中国先进研究堆冷中子源中子性能和自稳特性优化研究

针对中国先进研究堆(CARR)冷中子源的技术难点，研究采用国际上尚无先例的带助冷冷包结构及带助冷两相热虹吸自然循环冷却方式的可行性。在此基础上，开展了新冷却方式下冷包内液氢形状的优化，对不同冷包结构下的中子性能进行分析，优化出较好的冷包结构。针对该冷却方式，开展了对冷中子源运行稳定性至关重要的自稳特性的研究，推导出具有一阶惯性环节的自稳特性方程。通过对方程解的分析，证明了CARR新冷却方式具有较好的自稳特性并可据此开展优化分析。     

中国先进研究堆冷中子源单相冷包方案可行性分

在现有的冷源设计中,两相氢循环因其换热能力强而被广泛采用,但它最大的缺点是存在含气率影响慢化的稳定性。能否采用单相循环代替两相循环实现高热流密度的热量输出,是待研究的重点。为兼顾循环流量等宏观特性和流场、温度场分布等细节参数的分析,提出了一种基于迭代的耦合算法,将一维理论公式与三维数值仿真模型相结合,用于分析中国先进研究堆单相冷包方案的可行性。研究发现,单相循环只能带走约30%的核发热,但由于冷包增加了氦冷却套,其余热量全部通过氦气对冷包壁面的直接冷却带走。温度场的分析显示液氢和壁面的最高温度分别为21.7和23.7 K。这说明冷包得到了充分冷却,单相循环及单相冷包结构可满足工程需要。     

研究堆冷中子源装置的研究现状

介绍了研究堆冷中子源(CNS)慢化中子的原理和研究现状，并对国外CNS装置的慢化剂、冷包材料及形状、冷却方式及主要组成系统的特性进行了比较和分析。     

中国先进研究堆冷中子源核发热和冷中子增益研究

为准确计算和研究中国先进研究堆（CARR）冷中子源装置氢系统的核发热和冷中子增益，建立了一整套计算方法。对参考堆的验证计算证明了该方法的正确性和有效性。对影响CARR冷中子源核发热和冷中子增益的各种因素（如慢化剂、冷包材料、冷包形状等）进行了计算和优化选择。结果表明：在核发热量较小的条件下获得了较好的冷中子增益。     

中国先进研究堆冷中子源冷包含气率及两相热虹吸循环模拟试验研究

以氟利昂R113为工质对中国先进研究堆(CARR)冷中子源(CNS)两相氢热虹吸循环回路进行了全尺寸模拟试验。以气液密度比、体积蒸发率相等为相似准则，试验研究了循环特性、冷包液位、截面含气率与热负荷的关系。实验观测到，各工况下的模拟回路均能建立稳定的循环，在冷包内形成了内筒含气、环形空间充满一定含气率的气液两相混合物的慢化剂结构。随热负荷变化，模拟系统冷包液位具有自调节性。     

深穿透跨尺度辐射场分析软件NECP-MCX研发及应用

西安交通大学核工程计算物理实验室自主研发了深穿透跨尺度辐射场分析软件NECP-MCX。针对大空间伽马射线辐射输运模拟、聚变堆停堆剂量模拟和点源屏蔽问题等新应用场景下的新问题与新挑战,在NECP-MCX中研发了对应的新方法与新功能。针对km尺度的伽马射线辐射输运问题,提出一致性共轭驱动重要性抽样(CADIS)-下次事件估计器(NEE)耦合方法,该方法能够精确高效地获得km尺度距离处的光子通量密度,计算效率比传统的NEE高6.8倍;针对聚变堆停堆剂量问题,采用粒子输运-燃耗-活化-源项耦合分析方法,获得PF线圈、TF线圈、真空室和偏滤器处停堆剂量随停堆时间的变化;对于点源屏蔽问题,提出首次碰撞源(FCS)-CADIS方法,解决CADIS方法对点源进行源偏倚的局限性,FCS-CADIS方法的计算效率比CADIS方法高2倍。     

中国先进研究堆冷中子源堆内安装

正中国先进研究堆(CARR)冷中子源堆内部分由真空容器及堆内组件组成,包括热虹吸系统、主法兰和与冷中子源堆外系统的连接管线部分,称为冷源堆内装置。CARR冷中子源堆内装置安装在重水箱内,冷包及热虹吸回路装置安装在真空容器内,氘系统管线、氦制冷系统管线、真空管线在堆水池内需要安装固定并与冷包及热虹吸回路装置连接。冷包处在堆芯活性区中心标高位置。CARR冷中子源堆内安装具体流程如图1所示。冷中子源堆内安装具有难度大、精度高、技术     

