Modeling Resuspension in a Dynamic Water Supply Reservoir

Enhancements to the two-dimensional lake and reservoir water quality model W2Tn to simulate the effects of currents and waves on sediment resuspension and turbidity are described. Bed stress attributable to currents was computed by the hydrothermal component of W2Tn, whereas a surface wave component was added to W2Tn to determine bed stress owing to waves. Resuspension flux is computed from bed stress and is included as a source of turbidity to the water column. The model is tested through application to Schoharie Reservoir, a drinking water supply that experiences episodes of elevated turbidity caused by runoff events and exacerbated by drawdown. Model predictions of bed stress attributed to currents are validated by using measurements obtained from acoustic Doppler instrumentation. The surface wave component of the model is established on a framework that has been previously validated for Schoharie Reservoir. Testing of the enhanced turbidity component of W2Tn was completed for a 3.5-year period of historical observations, which included a number of runoff events covering a range of severity and variations in reservoir drawdown. The enhanced model performed well in simulating observed conditions in the water column. The resuspension mechanism made a significant contribution to the predicted turbidity during periods of reservoir drawdown and during a severe runoff event. The model also performed well in simulating the observed turbidity of the drinking water withdrawal. Resuspension of particles contributing to turbidity was largely attributable to reservoir currents with surface wave-induced resuspension playing a smaller role. The potential application of this model to other water bodies and water quality issues is discussed.     

蓄水装置水温,水位的自动调节与控制

利用电气装置对浴池蓄水供水系统进行了改造，使水温，水位实现了自动调节，每月可节水４００ｔ，方便了工人操作。     

What is the effect of adjusting epirubicin doses for body surface area?

A broad antibody panel was used for immunophenotyping of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected patients who were long-term nonprogressors (LTNP). The LTNP were compared with patients in the early phase of infection and patients who had progressed to advanced immunodeficiency. Changes in CD8(+) subset distribution were observed mainly at acquisition of HIV-1 infection, whereas CD4(+) subset changes appeared during progression of HIV-1 infection. The decreasing levels of CD4(+) cells were characterized by an increasing frequency of cells expressing the activation markers HLA-Dr and CD45RO but not the CD28 surface antigen. The LTNP exhibited significant changes compared to HIV-negative patients in almost all markers. Compared to patients in the early phase of infection, the only difference was a relatively lower frequency of CD4(+) cells expressing CD26 among the LTNP. The results show that HIV-1-infected persons who have no signs of immunodeficiency despite many years of infection have an immunophenotypic pattern that is substantially different from that of noninfected persons. Despite the long duration of infection, the LTNP exhibit a pattern similar to that of newly infected persons, with the exception of lower expression of CD26 on CD4(+) cells.     

长期注水冲刷对储层渗透率的影响

注水开发是我国大多数油田提高采收率的主要措施,渗透率是表示储层物性的重要标志.长期注水冲刷储层的渗透率与储层的物性紧密相关,对于高孔高渗的岩心,在长期注水冲刷的条件下其渗透率也会出现降低的情况,而质量却变化不大.     

3D Numerical Modeling of MICROCYSTIS Distribution in a Water Reservoir

A 3D computational fluid dynamics program was used to calculate the wind-induced accumulation of phytoplankton in Eglwys Nynydd, a water supply reservoir in Wales. The computational fluid dynamics model solved the Navier-Stokes equations for the water velocities using the SIMPLE method to calculate the pressure. Two turbulence models were tested: a zero-equation model and the k-ε model. An unstructured nonorthogonal 3D grid with hexahedral cells was used. The distribution of the blue-green algae Microcystis was calculated by solving the transient convection-diffusion equation for phytoplankton concentration, based on the modeled flow field. The numerical model included algorithms for calculating the growth rate of phytoplankton and simulating the response of the algae to changes in underwater light intensity. The model was validated by comparing the horizontal distribution patterns produced by simulation with those recorded during a field survey of surface concentrations. The results demonstrated reasonable agreement, particularly when using the k-ε turbulence model. The main parameter affecting the results was the effective diameter of the Microcystis colonies.     

Impact of deltamethrin impregnated mosquito nets on the transmission of malaria in the coastal lagoon area, Benin]

Neopterin has been determined in blood as a marker of cellular immune system activation. We studied cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) neopterin levels in children with neurologic diseases, and the following results were obtained: (1) CSF neopterin levels markedly increased at the acute phase of bacterial meningitis, aseptic meningitis, and encephalitis as compared with those in patients without neurologic diseased. (2) In the CSF of patients with bacterial meningitis and aseptic meningitis, neopterin levels decreased more rapidly than the total cell count and 2'5' oligoadenylate synthetase (2-5 AS) did. (3) CSF neopterin in patients with non-infectious neurologic diseases was almost equal to that in patients without neurologic diseases. (4) There was no correlation between CSF neopterin and other CSF values, such as total cell count, mononuclear cell count, protein, and 2-5 AS. These results suggest that CSF neopterin is a useful marker of inflammatory central nervous diseases.     

