塔河稠油复合降黏实验研究

采用复合降黏剂CQ-1对塔河稠油进行化学降黏实验。优选出复合降黏剂CQ-1的组分配比为m(CTAC)∶m(SDBS)∶m(Na2CO3)=4∶3∶2,当15 mL矿化度为19 000 mg.L-1的模拟塔河油田水溶解0.9 g复合降黏剂CQ-1并倒入30 g稠油中,恒温55℃搅拌150 min时,塔河稠油的黏度从8 527 mPa.s降低至149 mPa.s,降黏率超过98%。     

稠油降黏剂的降黏机理研究进展

介绍了稠油高黏的原因及性质特点;阐明了表面活性剂主要依靠乳化作用以及乳化过程中存在的复杂类型乳液降黏;叙述了油溶性降黏剂与胶质、沥青质之间以强氢键、溶剂化层和溶解剥离方式进行降黏;综述了催化改质降黏中断键、加氢、以及轻烃溶剂作用降黏。并对降黏剂未来发展趋势进行了展望:随着稠油降黏剂技术的发展,各降黏剂机理的逐步完善,降黏剂在稠油油田领域的应用定会有突破性进展。     

表面活性剂三元复配技术用于稠油降黏的研究

针对辽河油田超稠油开采过程中的难降黏问题,根据乳化降黏机理,在表面活性剂单剂及阴-非离子表面活性剂二元复配降黏体系研究的基础上,探究阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基磺酸钠(SDS)和非离子型OP-10、吐温-80三元复配体系对稠油降黏率、乳化率及乳液稳定性的影响。结果表明,阴-非离子表面活性剂三元复配体系对稠油的降黏及乳化效果,比二元复配体系的降黏及乳化效果差。因此,在采油生产中,通过增加表面活性剂的种类以提高稠油降黏效果的方法并不合适,应根据稠油类型和表面活性剂降黏的实验数据,正确选择表面活性剂的复配体系。     

稠油纳米降黏剂的室内研究及评价

研制了一种以纳米硅为主剂的水基钻井液用稠油纳米降黏剂MLA,并对其性能进行了评价.结果 表明,纳米降黏剂MLA对水基钻井液的流变性能无影响,能有效降低稠油乳状液黏度,稠油含水率为20％时,75℃下降黏率高达60％以上,降黏效果较好,且能提高恩平岩芯的润湿性能.     

阴-非离子表面活性剂复配技术用于稠油降黏的研究

针对辽河油田超稠油开采过程中的降黏难问题,本研究根据乳化降黏机理,在实验室评价了表面活性剂单剂及阴-非离子表面活性剂二元复配对稠油乳化效果及降黏效果的影响。结果表明,二元复配表面活性剂对稠油的降黏效果,优于表面活性剂单剂的降黏效果,且当油水比为6∶4、SDS+OP-10水溶液浓度为0.5%、乳化温度为50℃时,二元复配乳化剂降黏率达到91.06%,乳化率达到100%,符合现场应用的需求,具有较好的推广应用价值。     

耐高温降黏剂对河南特稠油的应用研究

采用自制耐高温降黏剂SP对河南特稠油进行乳化降黏,研究了SP降黏的操作条件、促进剂对降黏的影响、SP的普适性及现场加剂方式对其降黏效果的影响。结果表明,SP在乳化剂水溶液中的质量分数为0.05%、乳化温度70℃～80℃、m(水)∶m(油)=30∶70～40∶60、乳化时间3 min～9 min的条件下,25℃时使河南特稠油1#黏度由202.7 Pa.s降至其乳状液黏度低于34.2 mPa.s,降黏率均达99%以上。实验还表明,高温(260℃～300℃)处理前后SP对河南特稠油的降黏效果比较稳定,降黏率都达到99%以上。     

耐盐稠油降黏剂的研制

合成了一种非离子-阴离子型两性表面活性剂OPS n,当水中w(OPS n)=0 05%～0 15%时,对胜利稠油、辽河稠油的降黏率都大于95%。研究了水溶液中无机盐质量浓度对降黏剂性能的影响,结果发现,当配置水中ρ(NaCl)<100g/L或ρ(CaCl2)<30g/L时,水中无机盐质量浓度的高低对降黏剂的有效降黏质量分数没有影响,说明所研制降黏剂具有较高的耐盐能力。以OPS n为主剂,添加一定量的助溶剂,将w(OPS n)=0 75%与w(DPSC)=1%复配,可用于地层水无机盐质量浓度高达226g/L的塔河油田稠油的降黏剂,降黏率达99%以上。     

稠油降黏方法研究现状及发展趋势

综述了当前应用比较广泛的稠油(超稠油和特稠油)降黏方法的降黏原理以及优缺点,常用的降黏方法包括掺稀油、加热、微波加热、改质、化学降黏剂以及微生物降黏;掺稀油降黏技术的实施受稀油来源的限制;加热降黏能耗大,经济损耗高;微波加热在目前并不能实现规模化降黏;改质降黏要求复杂的反应装置、严格的反应条件;微生物降黏优势明显,但仍然缺乏相应的理论与技术支持。相对而言,化学降黏剂降粘技术臻于完善,且成本低,易于实现。分析认为,化学降黏剂降黏技术优势明显,建议优先考虑。     

