Effects of nonuniform incident velocity on a dynamic wind turbine airfoil

For further insight into the performance of a horizontal axis wind turbine blade section under yaw loads, a 2D numerical simulation of a pitching S809 airfoil under dynamic stall with an unsteady incident velocity is presented. The streamwise incident velocity and pitch angle of incidence oscillated with the same frequency but with a range of phase differences, ? π ≤ Φ ≤ π. Changing Φ caused variation of the results, which can be highlighted as significantly augmented and dramatically damped dynamic stall loads, both increasing and decreasing trends for vortex growth time during Φ increase, a shifted location of the maximum loads and a change in the order of the vortex pair circulation in each cycle. The results showed strong dependency on the velocity and acceleration of the freestream during dynamic stall, which categorized the results in four individual subdomains with different behaviors. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

水平轴风力机翼型动态失速特性的数值研究

动态失速对水平轴风力机的运行性能影响很大，大量的实验和分析显示，水平轴风力机在动态失速工况下其运行载荷将增长50～100％，而风力机翼型的动态失速特性是分析水平轴风力机动态失速特性的基础。本文应用CFD软件Fluent6．0对NREL S809翼型的二维动态流场进行了数值模拟，得到了翼型攻角在9*～31*范围内按正弦周期变化时的绕流流场。计算结果显示：动态失速下翼型的绕流流场与相同工况下的静态绕流流场有着十分明显的差别，同时也引起翼型升力、阻力系数的显著变化。     

风力机翼型等速上仰动态失速数值模拟

采用κ-ωSST模型,利用CFD软件模拟了NREL S809翼型正弦振荡动态失速,并将结果和俄亥俄州立大学（OSU）风洞试验值对比,显示出较好的一致性,验证了所用方法的有效性．在此基础上对该翼型在雷诺数Re=1．0×10^6时以攻角变化率α=34．54（＊）·s^-1等速上仰动态失速过程进行了数值模拟,详细描述了等速上仰动态失速过程涡的发展以及翼型周围流场的分布．结果表明,动态失速现象是由前缘主涡和尾缘逆向涡交替作用引起;其气动特性曲线的分析结果表明,其失速前气动性能较静态时有较大提升．     

A simple model for deep dynamic stall conditions

The present study is focused on modeling of dynamic stall behavior of a pitching airfoil. The deep stall regime is in particular considered. A model is proposed, which has a low implementation and computational complexity but yet is able to deal with different types of dynamic stall conditions, including those characterized by multiple vortex shedding at the airfoil leading edge. The proposed model is appraised against an extensive data set of experimental (α,C_L) curves for NACA0012. The results of an existing widely used model, having comparable complexity, are also shown for comparison. The proposed model is able to well reproduce not only the classic curves of deep dynamic stall but also the curves characterized by lift oscillations at high angles of attack due to the shedding of multiple vortices. Furthermore, the model appears to be robust to variations of its parameters from the optimal values and of the airfoil geometry. Finally, the model is successfully implemented in a commercial CFD software and applied to the simulation of a vertical axis wind turbine within the actuator cylinder approach. The accuracy of the prediction of the turbine power coefficient in the whole rotation cycle is very good for the optimal working condition of the turbine, for which the model parameters were calibrated. Fairly good accuracy is also obtained in significantly different working conditions without any further calibration.     

翼型处于不同程度的动态失速时流场的DMD分析

本研究先对风力机S809翼型处于3种不同程度动态失速下的非定常流场进行CFD(计算流体动力学)数值模拟,得到了翼型在振荡周期内升阻力系数随攻角的变化曲线,然后采用DMD(动力模态分解)方法对非定常流场进行模态分析,从中得到了非定常流场变化过程的主要模态和相应的频率以及能量等信息。通过对前6阶主要模态所包含的流场信息进行对比分析,DMD方法成功捕捉到了复杂流场中不同尺度的流动结构,直观地显示了不同程度动态失速非定常流场之间的差别。     

