北京上空中层顶区域重力波参数关系的激光雷达研究

基于子午工程项目北京钠激光雷达的长期观测数据(2010年4月到2011年9月), 采用Yang等人(2008)的重力波参数提取方法,提取了在253个夜晚2 208 h的有效观测时间里出现的162个钠层单色重力波的垂直波长、周期、幅度值和幅度增长因子参数值.统计分析显示激光雷达所观测到的中层顶区域重力波具有系统性的参数关系,z=0.226Tob0.530、KE=6.6610-10 kz-3.091和KE=8.9710-6 fob-1.696.这些实验观测结果验证了Gardner(1994)扩散滤波理论的结果,但同时发现仅认为波致涡流扩散是重力波衰减的主要途径是不完全正确的,其它因素引起的衰减在重力波的饱和和耗散机制中也起到了重要作用.     

武汉上空潮汐波活动的全天时钠激光雷达研究

通过武汉物理与数学所的白天钠激光雷达,我们对武汉（30.5N,114E）上空的钠层昼夜变化特性及潮汐波活动进行了观测。在一次持续时间超过两天的观测中,钠层表现出了很强的日周期变化特性,钠层的柱密度、层宽度、质心高度都呈现出24小时的变化周期。各个高度上的钠层密度变化也呈现出清晰的24小时下行波的相位传播现象。这些结果都可以归因于一个显著的日潮汐波扰动。从观测数据中提取出来的潮汐相位与GSWM00模式符合得很好。在其它的三个短时间白天观测中我们也观察到了显著的钠层日周期变化,而平均钠层日变化呈现出了显著的日潮汐波传播结构。这个结果与Xiong et al.(2004)的报道很符合,即日潮汐波是武汉上空主要的潮汐波。     

中层顶准单色重力波特性的钠荧光多普勒激光雷达观测分析

利用2011~2013年期间60 h的钠荧光多普勒激光雷达温度和风场数据,采用矢端曲线法提取廊坊上空85~95 km中层顶区域准单色惯性重力波的所有参量,并统计准单色大气重力波的活动特性。获得的85次准单色重力波事件中,上传（下传）重力波64次（21次）,占总数的75。29%（24。71%）。垂直波长（水平波长）和观测周期平均值分别为6。6 km（727。8 km）和7。4 h,分别集中在6~9 km（200~800 km）和2~7 h,固有周期平均值为7。76 h,主要集中在3~9 h,水平传播方向分布比较均匀,没有占主导的传播方向。对于上传重力波,水平背景风在大气重力波水平传播方向上的分量取正值和取负值的概率大致相等,但对于下传重力波,该风场分量取正值的概率大约是取负值的2倍,说明观测到的下传大气重力波在中层顶区域多为顺风传播。     

大气重力波引起的偶发钠层研究

利用了中国科学院临近空间环境野外综合探测站（廊坊,39N,116E）的钠荧光多普勒激光雷达和流星雷达的探测数据对廊坊上空大气重力波引起的偶发钠层（SSL）进行了研究。首先从大气重力波方程出发,计算分析了大气水平风剪切和垂直风场之间的相位关系;其次利用了钠荧光多普勒激光雷达和流星雷达的实测数据对大气重力波引起的偶发钠层进行了分析研究;经研究分析可知,由于大气重力波引起强的水平风切变和垂直风场风向反转的共同作用,其堆积效应使得钠原子密度增强,形成了偶发钠层。     

基于武汉MST雷达的对流层异常强反射回波观测

为研究中层-平流层-对流层(MST)雷达在对流层高度上的回波机制,利用特殊天气条件(切断低压)下的雷达回波功率、风场,采用Lomb-Scargle谱分析、谐波拟合、Richardson数等方法分析对流层上部出现回波功率异常的现象。结果表明,在切断低压的天气条件下,急流和深对流造成持续存在的重力波源,重力波由下至上传播至对流层顶下方并发生饱和破碎,能量耗散在大气中,破坏了大气的静力稳定,形成K-H不稳定层,进而发展为湍流,使对流层区域出现雷达回波功率增强。     

基于瑞利多普勒激光雷达数据的重力波测量与分析

对于平流层的高空间分辨率的重力波连续测量和研究非常稀少。近几年中国科学技术大学的瑞利多普勒激光雷达观测了大量的重力波事件,这得益于激光雷达系统在重力波研究中的优越特性。文中对激光雷达系统作出了一个简单的介绍,并且展示了位于中国酒泉（39.741N,98.495E）,垂直高度范围在15~60 km,自2015年10月7日起持续了两个月的重力波夜间观测结果。在对一些重力波事件分析过程中,对中尺度的水平风速进行了二维波谱分析之后,发现重力波波动非常明显,这些波动的波长范围主要集中在3~6 km,而周期大约为10 h。这些观测结果都肯定了瑞利多普勒激光雷达在重力波观测应用方面的优势。     

