectively, for the 213.620 nm line; and an oil phase emulsion concentration between ca. 18–32% w/w and ca. 3–8% w/w ethoxynonylphenol for the 214.911 nm emission line. Good agreement was found between calibration curves for emulsified
aqueous standards solutions and o/w emulsions. The use of aqueous standards for calibration purposes is a good addition in
the analysis of this type of oil sample where certified standards are not available. Recoveries ranged from 98 to 105% and
from 102 to 116% for the 213 and 214 nm lines, respectively with relative standard deviations lower than 7%. 相似文献
12.
Takehara Kikuo Okajima Shigeaki Agawa Toshio Komori Saburo 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1971,48(11):748-751
Higher tertiary amines were prepared by transalkylation of triethylamine with commercially available alcohols such as Tergitol
15-S-3 and tridecyl alcohol. This reaction carried out at 250–300 C and 20 kg/cm2 initial hydrogen pressure, using Cu−Cr−Mn−O catalyst, gave about 80% yield of higher alkyl tertiary amines. Tertiary amine
hydrochlorides, quaternary ammonium bromides and amine oxides were prepared from these tertiary amines. Specific surface tension,
wetting power, foaming power and foam stability were measured. The characteristic properties with respect to tertiary amine
derivatives containing ether linkages were observed. These products have excellent wetting power, reduced surface tension,
low foaming power and unstable foam. 相似文献
13.
The physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of Poly AO™-79, a composition selected from a class of polymers prepared
by the polycondensation of divinylbenzene and a blend of various sterically hindered phenols and hydroquinone, are discussed.
Data are presented indicating that Poly AO™-79 demonstrates excellent antioxidant activity in stabilizing vegetable oils when
compared to monomeric food grade antioxidants [butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), and tertiary
butylhydroquinone (TBHQ)] as measured by the active oxygen method (AOM) and oxygen bomb test. Stability tests using thermogravimetric
analysis indicate that the material is not depolymerized in the presence of air at temperatures up to 300 C while BHT, BHA,
and TBHQ are completely volatilized at 150–170 C. Using14C-radiolabeled antioxidants, the physical losses of Poly AO™-79 from frying oil heated to 190 C is nil while 65% and 80% losses
are incurred with BHA after 1 and 2 hr holding time, respectively. The physical carry-through of Poly AO™-79 onto potatoes
from frying oil at 190 C is quantitative as compared to ca. 20% losses with BHA and TBHQ. Sensory panel tests reflect that
the carry-through of Poly AO™-79 is in an active form as evidenced by the prolonged shelf-life of chips fried in oil containing
Poly AO™-79 as compared to BHA and TBHQ. Rats and mice orally dosed with14C-radiolabeled antioxidants indicate that Poly AO™-79 is virtually not absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract (ca. 0.2–0.6%)
while monomeric antioxidants are readily transported (80–100%). Acute oral and intraperitoneal toxicity tests indicate that
Poly AO™-79 is without effect at the highest dose tested (10 g/kg body weight).
Presented at the AOCS Meeting, Chicago, September, 1976. 相似文献
14.
Sang Do Kim Kwang Jae Woo Soon Kwan Jeong Young Jun Rhim Si Hyun Lee 《Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering》2008,25(4):758-763
Present study was conducted for the purpose of producing low ash coal from LRC (low rank coals) such as lignite and sub-bituminous
coal through thermal extraction using polar solvent. Extraction from bituminous coal was also investigated for comparison.
NMP as a polar solvent was used. The ratio of coal to solvent was adjusted as 1: 10. Experimental conditions were established
which include the extraction temperature of 200–430 °C, initial applied pressure of 1–20 bar and extraction time of 0.5–2
hr were used. Extraction yield and ash content of extracted and residual coal were measured. The extraction yield increased
with the increase of extraction temperature, and the ash content of extracted coal decreased below 0.4% at 400 °C from the
raw coal samples that have the ash contents of 4–6%. According to the analysis of experiments results, fixed carbon and calorific
value increased, and H/C and O/C decreased. 相似文献
15.
A simple piece of glass equipment for deodorizing fish oil (sardine oil) by high vacuum distillation was designed and constructed.
The equipment has a throughput of 450–500 ml/hr working at 140°C and at a constant pressure of 2×10−2 mm Hg. It reduces the peroxide value and the cholesterol content of the oil and improves the flavor without affecting the
EPA and DHA content. 相似文献
16.
L. F. Backer L. Jacobsen J. C. Olson 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1983,60(8):1558-1560
The “Hander,” new Type 52 oil expeller was evaluated to determine its performance in expressing sunflower oil for use in diesel
engines. Strain gauges were mounted on the barrel of the expeller and were used to give a relative indication of barrel pressure.
Relative barrel pressure was then used as the independent variable in determining performance. Filterability of four commercial
sunflower oils and blends of these oils with No. 2 diesel fuel were determined at various temperatures and pressures. Oil
extraction efficiency ranged from ca. 56% to 84% at low and high relative barrel pressures, respectively. The greatest oil
extraction rate was 12.3 kg/hr at a feed rate of 40 kg/hr with an extraction efficiency of ca. 80%. Dewaxed sunflower oils
and blends filtered much better than nondewaxed oils and their blends. Increasing temperature, pressure and percentage of
diesel fuel in the blends increased filterability of dewaxed sunflower oil.