稠油乳化降黏开采用表面活性剂的筛选

介绍了稠油乳化降黏及筛选适合特定油品的理想稠油乳化降黏剂（目标活性剂）的基本原则和方法。综述了稠油乳化降黏用表面活性剂的类型及其常用的非离子型表面活性剂的主要类型。依据目标活性剂的两大必要性能特征参数（HLB值和PT），概述了用HLB值法及PIT法筛选目标活性剂的方法。结合现场实践提出了筛选目标活性剂的具体实验方法和步骤。     

几种常用表面活性剂在稠油乳化降黏中的应用

概述了国内外稠油乳化降黏用表面活性剂的研究进展,详细介绍了几种常用的阴离子表面活性剂非离子表面活性剂、阴离子-非离子两性表面活性剂在稠油乳化降黏中的应用,评价了各种表面活性剂的优缺点,并提出了稠油乳化降黏用表面活性剂的发展前景.     

埕北稠油催化改质降粘实验研究

室内评价埕北稠油催化改质降粘的实验效果,筛选出最优改质降粘催化剂,考察催化剂用量、反应温度、反应时间、供氢剂种类及用量对稠油改质降粘的影响。结果表明,采用有机酸锰催化剂和甲苯供氢剂,在催化剂用量为稠油质量的0.10%、反应温度240 ℃、反应时间24 h、水油质量比1∶3和甲苯用量为稠油质量的5%条件下,稠油粘度由2 740 mPa·s降至780 mPa·s,改质降粘率达到71.5%。     

超声波协同催化剂低温裂解超稠油实验研究

以超声波协同催化剂裂解超稠油,研究了催化剂浓度、反应温度、时间和加水量对超稠油裂解效果的影响,分析了超稠油处理前后的族组成及平均分子量变化。结果表明,超声协同催化剂裂解超稠油最佳反应条件为:催化剂浓度0.3%,反应温度150℃,时间10 h和加水量50%。与催化水热裂解相比,超声辅助催化水热裂解使稠油分子质量进一步减小,轻烃含量增加,重质组分含量减少;超声波与催化剂间具有协同效应,超声波作用可促进稠油催化水热裂解反应,提高稠油裂解效果,降低反应条件。     

Behaviour of heavy metals in the partial oxidation of heavy fuel oil

The behaviour of heavy metals in the partial oxidation of heavy fuel oils under a pressure of up to 100 bar (10 MPa) has been investigated. The tests were carried out in a 5 MW HP POX (High Pressure Partial Oxidation) test plant, that is operated by the IEC (Department of Energy Process Engineering and Chemical Engineering, TU Bergakademie Freiberg) in cooperation with Lurgi GmbH. In several test campaigns preheated oil with a viscosity of up to 300 cSt (= 300 mm²/s) at the burner inlet has been gasified. The heavy metals nickel Ni, iron Fe and vanadium V occur in heavy residual oils in considerable concentration and may seriously impact the gasification itself and the synthesis gas conditioning and usage. While iron is largely recovered in the gasification residue, the recovery rates of nickel and vanadium depend on the process conditions. Volatile nickel compounds were detected in the raw synthesis gas. It was found that an incomplete carbon conversion enables the capture of nickel Ni and vanadium V in the solid residue phase and can thus mitigate the problem of volatile metal compounds in the raw synthesis gas.     

煤与重质油共气化热态模拟实验

以固定床为反应器,焦炭和胜利常压渣油为原料,进行煤与重质油共气化热态模拟实验,考察了不同操作参数对出口气体成分及结焦生成物的影响。结果表明:当m(氧气)∶m(水蒸气)∶m(渣油)为0.3∶1.0∶1.0、裂解温度为800℃、停留时间小于0.5 s时,烯烃(C2H4 C3H6)、烷烃(CH4 C2H6)和合成气(H2 CO)的体积分数分别为24%、28%和37%。应用扫描电镜观察了焦炭介质表面上结焦生成物的形貌,发现通氧气后结焦生成物残留量较少。热态模拟实验结果进一步表明,煤与重质油共气化可以制备低碳烯烃,同时联产合成气,且能有效地解决重质油裂解造成的结焦问题。     

鲁克沁泡沫稠油消泡方法研究

针对鲁克沁泡沫油的特点,分析了加热消泡、加热-超声波消泡、加热-负压消泡和化学消泡对泡沫油的作用机理及效果。结果表明,加热-超声波消泡、加热-负压消泡和化学消泡(DC消泡剂用量100mg/kg)与常温自然消泡方法比较,消泡速率依次提高75%、70%和72.5%。综合考虑现场的实际生产情况,推荐加热-负压消泡方法作为鲁克沁泡沫油的消泡方法。     

