苯磺酸铜催化合成丁酸异戊酯

以苯磺酸铜作催化剂，环己烷作共沸带水剂，由正丁酸和异戊醇制备丁酸异戊酯。着重讨论了该反应的各种影响因素，找出了较佳的反应条件：丁酸0．167mol，n(醇)：n(酸)=1．1：1，催化剂用量为1．0％(以丁酸的摩尔分数计)，反应2．5h，85℃～90℃，环己烷5mL，酯化率可达98．0％。催化剂重复使用了8次，没有出现明显失活现象，酯化率仍达90．2％。     

强酸性阳离子交换树脂催化合成丁酸己酯的研究

以丁酸、正己醇为原料，直接酯化合成丁酸己酯，分别研究了反应温度、反应时间、原料配比、带水剂、催化剂用量等条件对合成反应的影响，确定了最佳工艺条件。该方法合成丁酸己酯的最佳工艺条件是：反应温度120℃、反应时间3．5h、n（正己醇）：n（丁酸）为1．2、催化剂用量为2．32％、带水剂环己烷为15mL（丁酸为0．2mol的情况下）。丁酸己酯的收率达到95．86％。催化剂不经处理可循环使用多次。该催化剂具有价廉易得、催化活性好、不腐蚀设备、无环境污染等优点。     

对甲苯磺酸铜催化合成丁酸异戊酯

研究了由对甲苯磺酸与氧化铜反应制得的对甲苯磺酸铜作为催化剂,合成丁酸异戊酯,其最佳反应条件为：醇酸物质的量比1．4：1．0,反应时间1．5h,催化剂用量0．2％（以丁酸的物质的量计）,反应温度120～140℃,酯化率达到99％以上。对甲苯磺酸铜制备容易,使用后处理简单,可以重复使用。     

硫酸氢钠催化合成丁酸戊酯的研究

利用硫酸氢钠作为酯化反应催化剂合成了丁酸戊酯，其最佳反应条件为：催化剂用量0.2g/0.1mol丁酸，醇酸摩尔比2：1，带水剂10mL,反应时间1.0h，丁酸的酯化率可达99．19％。该催化剂催化效果好，使用量少，酯化率高，环境污染小，价廉易得，极有应用价值。     

陶土负载TiO2／SO4^2-催化合成丁酸异戊酯

制备了以陶土为载体的TiO2／SO4^2-固体超强酸催化剂，并考察了它对丁酸异戊酯合成反应的催化性能。通过正交试验优化了丁酸异戊酯合成条件：催化剂活化温度600℃，催化剂用量12％(以0．15mol正丁酸为基准)，反应物醇酸摩尔比1．2：1，反应时间1h，酯化率达95.2％。     

对甲苯磺酸催化合成丁酸异戊酯的工艺研究

以对甲苯磺酸为催化剂,正丁酸与异戊醇为原料合成了丁酸异戊酯,讨论了醇酸物质的量比、催化剂用量、反应时间、带水剂等因素对酯化率的影响,确定了最佳工艺条件为：以0．2mol正丁酸为基准,醇酸物质的量比为1．5：1,催化剂用量为0．5g,反应时间为2h,带水剂环己烷为7．5mL,丁酸异戊酯的酯化率为95．8％。该催化剂具有催化活性高,使用量少,酯化率高,与目前工业中使用的硫酸相比,环境污染小,对设备几乎无腐蚀等优点,且对甲苯磺酸价格低廉易得,性质稳定,使用方便,是一种很有发展前景的催化剂。     

TiSiW_(12)O_(40)/TiO_2催化合成丁酸异戊酯

以固载杂多酸盐TiSiW12 O4 0 /TiO2 为多相催化剂 ,通过正丁酸和异戊醇反应合成了丁酸异戊酯 ,并探讨了诸因素对酯化率的影响。实验表明 :TiSiW12 O4 0 /TiO2 具有良好的催化活性 ,醇酸物质的量比为 1 3∶1,催化剂用量为反应物料总量的 1 5 % ,反应时间 1 0h ,反应温度 12 0℃～ 130℃ ,酯化率可达 95 7%     

硅胶负载磷钨酸催化合成丁酸戊酯的研究

以硅胶负载磷钨酸为催化剂研究丁酸戊酯的合成反应,确定了最佳反应条件：催化剂用量2.0/0.2 mol丁酸,醇酸摩尔比为2：1,反应时间为2 h.研究结果表明该催化剂催化效果好,反应条件温和,方法简便,酯化率可达96%,而且催化剂可重复使用.     

邻甲苯磺酸铜催化合成苯甲酸丁酯的研究

研究了邻甲苯磺酸铜催化苯甲酸和正丁醇的酯化反应,考察了催化剂用量、醇酸摩尔比、反应时间等因素对酯化率的影响;找到了较佳的反应条件：苯甲酸用量为O．167mol,醇酸摩尔比为1．2：1,催化剂用量为1．0％（以苯甲酸的摩尔分数计）,反应时间为2．5h,环己烷用量为5mL,在此条件下酯化率可达97．4％。邻甲苯磺酸铜重复使用5次后．其催化活性无明显下降。     

光敏丙烯酸环氧酯合成过程影响因素研究

通过测定丙烯酸环氧酯合成过程中的丙烯酸转化率以及对合成产物的红外光谱分析,研究了反应温度、催化剂、阻聚剂、投料比和投料方式对合成反应的影响。研究结果表明：增加催化剂用量并在一定范围内提高反应温度,反应时间缩短、酯化程度提高;增加阻聚剂用量,酯化程度提高,但阻聚剂用量达到1．0％时酯化程度降低;随着反应物配比中丙烯酸比例的增加,反应时间延长。投料比nEr：nAA为1．0：1．9及1．0：2．1的条件下合成产物的酯化程度高于nEr：nAA为1．0：2．0的。投料方式对反应时间的影响不大;将丙烯酸与催化剂预先混合有利于提高产物的酯化程度。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。