Modeling Turbidity in a Water Supply Reservoir: Advancements and Issues

The development and testing of a “turbidity” model is documented for a water supply reservoir, Schoharie Reservoir, NY, where inorganic terrigenous particles received during runoff events in turbid density currents from the primary tributary cause distinct periodic degradation. The model state variables are fractions (two or three) of the beam attenuation coefficient at 660?nm (c660), a surrogate optical metric of turbidity. The fractions of c660 correspond to slow and rapidly settling components; the latter implicitly accommodates particle aggregation. The transport framework is a two-dimensional (laterally averaged), independently tested, hydrodynamic model. Model testing is supported by detailed measurements of the dynamics of tributary and meteorological drivers and c660 within the reservoir, during and following twelve runoff events. The model is demonstrated to meet the demanding temporal and spatial predictive needs of water supply lakes and reservoirs, by performing well in simulating the timing and magnitude of c660 peaks, the vertical and longitudinal patterns of c660, diminishment following runoff events, and the dependence of impact on magnitude of a runoff event. Further advancements in turbidity modeling, including multiple particle size classes as state variables and explicit representation of particle aggregation and resuspension inputs, are considered.     

底水油藏水平井底水锥进影响因素分析

应用不同方法对某底水油藏水平井底水锥进临界产量进行计算,计算结果表明生产井在生产后较短时间内会发生底水锥进.利用Papatzacos方法,分析了水平井距底水位置、水平井产量、水平井垂向与水平向渗透率比值三个因素对底水突破时间的影响.     

Thyroid doses resulting from the Ukraine Chernobyl accident--Part I: Dose estimates for the population of Kiev

In the context of the radiation exposure of the Ukrainian population resulting from the Chernobyl accident, the quantification of the thyroid doses due to iodine incorporation is of special interest. This first part of a series of planned publications deals with the dose and risk estimation for Kiev citizens. Although these doses are expected to be considerably lower than those for some other regions of Ukraine, the investigations started with this population because the quantification of the thyroid doses due to iodine incorporation is of special interest. This first part of a series of planned publications deals with the dose and risk estimation for Kiev citizens. Although these doses are expected to be considerably lower than those for some other regions of Ukraine, the investigations started with this population because of the availability of rather reliable measurements and because of the size of this population. The methods developed allowed the estimation of individual thyroid doses. The average values of individual thyroid doses for five age groups (birth years 1983-1986, 1979-1982, 1975-1978, 1971-1974, and < 1971) are 104, 62, 19, 18, and 41 mGy, respectively. The collective thyroid doses were estimated as 83 x 10(3) person-Gy for those born before 1971 and as 38 x 10(3) person-Gy for younger inhabitants. The numbers of expected thyroid cancers in the whole Kiev population are 66 and 130, respectively.     

Sociomedical problems of aged population in a rural area of Wardha district

Most of the old persons staying in rural areas are illiterate with physical disabilities and are psychologically disturbed due to the loss of income and hence they are unable to lead a productive life. The present study was thus undertaken in a rural area of Wardha district, with the objective of studying the sociomedical aspects and psychological perceptions of the elderly population. Out of 10,000 population, 600 individuals of age 60 years and above were studied. Proportion of females was 330 (55%) and males 270 (45%) respectively. 300 (66.5%) of them were illiterate, and majority were agricultural labourer (238, 39.66%) and daily labourers (172, 28.66%). 244 individuals (40.67%) were still the head of the family and rest were related to the head of the family. 91 (15.17%) felt the change in attitude of the family members. 139 (31.5%) felt neglected and 146 (24.33%) loneliness respectively.     

Reference values of common blood chemistry analytes in healthy population of Rawalpindi-Islamabad area

The reference values of common blood chemistry analytes in healthy population, aged newborn to 80 years, of Rawalpindi Islamabad area were determined at AFIP, Rawalpindi. A total of 2115 healthy subjects, 1206 males and 909 females, were included in the study. Plasma glucose was analysed by GOD/POD, serum cholesterol by CHOD/PAP, triglycerides by GPO/PAP, urea by urease/GLDH, creatinine by Jaffe' rate reaction, uric acid by uricase, total bilirubin by Jendrassik and Grof, total protein by biuret, alanine transaminase (ALT) by optimized IFCC and alkaline phosphatase (AP) by optimized DGKC method. The between batch CVs of all the parameters were within acceptable quality goals. The reference values were calculated using 2.5 and 97.5 percentiles as lower and upper limits (95% CI). In healthy adult males the reference values were: fasting plasma glucose, 3.6-6.0 mmol/l; serum cholesterol; 3.2-6.6 mmol/l; triglycerides, 0.6-2.3 mmol/l; urea, 2.8-6.4 mmol/l; creatinine, 65-132 umol/l; uric acid, 164-430 umol/l; total bilirubin, 5-18 umol/l; total protein, 57-83 g/l; ALT, 15-45 U/l and AP, 185-620 U/l. The values in adult females, children and elderly subjects were slightly different than adult males. The reference values of our population show mild to moderate differences from the other Asian, European and American populations. It is recommended that reference values of different biochemical investigations should be established in various areas of Pakistan to make appropriate use of such investigations.     

