网络通信领域的CPC分类研究

联合专利分类未来几年将成为我国乃至世界上主流的专利分类体系.其相对于IPC分类具有更多的分类条目.介绍了CPC分类的特点,并着重研究了网络通信领域CPC分类,将其与同领域的IPC分类进行比较,总结了其区别和特点,并分析了目前各外文数据库中CPC再分类的进程,希望能够对相关人员理解CPC分类体系起到帮助.     

CPC专利分类体系下的磁共振成像专利申请分类

在磁共振领域,IPC专利分类体系下的分类号的技术主题分为4个主要分类方向.在新的CPC专利分类体系下,仍然保留了4个主要分类方向.以实际案例,解释了在磁共振领域CPC的分类思想,并对CPC和IPC进行了对比,实际案例显示CPC的分类更为合理.进一步地对重叠的技术主题的分类号的选择上,使用了对比案例,分析技术主题重叠情况下的磁共振领域的CPC分类思想.     

CPC对电视领域检索技术的影响

美国专利商标局和欧洲专利局联合推出的联合专利分类系统CPC整合了IPC及ECLA分类体系的优点,将大大促进电视领域检索技术的发展,通过对CPC分类体系与原有分类系统进行比较,分析了CPC对电视领域检索技术的影响.     

CPC分类对图像分析检索的影响

随着图像处理技术的发展,相关专利申请量逐年增长,选择有效的分类号作为检索工具,可以提高专利审查以及公众获取现有技术的效率.CPC分类体系是欧洲专利局和美国专利商标局共同开发的联合专利分类体系,其整合了多种分类体系的优点.以图像分析为例,通过CPC和IPC分类的比较,结合具体案例的检索,分析了CPC对图像分析领域检索的影响.     

联合分类体系中图像领域相关技术浅析

随着全球专利体系日趋紧密的合作和交流,欧洲专利局EPO和美国专利商标局USPTO共同开发了联合专利分类体系CPC,能够对全球的专利申请文件进行分类,可供全球的专利审查员和专利用户进行专利检索.CPC可以实现更有效的现有技术检索,也将通过共享来减少不必要的重复工作,从而提高工作效率.将详细介绍CPC体系以及其检索字段,并具体结合图像通信领域中内容分发技术进行整理,给出了相关技术分类条目的分析.     

图像领域G06K 9/00的CPC分类研究

【】CPC分类融合了多个分类体系的优势,在IPC分类体系的基础上对很多技术领域的分类位置进行增补和细化,提供了25万多条分类入口,为专利文献分类提供了更为精准的分类位置,有利于促进使用分类号进行检索,减少噪音,提高效率,改善专利检索现状。本文从图像领域G06K 9/00分类号着手,对CPC和IPC的分类位置进行分析比较,并结合实际案例探讨CPC分类的使用。     

基于TD网络实现PoC业务中CPC的研究

PoC是基于蜂窝网络的一键通业务,具有严格的时延要求.TD网络中CPC技术的引入使得处于分组域通信的用户能以更短的时延、更小的控制信道开销迅速建立连接.主要针对CPC采用的半持续性调度技术进行研究和方案设计,仿真结果表明采用CPC技术,可以提高VoIP系统容量,对PoC业务的开展提供了可靠的技术支持.     

近场通信领域的CPC检索策略

与IPC相比,CPC整合了IPC、ECLA和UC的分类体系优势,在原有的分类体系上进一步细分,既减少了阅读量,又提高了命中率,为提高检索效率提供了想象空间和可能性.本文对近场通信领域的IPC和CPC分类号进行了比较研究,分析该领域中的IPC和CPC分类号的区别,并结合实际案例探讨CPC分类号在该领域的进一步分类和检索策略,以期进一步提高审查员的检索效率.     

Electro-acoustic Technology’s Latest Development in Patent Documents 郝庭基

专利文献中记载着大量最新的技术研究成果并且能够预测未来的技术走向.对海量专利文献进行分析时分类体系是很重要的手段,CPC作为最新的、最精细、最准确并且全球基本通用的分类体系能够有效用于专利分析.本文借助CPC分类体系对扬声器领域的专利文献进行分析,以期获得该领域技术的最新发展.     

