节能及信任驱动的虚拟机资源调度

针对节能机制和信任驱动的资源调度机制相分离的特点,提出了一种应用到云计算数据中心中的节能及信任驱动的虚拟机资源调度TD energy-aware-Opt算法。该算法利用任务和虚拟机资源之间的信任机制进行任务和虚拟机资源之间的匹配,并通过最小化迁移算法对虚拟机进行实时迁移,以达到保证用户任务性能和数据中心节能的目的。对该算法进行大规模和多角度的仿真实验,结果表明:该算法与传统的基于信任驱动的最小完成时间TD min-min算法、基于信任驱动的最大完成时间TD max-min算法相比,能节省大量电能并且具有较优的平均信任效益、总信任效益和较低的服务等级协议违反率。     

基于混合群智能的节能虚拟机整合方法

数据中心的虚拟机（virtual machine,VM）整合技术是当今云计算领域的一个研究热点.要在保证服务质量（QoS）的前提下尽可能地降低云数据中心的服务器能耗,本质上是一个多目标优化的NP难问题.为了更好地解决该问题,面向异构服务器云环境提出了一种基于差分进化与粒子群优化的混合群智能节能虚拟机整合方法（HSI-VMC）.该方法包括基于峰值效能比的静态阈值超载服务器检测策略（PEBST）、基于迁移价值比的待迁移虚拟机选择策略（MRB）、目标服务器选择策略、混合离散化启发式差分进化粒子群优化虚拟机放置算法（HDH-DEPSO）以及基于负载均值的欠载服务器处理策略（AVG）.其中,PEBST,MRB,AVG策略的结合能够根据服务器的峰值效能比和CPU的负载均值检测出超载和欠载服务器,并选出合适的虚拟机进行迁移,降低负载波动引起的服务水平协议违约率（SLAV）和虚拟机迁移的次数;HDH-DEPSO算法结合DE和PSO的优点,能够搜索出更优的虚拟机放置方案,使服务器尽可能地保持在峰值效能比下运行,降低服务器的能耗开销.基于真实云环境数据集（PlanetLab/Mix/Gan）的一系列实验结果表明：HSI-VMC方法与当前主流的几种节能虚拟机整合方法相比,能够更好地兼顾多个QoS指标,并有效地降低云数据中心的服务器能耗开销.     

An energy-aware virtual machines consolidation method for cloud computing: Simulation and verification

Cloud systems have become an essential part of our daily lives owing to various Internet-based services. Consequently, their energy utilization has also become a necessary concern in cloud computing systems increasingly. Live migration, including several virtual machines (VMs) packed on in minimal physical machines (PMs) as virtual machines consolidation (VMC) technique, is an approach to optimize power consumption. In this article, we have proposed an energy-aware method for the VMC problem, which is called energy-aware virtual machines consolidation (EVMC), to optimize the energy consumption regarding the quality of service guarantee, which comprises: (1) the support vector machine classification method based on the utilization rate of all resource of PMs that is used for PM detection in terms of the amount' load; (2) the modified minimization of migration approach which is used for VM selection; (3) the modified particle swarm optimization which is implemented for VM placement. Also, the evaluation of the functional requirements of the method is presented by the formal method and the non-functional requirements by simulation. Finally, in contrast to the standard greedy algorithms such as modified best fit decreasing, the EVMC decreases the active PMs and migration of VMs, respectively, 30%, 50% on average. Also, it is more efficient for the energy 30% on average, resources and the balance degree 15% on average in the cloud.     

A dynamic VM consolidation technique for QoS and energy consumption in cloud environment

Cloud-based data centers consume a significant amount of energy which is a costly procedure. Virtualization technology, which can be regarded as the first step in the cloud by offering benefits like the virtual machine and live migration, is trying to overcome this problem. Virtual machines host workload, and because of the variability of workload, virtual machines consolidation is an effective technique to minimize the total number of active servers and unnecessary migrations and consequently improves energy consumption. Effective virtual machine placement and migration techniques act as a key issue to optimize the consolidation process. In this paper, we present a novel virtual machine consolidation technique to achieve energy–QoS–temperature balance in the cloud data center. We simulated our proposed technique in CloudSim simulation. Results of evaluation certify that physical machine temperature, SLA, and migration technique together control the energy consumption and QoS in a cloud data center.     