Work on this project is supported by North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station Project 1439. 相似文献
17.
A novel perforated bipole trickle-bed electrochemical reactor is investigated for the electro-synthesis of alkaline peroxide.
The process uses a relatively simple cell configuration in which a single electrolyte flows with oxygen gas in a flow-by graphite
felt cathode, sandwiched between a micro-porous diaphragm and a perforated bipolar electrode plate. The graphite felt cathodes
are 120 mm high by 25 mm wide and have a thickness of 3.2 mm. The reactor is operated at current densities in the range 1–5 kA m−2, ca. 800 kPa (abs) pressure and temperature (In/Out) 20–45 °C with one and two-cells. The reactor shows good performance
(current efficiency ∼78% at 2 kA m−2 and a specific energy of 5 kWh per kg of peroxide generated) with peroxide concentrations from 0.02 to 0.15 M in 1 M NaOH. 相似文献
18.
Lecithin in cosmetic emulsions produces a unique “skin feel,” which can be related to its rheological properties. In this
study, water-in-oil (w/o) and oil-in-water (o/w) emulsions were made from a cosmetic-grade caprylic/capric triglyceride with
deoiled lecithin and hydroxylated lecithin. Synthetic surfactants commonly used in commercial cosmetic products were used
as controls. Optical light microscope investigation showed significant differences in the structures of the w/o and o/w emulsions
made with the lecithins. Freeze/thaw tests were conducted to evaluate emulsion stability. The o/w emulsion (oil/water = 20:80)
was stable with 3% hydroxylated lecithin at room temperature. However, 4% hydroxylated lecithin was needed for stabilizing
the emulsion with an oil-to-water ratio of 20:80 or 30:70 through the freeze/thaw treatments. With 4% deoiled lecithin, the
w/o emulsion showed a water-holding capacity up to 80%, which was also stable through two freeze/thaw cycles. All emulsions
in this study exhibited pseudoplastic flow, in which a minimum shearing stress, a yield value, was required before flow became
linear. In general, the emulsion viscosity increased as lecithin content increased. Changing the oil-to-water ratio also affected
the emulsion viscosity. The deoiled lecithin-based w/o emulsions had higher yield values than hydroxylated lecithin-based
o/w emulsions. Therefore, more force was needed to spread the w/o emulsions. In addition, because w/o emulsions had more viscous
continuous phases and a greater volume of internal phases, the w/o emulsions were more viscous than the o/w emulsions. 相似文献
19.
S. V. Ingale P. B. Wagh A. K. Tripathi V. S. Kamble Ratanesh Kumar Satish C. Gupta 《Journal of Porous Materials》2011,18(5):567-572
In the present work, results on the physico-chemical properties of the silica aerogels prepared by sol–gel process using mixtures
of TMOS and MTMS as precursor are reported. The wide range of precursor mixture was studied with ratio of MTMS/TMOS in precursor
mixtures as 0:100, 25:75, 50:50, 75:25, and 100:0 by volume. The gels with these precursor mixtures were successfully prepared
using two step acid–base catalysis for gelation. Acetic acid (0.001 M) and NH4OH (1.5 M) were used for catalysis and resulting alcogels were subsequently dried by supercritical solvent extraction method.
FTIR spectroscopy revealed that the aerogels show more intense peak at 1,260 and 790 cm−1 attributed to Si–CH3 resulting in more hydrophobic nature and these results were concurrent with adsorbed water content measurements made using
Karl Fischer’s titration technique. The resulted aerogels were characterized using differential thermal analysis, thermo gravimetric
analysis and surface area measurements. The surface area measurements showed an interesting trend that the surface area increased
from 395 to 1,037 m2/g with increase in MTMS content in the precursor mixture from 0 to 50% and then again decreased to 512 m2/g for further increase in MTMS content from 50 to 100% in the precursor mixture. It was observed from our studies that silica
aerogels prepared using a starting mixture of 50% TMOS and 50% MTMS resulted in high moisture resistance (adsorbed water content
of 0.721% w/w), low density of 90 kg/m3 and the highest surface area of 1,037 m2/g, which has great potential for catalysis support applications. 相似文献
20.
Meizhen Xie Nurhan Turgut Dunford Carla Goad 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2011,88(12):2015-2021
In this study enzymatic extraction of oil from wheat germ (WG) was investigated. Four enzymes (Viscozyme L, Multifect CX 13L,
Multifect CX GC and Alcalase 2.4L FG) were screened for their efficacy to release oil from WG. Alcalase 2.4L FG treatment
of WG improved oil extraction yield as compared to a control (aqueous extraction without enzyme). Alcalase 2.4L FG, which
resulted in significantly higher oil yield than the other three enzymes, was chosen for optimization of the enzymatic oil
extraction process by using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Three processing parameters, liquid/solid ratio, extraction
time and enzyme concentration, were investigated as the independent variables. Based on the experimental results, the highest
oil yield, 66.5% (w/w), was obtained under the following conditions; liquid/solid ratio 16.5, enzyme concentration 1.1% and
extraction time 19.25 h. A cubic model with R
2 of 0.91 was developed to describe the enzymatic extraction process. Although the cubic model predicted WG oil extraction
yields well within the processing conditions studied in this study it was not effective beyond the experimental range. Further
research focusing on high liquid/solid ratio, 16–20, and extraction time in 18–24 h and 0.5–5 h ranges is necessary to improve
the model developed in this study. 相似文献