水位变化对三峡库区低位消落带狗牙根种群的影响

[目的]研究三峡库区水位变化对狗牙根种群的影响,为库区低位消落带植被恢复的物种选择提供依据.[方法]分别于2008和2009年调查了三峡库区长寿段156 m消落带的狗牙根(Cynodon dactylon L.)种群,研究了狗牙根种群地上分株与地下茎的生长发育,以及生物量的变化.[结果]2009年狗牙根地下茎的总茎长和总茎节数显著增长,分别比2008年增长了303.5%(P＜0.01)、411.1%(P＜0.01);而分株的茎长、茎节数、叶宽、叶片数均显著被抑制,分别比2008年下降了60.1%(P＜0.01)、55.1%(P＜0.01)、28.6%(P＜0.01)、33.8%(P＜0.01).同时,地下茎的总芽数、萌发芽数和芽数/茎长显著升高,分别比2008年增加了500.7%(P＜0.01)、228.5%(P＜0.01)和50.9%(P＜0.01),而萌发率比2008年低45.3%(P＜0.01).2009年狗牙根植株的分株、地下茎和根的生物量均显著下降,与2008年相比,其单位面积上分株、地下茎和根的鲜质量分别降低了65.6%、23.4%和70.8%,干质量分别降低了65.9%、18.8%和64.5%,差异达极显著水平(P＜0.01);但其地下茎的鲜质量/总鲜质量和干质量/总干质量比2008年分别高64.6%(P＜0.01)、64.7%(P＜0.01).[结论]库区水位调节显著促进了低位消落带狗牙根种群地下茎的茎长生长、芽和分株形成,而抑制了分株的生长发育.     

Effect of Long Internal Waves on the Quality of Water Withdrawn from a Stratified Reservoir

The properties of water withdrawn from a stratified reservoir are investigated in a field study conducted in Lake Burragorang, Australia. It is shown that temperature and turbidity fluctuations of the extracted water are directly correlated to the vertical displacement of the thermal structure of the reservoir immediately in front of the offtake and the thickness of the selective withdrawal layer. Scaling of the unsteady withdrawal revealed that the timescale associated with the formation of selective withdrawal is an order of magnitude smaller than the typical period of the internal wave. This means the withdrawal layer is acting as a filter, extracting water of a particular quality as it is swept past the outlet by the internal seiches; the steady-state theory of the selective withdrawal can be used to predict outflow temperature fluctuations in reservoirs where long internal waves are present. To correctly interpret other outflow water parameters, such as turbidity or dissolved oxygen, it is important not only to know the stratification conditions in front of the offtake, but also to understand the local flow dynamics in the lower reaches of the reservoir.     

基于TM影像的饮用水水库氟化物含量遥感监测

以沧州市居民饮用水水源大浪淀水库为研究对象,对水体氟化物舍量的TM遥感监测数据进行处理,选出与氟化物含量相关最强的波段组合,构建氟化物含量遥感监测模型.结果表明,所建模型可用于大浪淀水库水体氟化物含量测定.     

Investigation on arteriosclerosis among population in a rare earth area in south China

An ophthalmofunduscope was used to investigate arteriosclerosis among villagers aged 20-40 yr old in two rare earth areas in Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province. It was noted that the occurrence of arteriosclerosis of the fundus aculi was significantly high (P < 0.05-0.01), the detection of serum cholesterol (CHO) was remarkably increased (P < 0.01), and the level of IgM was also elevated. However, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) remained at a low level. The effect of taking rare earth elements (REE) could be direct or indirect, thus causing an increase in cholesterol and interfering with the synthesis of high-density lipoprotein. Furthermore, rare earth could also cause immunogenic damage to the vascular wall. All of these could facilitate the formation of arteriosclerosis.     

低温热水地面辐射供暖的监理控制

热水地面辐射供暖具有节能、卫生、不占室内空间等优点,监理过程中发现很多不规范的做法。本文结合该施工中的一些具体问题予以分析,提出了现场监理过程中应该注意的一些问题。