虚拟化云计算数据中心能量感知资源分配机制

针对云计算的资源管理问题,提出了云计算数据中心的能量模型以及四个虚拟机放置算法。首先计算每个机架上主机的负载并根据设定的阈值进行归类,然后采用最少迁移策略从主机上选择合适迁移的虚拟机并且接受新的虚拟机分配请求,对每个虚拟机与主机集合进行匹配,选择最优化的主机进行放置。实验结果表明,与现有的能量感知资源分配方法相比,该方法在主机、网络设备以及冷却系统方面能量利用率分别提高了2.4%,18.5%和28.1%,总的能量利用率平均提高了14.5%。     

改进指数平滑预测的虚拟机自适应迁移策略

针对云数据中心虚拟机频繁迁移问题对虚拟机迁移时机进行研究,提出一种基于改进指数平滑预测的虚拟机自适应迁移策略.该策略采用双阈值和预测相结合的方法,连续判断负载状态触发负载预测,然后,根据历史负载值自适应地预测下一时刻主机负载状态并触发虚拟机迁移,实现主机负载平衡,提高迁移效率,降低能耗.经实验表明,该方法在能耗和虚拟机迁移次数方面分别可降低约7.34%和58.55%,具有良好的优化效果.     

Energy-aware scheduling algorithm for time-constrained workflow tasks in DVFS-enabled cloud environment

Energy consumption in cloud data centers is increasing as the use of such services increases. It is necessary to propose new methods of decreasing energy consumption. Green cloud computing helps to reduce energy consumption and significantly decreases both operating costs and greenhouse gas emissions. Scheduling the enormous number of user-submitted workflow tasks is an important aspect of cloud computing. Resources in cloud data centers should compute these tasks using energy efficient techniques. This paper proposed a new energy-aware scheduling algorithm for time-constrained workflow tasks using the DVFS method in which the host reduces the operating frequency using different voltage levels. The goal of this research is to reduce energy consumption and SLA violations and improve resource utilization. The simulation results show that the proposed method performs more efficiently when evaluating metrics such as energy utilization, average execution time, average resource utilization and average SLA violation.     

基于业务预测的云资源动态调度人工智能 方法及系统研究

With the continuous development of the payment market, the data structure characteristics of new business forms such as mobile Internet have changed significantly, and intelligent cloud data center is the general trend of development in the current indus- try. This paper proposes an artificial intelligence method and system design for dynamic scheduling of cloud resources based on busi- ness prediction. The resource availability of daily physical machines has changed over time, and it is necessary to reintegrate the re- sources in order to save energy and meet the requirements of service. In the early stage of large-scale marketing, capacity analysis is combined to make prediction in advance, and intelligent multi-dimensional capacity decision expansion based on artificial intelli- gence and machine self-learning is adopted. The dynamic migration and integration method of virtual machines in cloud data centers with high energy efficiency provides a new solution for improving energy efficiency of cloud computing data centers, ensuring sys- tem reliability and reducing operation and maintenance costs of cloud data centers.     

面向移动云计算的自适应虚拟机调度算法

随着移动云计算的快速发展和应用普及,如何对移动云中心资源进行有效管理同时又降低能耗、确保资源高可用是目前移动云计算数据中心的热点问题之一.本文从CPU、内存、网络带宽和磁盘四个维度,建立了基于多目标优化的虚拟机调度模型VMSM-EUN(Virtual Machine Scheduling Model based on Energy consumption,Utility and minimum Number of servers),将最小化数据中心能耗、最大化数据中心效用以及最小化服务器数量作为调度目标.设计了基于改进粒子群的自适应参数调整的虚拟机调度算法VMSA-IPSO(Virtual Machine Scheduling Algorithm based on Improved Particle Swarm Optimization)来求解该模型.最后通过仿真实验验证了本文提出的调度算法的可行性与有效性.对比实验结果表明,本文设计的基于改进粒子群的自适应虚拟机调度算法在进行虚拟机调度时,能在降低能耗的同时提高数据中心效用.     