用于线性菲涅尔式聚光系统的CPC 仿真研究

以用于线性菲涅尔式聚光系统的CPC为研究对象,在Matlab环境下建立了数学模型。利用光线跟踪法对不同间隙、不同最大接受半角和不同截取比的CPC汇聚率进行仿真研究,结果表明用于线性菲涅尔式聚光系统的CPC对不同入射角光线具有特定的汇聚率,随着入射角的变化会出现极小值,极小值所对应的入射角仅与CPC最大接收半角相关,与截取比和间隙无关。仿真计算了间隙为50 mm、最大接受半角为45、截取比为0.75的CPC汇聚率为80.15%。最后通过实验验证了仿真方法的有效性。     

Electrical performance increase of concentrator solar cells under Gaussian temperature profiles

Linear solar concentrators focus radiation onto the solar cell achieving a Gaussian illumination profile. Most of these concentrators use an active cooling system to evacuate the energy not converted into electricity to avoid undesirable overheating. Heat sinks can cause different temperature profiles in the cell depending on the cooling mechanism. Two temperature patterns are most common: the Gaussian and the anti‐Gaussian. The effect of these temperature curves on the cell's electrical parameters has been analysed and characterised numerically and experimentally under different concentrated radiations. A power output increase is shown when the cell is subjected to a Gaussian temperature profile. Contrarily, the cell efficiency decreases more than 3% under the anti‐Gaussian temperature profile. It is demonstrated that it is possible to tailor the temperature profile to maximise voltage output for determined illumination conditions. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Tailoring Luminescent Solar Concentrators for High-Performance Flexible Double-Junction III-V Photovoltaics

Despite the remarkable advantages of luminescent solar concentrators (LSCs), their application has not been of interest in ultrahigh efficient photovoltaic modules such as multi-junctions and related two-terminal tandems due to challenging issues limiting the cell capability and impeding the output current. Here type of multi-junction LSC photovoltaics is presented that consists of transfer-printed arrays of InGaP/GaAs solar cells and strategically tailored luminescent waveguides. A coplanar waveguide with the non-self-aligned quantum dot luminophores enables simultaneous absorptions of the directly illuminated solar flux and the indirectly waveguided LSC flux, where cell deployment and luminophore spectrum are systematically tuned for balanced enhancement of the subcell photocurrents. Through systematic comparisons across various LSC configurations supported by both experimental and theoretical quantifications, the power conversion efficiency of flexible modules with InGaP/GaAs cell arrays is improved from 1.67% to 2.22% by the optimal LSC, where the module area is 14.4 times larger than the total cell area. The details of optical and mechanical studies provide a further comprehensive understanding of the suggested approach toward multi-junction LSC photovoltaics.     

Rational Design of Colloidal Core/Shell Quantum Dots for Optoelectronic Applications

Colloidal core/shell quantum dots (QDs) are promising for solar technologies because of their excellent optoelectronic properties including tunable light absorption/emission spectra, high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY), suppressed Auger recombination, efficient charge separation/transfer, and outstanding photo-/thermal-/chemical stability. In this review, engineered core/shell QDs with various types of band structures and corresponding device performance in luminescent solar concentrators (LSCs), light-emitting diodes (LEDs), solar-driven photoelectrochemical (PEC) devices, and QDs-sensitized solar cells (QDSCs) are summarized. In particular, the applications of interfacial layer engineering and eco-friendly, heavy metal-free core/shell QDs in optoelectronic devices are highlighted. Finally, strategies towards the developments and practical perspectives of core/shell QDs are briefly mentioned to offer guidelines for achieving prospective high-efficiency and long-term stable QD devices.     

Modeling photon transport in fluorescent solar concentrators

Fluorescent solar concentrators (FSC) can concentrate light onto solar cells by trapping fluorescence through total internal reflection. In an ideal FSC, the major obstacle to efficient photon transport is the re‐absorption of the fluorescence emitted. In order to decompose the contribution of different photon flux streams within a FSC, the angular dependent re‐absorption probability is introduced and modeled in this paper. This is used to analyze the performance of different FSC configurations and is also compared with experimental results. To illustrate the application of the modeling, the collection efficiency of ideal devices has also been calculated from the re‐absorption probability and is shown to be useful for estimating non‐ideal losses such as those due to scattering or reflection from mirrors. The results also indicate that among the FSCs studied, the performance of those surrounded by four edge solar cells is close to ideal. The rapid optimization of FSCs has also been presented as another practical application of the models presented in this paper. © 2014 The Authors. Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A high‐efficiency LPE GaAs solar cell at concentrations ranging from 2000 to 4000 suns

III–V solar cells for terrestrial concentration applications are currently becoming of greater and greater interest. From our experience, concentrations higher than 1000 suns are required with these cells to reduce PV electricity cost to such an extent that this alternative could become cost competitive. In this paper, a single‐junction p/n GaAs solar cell, with efficiencies of 23ċ8 and 22ċ5% at concentration ratios of 2700 and 3600 suns respectively, is presented. This GaAs solar cell is well suited for use with non‐imaging optical concentrators, which possess a large aperture angle. Low‐temperature liquid phase epitaxy (LTLPE) has been the growing technique for the semiconductor structure as an attempt to use a simplified, cheap and clean technique, within a renewable energy perspective. The GaAs solar cell presented is compared with the highest efficiency tandem solar cells at concentration levels exceeding 1000 suns. The GaAs solar cell performance maintains high efficiencies up to 4000 suns, while tandem cells seem to drop very quickly after reaching their maximum. Therefore, single‐junction GaAs solar cells are a good candidate for operating at very high concentrations, and LPE is able to supply these high‐quality solar cells to work within terrestrial concentration systems, the main objective of which is the reduction of PV electricity costs. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Operating regimes for second generation luminescent solar concentrators