研究堆冷中子源冷包的强度分析

利用ANSYS软件包对某研究堆冷中子源（CNS）的冷包在内外压共同作用下的强度进行分析。分析结果表明，冷包的原设计不甚合理，冷包的局部应力超过了设计应力。变更原结构的几何尺寸后进行了进一步计算分析，并提出了相应的补强方案。改进后冷包的计算结果表明，补强后的结构很好地满足设计要求。研究结果为冷包的实际工程设计提供了依据。     

高温气冷堆堆芯主动冷却过程动态分析

高温气冷堆紧急停堆后需要快速冷却堆芯,使其达到重新启动条件,制定合理的冷却方案对于减少电厂运行成本和保护设备安全具有重要意义。本文建立了冷却系统的数学模型,对冷却过程中关键设备的传热传质过程进行了动态数值模拟。首先分析了德国高温气冷堆采用的直接冷却方案,结果表明,此方案无法避免对设备形成冷冲击或热冲击,风险性较大。进而提出了适用于我国高温气冷堆的新方案,新方案包括4个步骤：蒸汽发生器排水-卸压-预冷-冷却堆芯。动态分析表明,新方案成功地避免了冷/热冲击,大幅提高了安全性,冷却时间也在可接受范围内。     

冷停堆状态下余热泵的可用性

在冷停堆状态下，堆芯正常的冷却和循环是只依靠余热泵来完成的，因此防止冷停堆状态下堆芯裸露的一个重要方面是保证余热导出泵的可用，防止因为吸入空气产生汽蚀，进而使余热泵严重损坏而停运。而泵发生汽蚀的主要条件是由泵本身和吸入装置两方面决定的，本文将从这两方面着手，分析解决秦山二期扩建工程中冷停堆状态下余热泵的可用性问题。     

CARR冷中子源物理方案研究

冷中子源是中国先进研究堆(CARR)作为应用平台开展中子散射实验的重要系统。本文建立了可开展冷中子源装置氢系统物理方案研究的计算程序和方法。对影响核发热和冷中子增益的多种因素进行了计算和优化选择,确定了氢系统物理方案。分析结果表明:符合CARR冷中子源自身特点且在国际上具有创新意义的月牙形冷包结构,在核发热量较小的条件下获得了较好的冷中子增益。     

中国先进研究堆安全设计

中国先进研究堆(CARR)是一座轻水冷却和慢化、重水反射的池内簟式研究堆。额定核功率为60MW。堆芯装载21盒燃料组件,芯体材料为U_3Si_2-Al_x弥散体,包壳材料为6061铝。CARR具有堆芯小、热流密度高和流速高等特点,使得CARR的安全设计难度很大。本文详细介绍了CARK设计中采取的安全措施,如ATWS缓解系统、足够大的主泵转动惯量、足够的自然循环能力和靠UPS供电的随堆运行的应急堆芯冷却系统等。事故分析结果表明,CARR具有很高的固有安全性,采取的安全措施是有效的。     

Development of a thermal-hydraulic analysis code for CARR

The China advanced research reactor (CARR) being built in Beijing, China, is a multipurpose research reactor for a variety of fields. Theoretical calculation of thermal hydraulic characteristics of CARR is presented in this paper. The theoretical analysis consists of initial steady and transient accidental analyses. Point reactor neutron kinetics model with six groups of delayed neutron is adopted for the solution of reactor power. All possible flow and heat transfer conditions are considered and the corresponding optional models are supplied in the theoretical calculations. A new simple and convenient model is proposed for the resolution of the transient behaviors of main pump instead of the complicated four-quadrant model. Gear method and Adams predictor–corrector method are adopted alternately for a better solution to such ill-conditioned differential equations corresponding to detail process. The initial multi-channel analysis shows that the effects of geometrical size on flow distribution play dominant role and the effects of core power distribution may be neglected. The temperature fields of fuel elements under asymmetrical cooling condition are also obtained, which are the bases for further study on transient-induced stress analysis, etc. Accidental analyses show that the activity of emergency cooling system apparently reduces the peak temperatures of fuel and coolant, peak quality and other operation parameters. Thus it effectively ensures the safety in operation of CARR. Because of the adoption of modular programming techniques, this code is expected to be applied to accidental analysis of other types of reactors by easily modifying the corresponding function modules. Also, this code is expected to be validated against experimental data.     