面向绿色云计算的虚拟机迁移推荐

在以节约能源和提高能源利用率为目的的绿色云计算背景下,提出一种基于层次分析法的虚拟机迁移评估模型。该模型通过基于属性聚类的协同过滤方法,针对虚拟机的属性空间进行评分,给出了最佳绿色虚拟机迁移策略的决策方法。通过建立虚拟机任务资源使用率指标体系及两两比较矩阵,采纳五级评分制对虚拟机迁移及任务资源占用进行了评估。实验结果表明,提出的模型和方法能够显著提高云计算集群的能源利用率、节约能源的消耗。该方法对绿色云计算的研究具有重要意义。     

云数据中心基于贪心算法的虚拟机迁移策略

为了节省云数据中心的能量消耗,提出了几种基于贪心算法的虚拟机（VM）迁移策略。这些策略将虚拟机迁移过程划分为物理主机状态检测、虚拟机选择和虚拟机放置三个步骤,并分别在虚拟机选择和虚拟机放置步骤中采用贪心算法予以优化。提出的三种迁移策略分别为：最小主机使用效率选择且最大主机使用效率放置算法MinMax_Host_Utilization、最大主机能量使用选择且最小主机能量使用放置算法MaxMin_Host_Power_Usage、最小主机计算能力选择且最大主机计算能力放置算法MinMax_Host_MIPS。针对物理主机处理器使用效率、物理主机能量消耗、物理主机处理器计算能力等指标设置最高或者最低的阈值,参考贪心算法的原理,在指标上超过或者低于这些阈值范围的虚拟机都将进行迁移。利用CloudSim作为云数据中心仿真环境的测试结果表明,基于贪心算法的迁移策略与CloudSim中已存在的静态阈值迁移策略和绝对中位差迁移策略比较起来,总体能量消耗少15%,虚拟机迁移次数少60%,平均SLA违规率低5%。     

云计算数据中心虚拟机节能管理机制研究

云计算数据中心的耗电量巨大,但绝大多数的云计算数据中心并没有取得较高的资源利用率,通常只有15%-20%,有相当数量的服务器处于闲置工作状态,导致大量的能耗白白浪费。为了能够有效降低云计算数据中心的能耗,提出了一种适用于异构集群系统的云计算数据中心虚拟机节能调度算法(PVMAP算法),仿真实验结果表明：与经典算法PABFD相比,PVMAP算法的能耗明显更低,可扩展性与稳定性都更好。与此同时,随着〈Hosts,VMs〉数目的不断增加,PVMAP 算法虚拟机迁移总数和关闭主机总数的增长幅度都要低于PABFD算法。     

基于渗透式人工蜂群与蚁群优化混合的负载平衡算法

针对当前云计算负载平衡调度过程中出现的虚拟机迁移效率低和能耗高问题,提出了一种基于渗透式人工蜂群与蚁群混合优化负载平衡算法,该算法将化学渗透行为与生物启发的负载平衡算法相结合,在充分利用人工蜂群和蚁群两种优化算法优点的同时,将渗透技术应用于负载均衡。由于渗透技术支持通过云基础设施迁移的虚拟机的自动部署,从而克服了现有仿生算法在实现物理机之间负载平衡方面的缺点,提高了迁移效率。实验结果表明,以现有负载平衡算法相比,提出的算法在迁移性能上提升明显。     

云数据中心基于遗传算法的虚拟机迁移模型

提出云数据中心中基于遗传算法的虚拟机迁移模型GA-VMM（genetic algorithm based virtual machine migration）。GA-VMM在虚拟机迁移的时刻考虑的问题维度优于常见的策略,使虚拟机的分配与迁移更加合理与公平。建立了云端能量消耗与在线虚拟机迁移时间消耗数学模型,通过全局遗传算法来优化虚拟机迁移和放置策略。利用某个企业的大数据中心作为云端测试环境,对比测试GA-VMM迁移模型与已有的虚拟机迁移策略的性能。测试结果表明,GA-VMM迁移模型能够更好地减少物理主机的使用数量和虚拟机的迁移次数,SLA（service level agreement violation）违规基本处于稳定状态;GA-VMM可以降低数据中心能耗,性能优于已有的迁移策略。     

基于负载预测的虚拟机动态调度算法研究与实现

在云计算系统中为了实现负载均衡和资源的高效利用,需要在虚拟机粒度上对云计算系统进行调度,通过热迁移技术将虚拟机从高负载物理节点迁移到低负载物理节点。把负载预测技术和虚拟机动态调度技术相结合,提出了LFS算法,通过虚拟机历史负载数据对虚拟机未来的负载变化情况进行预测,然后根据预测结果对虚拟机进行调度,能够有效地避免云计算系统中高负载物理节点出现,实现负载均衡,提高资源使用率。     

An efficient energy-aware method for virtual machine placement in cloud data centers using the cultural algorithm