Integrating a new flow separation model and the effects of the vortex shedding for improved dynamic stall predictions using the Beddoes–Leishman method

This paper aims at improving dynamic stall predictions on the S809 aerofoil under 2D flow conditions. The method is based on the well‐known Beddoes–Leishman model; however, a new flow separation model and a noise generator are integrated to improve the predictions in the load fluctuations, including those induced by vortex shedding on the aerofoil upper surface. The flow separation model was derived from a unique approach based on the combined use of unsteady aerodynamic loads measurements, the Beddoes–Leishman model and a trial‐and‐error technique. The new flow separation model and random noise generator were integrated in the Beddoes–Leishman model through a new solution algorithm. The numerical predictions of the unsteady lift and drag coefficients were then compared with the Ohio State University measurements for the oscillating S809 aerofoil at several reduced frequencies and angles of attack. The results using the proposed models showed improved correlation with the experimental data. Hysteresis loops for the aerodynamic coefficients are in good agreement with measurements. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

覆冰对风力机专用翼型气动性能影响的数值研究

利用商用CFD软件和S-A湍流模型,对风力机常用的NREL S809翼型在不同覆冰形态、覆冰厚度下的静态流场和动态流场进行了数值计算,得到了Re=1×106时各种覆冰情况下该翼型的气动性能,并研究了不同的覆冰形态对风力机翼型静态、动态失速特性的影响.结果表明：向吸力面生长的覆冰形态会造成覆冰层后的分离涡,随着攻角的增加分离涡向后缘生长,造成升力系数的较大下降,阻力系数增加;沿弦向生长的覆冰对尾缘分离涡的生成影响较小;在动态失速情况下,翼型周围流场比较复杂,覆冰形态对翼型升力系统的影响规律也较复杂;从静态流场特性分析,覆冰破坏了翼型的流线从而直接影响了翼型的气动性能;从动态流场特性分析,覆冰改变了翼型动态升力系数曲线的斜率从而影响到风力机的气动弹性稳定性.     

Modelling the aerodynamics of vertical‐axis wind turbines in unsteady wind conditions

Most numerical and experimental studies of the performance of vertical‐axis wind turbines have been conducted with the rotors in steady, and thus somewhat artificial, wind conditions—with the result that turbine aerodynamics, under varying wind conditions, are still poorly understood. The vorticity transport model has been used to investigate the aerodynamic performance and wake dynamics, both in steady and unsteady wind conditions, of three different vertical‐axis wind turbines: one with a straight‐bladed configuration, another with a curved‐bladed configuration and another with a helically twisted configuration. The turbines with non‐twisted blades are shown to be somewhat less efficient than the turbine with helically twisted blades when the rotors are operated at constant rotational speed in unsteady wind conditions. In steady wind conditions, the power coefficients that are produced by both the straight‐bladed and curved‐bladed turbines vary considerably within one rotor revolution because of the continuously varying angle of attack on the blades and, thus, the inherent unsteadiness in the blade aerodynamic loading. These variations are much larger, and thus far more significant, than those that are induced by the unsteadiness in the wind conditions. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Numerical investigation of unsteady aerodynamics of a Horizontal‐axis wind turbine under yawed flow conditions