Reburning and burnout simulations of natural gas for heavy oil combustion

Reburning and burnout simulations were carried out through PLUG code of CHEMKIN-III using a reduced mechanism, in order to determine preliminary experimental parameters for achieving maximum NO_x reduction to implement the reburning technology for heavy oil combustion in pilot scale equipments in Brazil. Gas compositions at the entrance of the reburning zone were estimated by the AComb program. Simulations were performed for eight conditions in the usual range of operational parameters for natural gas reburning. The maximum NO reduction (ca. 50%) was reached with 10 and 17.5% of power via natural gas and 1.5 and 3.0% O₂ excess, respectively, at 1273 K. The model predicts 250 ppm of NO, 50 ppm of CO and air mass flows in the range of about 50-130 kg/h for burnout.     

Kinetic modeling of hydrocracking of heavy oil fractions: A review

An exhaustive review of the scientific literature on kinetic modeling of heavy petroleum fraction hydrocracking is reported in this paper. Kinetic models for hydrocracking of model compounds were not analyzed. The review includes models based on the lumping technique, continuous mixtures, structure oriented lumping, and single event models. Experimental data, reaction networks, main characteristics of kinetic approaches, and kinetic parameter values are also reported. In some cases when detailed experimental data were available, kinetic parameters were re-estimated and some differences were found in comparison with original reported values. One representative model of each kinetic approach was selected, and parameter estimation was done with reported experimental values in order to establish the capability and accuracy in the prediction of conversion and product yields. Advantages and disadvantages of the models are discussed in terms of their capability to predict detailed product composition, difficulty for parameter estimation, dependency of rate coefficient with feed properties, and required experimental data.     

First principles study of heavy oil organonitrogen adsorption on NiMoS hydrotreating catalysts

The adsorption of quinoline, acridine, indole, and carbazole on the well-defined NiMoS hydrotreating catalyst edge surface has been studied by means of density-functional theory (DFT) using a periodic supercell model. Quinoline and acridine, the basic nitrogen-containing molecules present in heavy oils, are preferably adsorbed on the Ni-edge surface through the lone pair electrons of the nitrogen atom, which produces relatively high adsorption energies (−ΔE_a = 16–26 kcal mol⁻¹). Indole and carbazole, the non-basic nitrogen-containing molecules, primarily interact with the NiMoS catalyst edge surface through the π-electrons of the carbon atoms. While indole preferentially adsorbs on the NiMoS surface through the β-carbon of the pyrrolic ring (−ΔE_a = 19 kcal mol⁻¹), carbazole primarily interacts with the NiMoS surface through the phenyl rings (−ΔE_a = 13 kcal mol⁻¹). The relative adsorptivities and energetically preferred adsorption modes of the nitrogen-containing molecules in heavy oils can provide insights into experimental observations about hydrodenitrogenation (HDN) kinetics and reaction pathways.     

Enhanced heavy oil recovery through interfacial instability: A study of chemical flooding for Brintnell heavy oil

This study is aimed at developing an alkaline/surfactant-enhanced oil recovery process for heavy oil reservoirs with oil viscosities ranging from 1000 to 10,000 mPa s, through the mechanism of interfacial instability. Instead of the oil viscosity being reduced, as in thermal and solvent/gas injection processes, oil is dispersed into and transported through the water phase to production wells.Extensive emulsification tests and oil/water interfacial tension measurements were conducted to screen alkali and surfactant for the oil and the brine samples collected from Brintnell reservoir. The heavy oil/water interfacial tension could be reduced to about 7 × 10⁻² dyn/cm with the addition of a mixture of Na₂CO₃ and NaOH in the formation brine without evident dynamic effect. The oil/water interfacial tension could be further reduced to 1 × 10⁻² dyn/cm when a very low surfactant concentration (0.005-0.03 wt%) was applied to the above alkaline solution. Emulsification tests showed that in situ self-dispersion of the heavy oil into the water phase occurred when a carefully designed chemical solution was applied.A series of 21 flood tests were conducted in sandpacks to evaluate the chemical formulas obtained from screening tests for the oil. Tertiary oil recoveries of about 22-23% IOIP (32-35% ROIP) were obtained for the tests using 0.6 wt% alkaline (weight ratio of Na₂CO₃ to NaOH = 2:1) and 0.045 wt% surfactant solution in the formation brine. The sandpack flood results obtained in this project showed that a synergistic enhancement among the chemicals did occur in the tertiary recovery process through the interfacial instability mechanism.     

超临界CO_2流体萃取沙棘油实验研究

建立了一套超临界流体萃取实验装置。就沙棘油超临界流体萃取进行了较为详细的实验研究。在探讨了压力、温度、颗粒度、装填量以及时间等对萃取率的影响之后 ,获得了指导实际生产的最佳工艺参数条件 ,并就工艺参数对萃取率的影响机理和原因进行了分析与讨论