Excessive consumption of energy in cloud data centers whose number is increasing day by day has led to substantial problems. Hence, offering efficient schemes for virtual machine (VM) placement to decrease energy consumption in cloud computing environments has become a significant research field in recent years. In this paper, with the goal of reducing energy consumption in cloud data centers, we present a VM placement method using the cultural algorithm. In the proposed algorithm called balance-based cultural algorithm for virtual machine placement (BCAVMP), a new fitness function is introduced to evaluate VM allocation solutions. In this function, by using the sum of balance vector lengths for each VM placement, balanced utilization of resources is considered. Also, by applying the amount of energy usage in the fitness function, solutions with lower energy consumption are intended. The performance of the proposed method is evaluated using CloudSim simulator. The simulation results indicate that by appropriate VM assignment and resource wastage reduction, energy consumption in cloud data centers can be decreased.

     

Artificial bee colony based energy‐aware resource utilization technique for cloud computing

Cloud computing is a form of distributed computing, which promises to deliver reliable services through next‐generation data centers that are built on virtualized compute and storage technologies. It is becoming truly ubiquitous and with cloud infrastructures becoming essential components for providing Internet services, there is an increase in energy‐hungry data centers deployed by cloud providers. As cloud providers often rely on large data centers to offer the resources required by the users, the energy consumed by cloud infrastructures has become a key environmental and economical concern. Much energy is wasted in these data centers because of under‐utilized resources hence contributing to global warming. To conserve energy, these under‐utilized resources need to be efficiently utilized and to achieve this, jobs need to be allocated to the cloud resources in such a way so that the resources are used efficiently and there is a gain in performance and energy efficiency. In this paper, a model for energy‐aware resource utilization technique has been proposed to efficiently manage cloud resources and enhance their utilization. It further helps in reducing the energy consumption of clouds by using server consolidation through virtualization without degrading the performance of users’ applications. An artificial bee colony based energy‐aware resource utilization technique corresponding to the model has been designed to allocate jobs to the resources in a cloud environment. The performance of the proposed algorithm has been evaluated with the existing algorithms through the CloudSim toolkit. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed technique outperforms the existing techniques by minimizing energy consumption and execution time of applications submitted to the cloud. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

云计算环境下软硬件节能和负载均衡策略

针对云计算服务环境下软硬件节能和负载均衡优化问题,提出一种自适应的云计算环境下虚拟机(VM)动态迁移软节能策略。该策略采用常用的硬件能耗感知技术——动态电压频率调节(DVFS)来实现分段优化的系统部件静态节能,又通过VM在线迁移技术实现云平台的动态自适应软件节能。在CloudSim云仿真平台下对比实现DVFS静态节能和自适应负载均衡的软节能策略,经PlanetLab云平台监测数据验证,结果表明：软硬结合的自适应能耗感知策略能够高效节能96%; DVFS+MAD_MMT节能策略(采用平均绝对偏差算法判定主机是否超载,基于最短迁移时间(MMT)原则选择VM移出)     

云计算环境下基于多目标优化的虚拟机放置研究

云数据中心的规模日益增长导致其产生的能源消耗及成本呈指数级增长。虚拟机的放置是提高云计算环境服务质量与节约成本的核心。针对传统的虚拟机放置算法存在考虑目标单一化和多目标优化难以找到最优解的问题,提出一种面向能耗、资源利用率、负载均衡的多目标优化虚拟机放置模型。通过改进蚁群算法求解优化模型,利用其信息素正反馈机制和启发式搜索寻找最优解。实验结果表明,该算法综合性能表现良好,符合云环境对高效率低能耗的要求。     

基于自适应过载阈值选择的虚拟机动态整合方法

针对云环境下动态工作负载的不确定性,提出了基于自适应过载阈值选择的虚拟机动态整合方法。为了权衡数据中心能源有效性与服务质量间的关系,将自适应过载阈值的选择问题建模为马尔可夫决策过程,计算过载阈值的最优选择策略,并根据系统能效和服务质量调整阈值。通过过载阈值检测过载物理主机,然后根据最小迁移时间原则以及最小能耗增加放置原则确定虚拟机的迁移策略,最后切换轻负载物理主机至休眠状态完成虚拟机整合。仿真实验结果表明,所提出的方法在减少虚拟机迁移次数方面效果显著,在节约数据中心能源开销与保证服务质量方面表现良好,在能源的有效性与云服务质量二者之间取得了比较理想的平衡。