In the present study, unsteady flow features and the blade aerodynamic loading of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory phase VI wind turbine rotor, under yawed flow conditions, were numerically investigated by using a three‐dimensional incompressible flow solver based on unstructured overset meshes. The effect of turbulence, including laminar‐turbulent transition, was accounted for by using a correlation‐based transition turbulence model. The calculations were made for an upwind configuration at wind speeds of 7, 10 and 15 m/sec when the turbine rotor was at 30° and 60° yaw angles. The results were compared with measurements in terms of the blade surface pressure and the normal and tangential forces at selected blade radial locations. It was found that under the yawed flow conditions, the blade aerodynamic loading is significantly reduced. Also, because of the wind velocity component aligned tangent to the rotor disk plane, the periodic fluctuation of blade loading is obtained with lower magnitudes at the advancing blade side and higher magnitudes at the retreating side. This tendency is further magnified as the yaw angle becomes larger. At 7 m/sec wind speed, the sectional angle of attack is relatively small, and the flow remains mostly attached to the blade surface. At 10 m/sec wind speed, leading‐edge flow separation and strong radial flow are observed at the inboard portion of the retreating blade. As the wind speed is further increased, the flow separation and the radial flow become more pronounced. It was demonstrated that these highly unsteady three‐dimensional aerodynamic features are well‐captured by the present method. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

水平轴风力风轮静态结构特性试验研究

提出了一种研究水平轴风力机风轮静态结构特性的测试方法,用单点加集中荷载所得数据来综合评定受分布荷载作用的风轮叶片的强度及变形特性,用于检验风轮叶片结构设计的合理性,获得在定常荷载作用下,叶片受力的危险截面,以小型水平轴风力机FD2-300的风轮叶片为例进行了试验研究。获得了该叶片的危险截面,试验证明：通过以抗弯截面系数和定常荷载作用下的截面弯矩曲线的颁上为判据进行叶片结构形状合理性分析是一种快速、实用的测试方法,可为研究风力机气动弹性稳定性和改进风轮叶片设计提供判据。     

Computational aerodynamic analysis of a blunt trailing‐edge airfoil modification to the NREL Phase VI rotor

The effects of modifying the inboard portion of the experimental NREL Phase VI rotor using a thickened, blunt trailing‐edge (or flatback) version of the S809 design airfoil are studied using a compressible, three‐dimensional, Reynolds‐averaged Navier–Stokes method. A motivation for using such a thicker airfoil design coupled with a blunt trailing edge is to alleviate structural constraints while reducing blade weight and maintaining the power performance of the rotor. The numerical results for the baseline Phase VI rotor are benchmarked against wind tunnel measurements obtained at freestream velocities of 5, 7 and 10ms^?1. The calculated results for the modified rotor are compared against those of the baseline rotor. The results of this study demonstrate that a thick, blunt trailing‐edge blade profile is viable as a bridge to connect structural requirements with aerodynamic performance in designing future wind turbine rotors. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Digital tuft analysis of stall on operational wind turbines

Operational wind turbines are exposed to dynamic inflow conditions because of, for instance, atmospheric turbulence and wind shear. In order to understand the resulting three‐dimensional and transient aerodynamics effects at a site, a 10m stall‐regulated upwind two‐bladed wind turbine was instrumented for a novel digital tuft flow visualization study. High definition video of a tufted blade was acquired during wind turbine operation in the field, and a novel digital image processing algorithm calculated the blade stall directly from the video. After processing O(10⁵) sequential images, the algorithm achieved a ?5% bias error compared with previous manual analysis methods. With increasing wind speed (5m/s to 20m/s) the fraction of tufts exhibiting stalled flow increased from 5% to 40% on the outboard 40% of the blade. The independently measured instantaneous turbine power production correlates highly with the stall fraction. Some azimuthal variation in the stall fraction associated with dynamic stall induced by vertical wind shear was seen with a maximum in the 45–90° azimuthal location. The high detail, quantitative image processing method demonstrated good agreement with the expected behaviour for a stall‐regulated wind turbine and revealed azimuthal variation because of shear‐induced dynamic stall. The amount of reliable blade stall data to be obtained from digital tuft visualization has hereby been vastly increased. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Application of axial fan theory to horizontal‐axis wind turbine

In this work a simple method is developed to evaluate the design parameters of a horizontal‐axis wind turbine (HAWT). The method applies the available data of an axial fan to a HAWT for the same arc profile blade in both machines. The method is illustrated by a numerical example with a complete design procedure in which the pitch angle and the chord of the blade are calculated. These calculated results agree with the measured data of a commercial HAWT blade. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于压力表示法的水平轴风力机风轮气动弹性稳定性模型及应用