In this paper, we introduce the concept of first and second generation luminescent solar concentrators. Traditional, first generation devices are characterised by their randomly oriented molecules that absorb sunlight and emit luminescence isotropically. By applying detailed balance to the absorbed and emitted photon fluxes we derive the Shockley–Queisser limit for these devices. It is found that they have inherently low efficiency due to optical losses (the well known reabsorption problem) and also that device performance is strongly affected by the areal ratio between the top and edge surfaces. This latter property makes it very difficult to achieve significant cost reductions because as the edge area is reduced (to lessen the amount of expensive photovoltaic material required for conversion), the efficiency of the system diminishes. First generation concentrators have now approached the fundamental limits which we predict here, thus to achieve a stand‐alone luminescent concentrator that enables significant cost reductions, second generation approaches are now needed. New, second generation devices are characterised by either directional emitters or photonic filters which enhance the waveguiding mechanism, allowing high efficiency and large sizes to be achieved simultaneously. Here we define the fundamental operating regime in which second generation technology must reach to surpass the limit of first generation devices. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Electrical performance evaluation of low‐concentrating non‐imaging photovoltaic concentrator

Second generation prototype photovoltaic facades of reduced costs incorporating devices with optically concentrating elements (PRIDE) incorporate 6 mm wide ‘Saturn’ solar cells at the absorber of the dielectric concentrator. The concentrators were made using injection moulding technique with potential to manufacture in large‐scale applications. Four different concentrator panels have been experimentally verified at outdoors to identify the non‐identical current–voltage (I–V) curves. The I–V curve, fill factor and solar to electrical conversion efficiency of four PRIDE concentrator modules have been evaluated from the 24 manufactured in the ‘IDEOCONTE’ project. The maximum solar to electrical conversion efficiency and the fill factor of the PRIDE concentrator were 9·1 and 70%, respectively. The mismatch loss of the ‘unit concentrators’ has been identified that occurred due to the lack of bonding between the concentrator unit and the solar cell and the rear glass. The average power concentration ratio of PRIDE concentrators manufactured by the improved method was 2·10 compared to a similar non‐concentrating panel and the optical efficiency of the PRIDE system was 83%. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Quantum dot solar concentrators

The luminescent properties of core-shell quantum dots are being exploited in an unconventional solar concentrator, which promises to reduce the cost of photovoltaic electricity. Luminescent solar collectors have advantages over geometric concentrators in that tracking is unnecessary and both direct and diffuse radiation can be collected. However, development has been limited by the performance of luminescent dyes. We present experimental and theoretical results with a novel concentrator in which the dyes are replaced by quantum dots. We have developed a self-consistent thermodynamic model for planar concentrators and find that this three-dimensional flux model shows excellent agreement with experiment.     

Effects of ultra‐high flux and intensity distribution in multi‐junction solar cells

We report results of high‐flux experiments on tandem solar cells, with a real‐sun probe predicated on mini‐dish fiber‐optic concentrators. Experimental results and their interpretation focus on: (a) a striking insensitivity of cell efficiency to flux map; (b) the predictability of the flux values at which cell efficiency peaks; and (c) performance of the same cell architecture at markedly smaller cell area. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Carbon Nanoparticles as Versatile Auxiliary Components of Perovskite-Based Optoelectronic Devices

Metal halide perovskite-based optoelectronics has experienced an unprecedented development in the last decade, while further improvements of efficiency, stability, and economic gains of such devices require novel engineering concepts. The use of carbon nanoparticles as versatile auxiliary components of perovskite-based optoelectronic devices is one strategy that offers several advantages in this respect. In this review, first, a brief introduction is offered on metal halide perovskites and on the major performance characteristics of related optoelectronic devices. Then, the versatility and merits of different kinds of carbon nanoparticles, such as graphene quantum dots and carbon dots, are discussed. The tunability of their electronic properties is focused upon, their interactions with perovskite components are analyzed, and different strategies of their implementation in optoelectronic devices are introduced, which include solar cells, light-emitting diodes, luminescent solar concentrators, and photodetectors. It is shown how carbon nanoparticles influence charge carriers extraction and transport, promote perovskite crystallization, allow for efficient passivation, block ion migration, suppress hysteresis, enhance their environmental stability, and thus improve the performance of perovskite-based optoelectronic devices.