Mockup tests for developing the CARR-CNS with a two-phase thermo-siphon loop

The cold neutron source (CNS) is a facility to increase cold neutrons by scattering thermal neutrons in liquid hydrogen or deuterium around 20 K. For extracting a stable cold neutron flux from the CNS, the liquid quantity in the moderator cell should be maintained stably against disturbance of nuclear heating. The China Institute of Atomic Energy (CIAE) is now constructing the China Advanced Research Reactor (CARR: 60 MW). and designing the CARR-CNS with a two-phase thermo-siphon loop consisting of a condenser, two moderator transfer tubes and an annular cylindrical moderator cell. The mock-up tests were carried out using a full-scale loop with Freon-113,for validating the self-regulating characteristics of the loop, the void fraction less than 20% in the liquid hydrogen of the moderator cell, and the requirements for establishing the condition under which the inner shell has only vapor. The density ratio of liquid to vapor and the volumetric evaporation rate due to heat load are kept the same as those innormal operation of the CARR-CNS. The results show that the loop has the self-regulating characteristics and the inner shell contains only vapor, while the outer shell liquid. The local void fraction in the liquid increases with increasing of the loop pressure.     

CARR堆冷中子瞬发伽玛活化分析系统及实验研究

利用中国先进研究堆（CARR）在国内首次开展了冷中子瞬发伽玛活化分析（CNPGAA）实验,采用定制加长的电制冷高纯锗（HPGe）探测器和先进的数字多道谱仪DSPEC®-502进行测量,获得了NH₄Cl样品中元素冷中子瞬发伽玛谱和本底谱等数据,同时利用伽玛放射源¹⁵²Eu、¹³⁷Cs、⁶⁰Co以及NH₄Cl产生的瞬发伽玛射线对探测器在宽能区0.1~8 MeV进行能量刻度。为降低环境辐射本底,HPGe探测器外围采用环形锗酸铋（BGO）康普顿谱仪,10 cm铅以及含⁶Li和¹⁰B材料对中子束流准直屏蔽。此外,利用金片活化法测量了CARR堆运行功率为15 MW时有无冷源情况下冷中子导管B(CNGB)末端1 m处的中子注量率,结果显示有冷源时中子注量率可提高一个量级。     

Two-phase instability analysis in natural circulation loops of China advanced research reactor

In this paper, two-phase flow instability in natural circulation loops of China Advanced Research Reactor (CARR) has been investigated. CARR is a low pressure and low power density research reactor. A natural circulation instability analysis model is developed for the natural circulation loop of CARR. The homogeneous flow model is used to establish the system control equations. The non-uniform heating and subcooled boiling heat transfer is included. The accumulation heat of the wall is also included. Numerical method of Gear is employed to solve the system equations documented in terms of ordinary differential equations. According to the calculation results, stability maps of the natural circulation loop, which confirm the presence of an instability region under the conditions of low equilibrium quality in the outlet and low pressure, are obtained. It is a special kind of density wave oscillation (DWO) that occurs in very low equilibrium quality region with the characteristics of geysering and ‘Type-I’ DWO at the same time. The calculation results show such oscillation course clearly. The variations of the mass flow rate, the pressure drop and the boiling boundary are analyzed separately. Especially, the phase-space trajectory of the boiling boundary and the mass flow rate is discussed. Finally the oscillation frequency is discussed. The calculated results have important significance for the safety operation and accidental analysis of CARR.     

中国先进研究堆矩形通道流场数值计算分析

通过SIMPLE数值方法,编制程序,对中国先进研究堆(CARR)全流道进行流场数值模拟.采用对CARR的单个冷却剂通道进行单相水的数值传热计算,并递增地改变流道入口流速,计算获得与入口流速对应的流道速度场与温度场分布,展现其变化规律,分析入口流速对流道热工水力参数分布的影响.采用所编制的程序,对板式燃料组件构成的窄矩形通道进行数值模拟,由此来确定热工水力设计需要的一些反应堆安全参数.这些安全参数为反应堆事故监测系统提供必要的热工过程状态信息,也为CARR提供必要的数据参考.     

Core Thermohydraulic Design with 20% LEU Fuel for Upgraded Research Reactor JRR-3

This paper presents the outline of the core thermohydraulic design and analysis of the research reactor JRR-3, which is to be upgraded to a 20 MWt pool-type, light water-cooled reactor with 20% low enriched uranium (LEU) plate-type fuel. For the condition of normal operation, the upgraded JRR-3 core is planned to be cooled by two cooling modes of forced-convection at high power and natural-convection at low power. The major feature of core thermohydraulics is that at the forced-convection cooling mode the core flow is a downflow, under which fuel plates are exposed to a severer condition than an upflow in cases of operational transients and accidents. The core thermohydraulic design was, therefore, done for the condition of normal operation so that fuel plates may have enough safety margins both against the onset of nucleate boiling (ONR) not to allow the nucleate boiling anywhere in the core and against the departure from nucleate boiling (DNB). The safety margins against ONB and DNB were evaluated. The core velocity thus designed is at the optimum condition where fuel plates have the maximum margin against the ONB, and the minimum DNB ratio (ratio of DNB heat flux to the maximum heat flux) was evaluated to be about 2.1, which gives a sufficient margin against the DNB. The core thermohydraulic characteristics were also clarified for the natural-convection cooling mode.