该文对影响水平轴风力机气动弹性稳定性的物理机理进行了分析，对国内外的研究方法进行了阐述。建立了基于压力表示法的水平轴风力机风轮气动弹性稳定性敏感性分析方法的物理与数学模型，综合考虑了风力机风轮的气动与结构参数对气动弹性稳定的影响。以600kw水平轴风力机风轮为例，对其气动弹性稳定性进行了分析与研究，获得了该风力机的气动弹性稳定性裕度和工作范围。考虑到风力机三维流动、风轮与塔架的藕合以及来流湍流和阵风等来流工况的复杂性，该分析模型目前还没有将上述因素考虑在内。若均考虑在内，则其能够提供较高的气动弹性稳定性预测精度。     

雾霾之后的反思

新年过后的第二个周末,浓重的雾霾已在全国多个城市肆虐,这让人们的心情变得糟糕。数据显示,截至1月13日零时,全国有33个城市的部分监测点PM2.5浓度超过300微克/立方米,个别城市出现PM2.5"爆表",比如北京的PM2.5浓度最高达到950微克/立方米。环保专家称,如此严重的空气质量污染,可以说已近人类所能承受的极限。于是,人们看到了政府有关方面发布的紧急预案,比如通知市民减少户外活动,要求学校停止户外体育锻炼,这体现了政府的责任意识。但我们是满足于制定完美的灾情应对预案,还是谋求从根本上消除灾难?     

Modeling dynamic stall on wind turbine blades under rotationally augmented flow fields

This paper presents an investigation of two well‐known aerodynamic phenomena, rotational augmentation and dynamic stall, together in the inboard parts of wind turbine blades. This analysis is carried out using the following: (1) the National Renewable Energy Laboratory's Unsteady Aerodynamics Experiment Phase VI experimental data, including constant as well as continuously pitching blade conditions during axial operation; (2) data from unsteady delayed detached eddy simulations (DDES) carried out using the Technical University of Denmark's in‐house flow solver Ellipsys3D; and (3) data from a reduced order dynamic stall model that uses rotationally augmented steady‐state polars obtained from steady Phase VI experimental sequences, instead of the traditional two‐dimensional, non‐rotating data. The aim of this work is twofold. First, the blade loads estimated by the DDES simulations are compared with three select cases of the N‐sequence experimental data, which serves as a validation of the DDES method. Results show reasonable agreement between the two data in two out of three cases studied. Second, the dynamic time series of the lift and the moment polars obtained from the experiments are compared with those from the dynamic stall model. This allowed the differences between the stall phenomenon on the inboard parts of harmonically pitching blades on a rotating wind turbine and the classic dynamic stall representation in two‐dimensional flow to be investigated. Results indicated a good qualitative agreement between the model and the experimental data in many cases, which suggests that the current two‐dimensional dynamic stall model as used in blade element momentum‐based aeroelastic codes may provide a reasonably accurate representation of three‐dimensional rotor aerodynamics when used in combination with a robust rotational augmentation model. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Experimental and numerical investigation of tip vortex generation and evolution on horizontal axis wind turbines

The tip vortex of a wind turbine rotor blade is the result of a distribution of aerodynamic loads and circulation over the blade tip. The current knowledge on the generation of the tip vorticity in a 3D rotating environment still lacks detailed experimental evidence, particularly for yawed flow. The aim of this paper is to investigate how circulation at the blade tip behaves and how vorticity is eventually released in the wake, for both axial and 30° yawed flow conditions through the combination of experimental and numerical simulations. Stereo particle image velocimetry is used to measure the flow field at the tip of a 2m diameter, two‐bladed rotor at the TU Delft Open Jet Facility, for both axial and yawed flow; numerical simulations of the experiments are performed using a 3D, unsteady potential flow free‐wake vortex model. The generation mechanisms of the tip vorticity are established. The spanwise circulation along the blade exhibits a similar variation in both axial and yaw cases. A comparison of the chordwise directed circulation variation along the chord between axial and yawed flow is also presented and shown to be different. The analysis is based on contour integration of the velocity field. The tip vortex trajectory for axial flow confirms previous observations on the MEXICO rotor. The experimental results for yawed conditions have clearly shown how vorticity is swept radially away from the blade under the influence of the in‐plane radial component of flow. Such phenomena were only partially captured by the numerical model. The results of this work have important implications on the modelling of blade tip corrections. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

水平轴风力机风轮结构特性综合剪裁

基于静态与动态测试技术,对水平轴风力机风轮的结构特性进行了综合剪裁。在静态结构特性方面,用单点加集中荷载所得数据来综合评定受分布荷载作用的风轮叶片的强度及变形特性。为风轮叶片强度设计提供有效的判据。在动态测试方面,应用ＤＡＳ动态信号分析与故障诊断系统,对水平轴风力机的风轮叶片进行了试验模态分析,通过测量风轮叶片的振动信号,得到了风轮叶片的各阶模态分布,为风力机总机的总体优化设计提供了可靠的依据。     

基于时域积分的水平轴风力机风轮噪声预测理论及应用

给出了考虑水平轴风力机风轮厚度噪声与负荷噪声的延迟时形式的时域积分解及其噪声预测理论。基于Ffowcs Willians-Hawkings声学方程，减少了偏导数项的求解，提高了计算速度，避免了声学计算中的奇异性问题。对小型水平轴风力机FD2-300在3个方向的辐射噪声进行了预测，得到了声场各种源成分的噪声的分布与指向性规律。计算结果表明：在风轮的旋转平面，具有最大的总噪声级的指向性，负荷噪声在旋转平面以及风力机下游起着主导作用。对于600kW大型水平轴风力机进行了局部区域的噪声现场测量，并且与预测值进行了对比。结果表明：模型的预测结果与测试数据比较符合，且变化趋势一致，在整个测量区域，预测值比测量值低，这是由于计算模型只考虑到风力机叶片的负荷噪声与厚度噪声，对于实际运行的风力机来说，其辐射的总噪声除了与叶片的负荷、厚度有关，还与非定常来流、叶片本身的非定常性和气流粘性有关。若以该文建立的模型进一步考虑风力机的非定常性和粘性效应，将提高其预测准确性，在风力机整体优化设计以及噪声控制方面提供理论指导。     

Wake modelling of a VAWT in dynamic stall: impact on the prediction of flow and induction fields

Dynamic stall is a relevant phenomenon in the design and operation of a vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) as it impacts loading, control and wake dynamics. Although streamtube models and single‐wake vortex models are commonly used for VAWT simulation, they either do not explicitly simulate the distribution of vorticity in the wake (streamtube models) or simplify it into a single‐wake release point (single‐wake vortex models). This can lead to inaccurate predictions of the vorticity distribution and wake dynamics, and therefore of the induction field, rotor loading and wake development, including wake mixing and re‐energizing. In this work, we use a double‐wake panel model developed for the simulation of dynamic stall in a VAWT to analyse (i) what is the flow field in dynamic stall, including the induction field, (ii) what is the error due to assuming a simplified wake, in both vorticity distribution and induction and (iii) how an incorrect simulation of the vorticity distribution can affect the prediction of the dynamics of the near and far wake. The results demonstrate that for mild separation (tip speed ratio λ≥3), single‐wake models can produce acceptable results. However, for lower tip speed ratios (λ < 3), the inaccuracy in the prediction of loads, induction field and vorticity distribution becomes significant because of an inadequate representation of the wake dynamics. These results imply that using lower order models can lead to inaccurate estimations of loads, performance and power control requirements at low tip speed ratios. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.