激光雷达观测的武汉上空钠原子层形态特性

对１９９６年３月１日至３日钠荧光散射雷达获得的观测数据进行了分析与处理，得到了钠原子密度随高度的剖面分布和随时间的变化关系。分析结果指出，武汉上空中高层大气钠原子剖面具有强烈的时空变化特点。钠层主要分布在８０～１０５ｋｍ高度，钠层最大密度高度位于９２～９５ｋｍ范围，在不出现流星雨时，其值在１～３×１０９原子每立方米之间变化     

多层复合蜂窝芯结构优化设计及其宽带吸波性能研究

多层蜂窝结构因其优异的吸波性能和高强度结构近来受到广泛关注。 本文针对传统多层蜂窝界面处电磁不连续以及浸渍工艺自身精度低等问题,通过 3D 打印技术制备了一种具有宽频电磁波吸收能力的轻质三层梯度蜂窝结构。中层渐变壁厚蜂窝极大地减少了层与层之间的界面反射,该结构在 2. 92 GHz ~ 18 GHz 内实现反射损耗低于- 10 dB,-10 dB 相对吸波带宽为144%,且密度仅为0. 292 g / cm3。 仿真和实验证明了均匀壁厚蜂窝结构与渐变壁厚蜂窝结构的复合设计可以实现界面的电磁连续性,有效改善了阻抗匹配,并提升了电磁波损耗能力,实现了宽频吸收效果。     

纳米尺寸自旋阀中电流驱动的自旋波发射

提出了在纳米赝自旋阀中的电流感应自旋传输矩的磁动力学描述,成功地解释了在磁纳米多层结构中的电流驱动微波发射和电流感应磁化翻转现象。自旋流极化由在电导匹配时的自旋流和化学势连续性边界条件决定。自旋矩的纵向和横向分量在自旋阀的电流驱动微波发射和电流感应磁化翻转现象中扮演了不同的角色:纵向自旋矩分量决定了电流感应磁化翻转(CIMS)效应,而横向自旋矩是自旋波发射(SWE)效应所不可缺少的。根据这一理论,由LLG方程自然得到自旋波发射的双模,分别为横向自旋矩引发的X和Y方向的振动,并引起磁多层电阻以频率2w或w(进动频率)随时间变化。磁场和自旋流共同决定了自旋波发射的频率和功率,这一理论预言了某种特殊的磁多层结构,如磁层相互垂直的结构,将具有大得多的微波发射效率,这一结论已经被实验所证实。     

基于小波分析的高空大气湍流相干结构特征研究

通过对风速脉动和温度脉动数据进行谱分析和小波分析,得到不同高度大气湍流相干结构尺度,用来同时识别时间序列中相干结构的特征尺度,并与大气折射率结构常数Cn2相结合分析高空大气湍流强弱分层的相干结构特征,提取不同高度湍流层强度、湍流层厚度等空间特征。通过研究发现,随着高度的变化,湍流呈现强弱分层交替出现的空间特征,且随高度升高,湍流持续时间变短,湍流层厚度也变小;在大尺度的弱湍流背景下存在小尺度强湍流,分布相对密集,持续时间较短,厚度也较小。高空大气湍流在5~15 km上的存在明显的强弱分层现象,在6~10 km高度上有四个强湍流层,湍流层厚度约为500 m。     

Scattering from breaking gravity waves without wind

Scattering experiments from breaking gravity waves conducted at a wave tank facility at small grazing angles in the absence of wind are analyzed. Breaking gravity waves are studied using a fully plane polarimetric horizontal (HH), vertical (VV), vertically transmitted and horizontally received polarization (VH), and horizontally transmitted and vertically received polarization (HV) pulse-chirped X-band (8.5-9.6 GHz) radar in conjunction with optical instruments: the plane polarimetric optical specular event detector (OSED) and side-looking camera (SLC). Spatially and temporally resolved radar backscatter has been measured and temporally correlated to the data obtained from the optical diagnostics. The experiments yield the following results: (1) enhanced scattering compared to Bragg scattering levels occurs throughout the evolutionary process of wave-breaking, i.e., the radar scatters strongly from both the unbroken and broken surfaces; (2) an explanation is found for the observation that the scatterer Doppler frequency is slightly less than the Doppler frequency corresponding to the fundamental wave phase speed; (3) a representative non-Bragg cross section of a breaking wave can be obtained; and (4) a breaking wave surface is found to be an efficient depolarizer     

Sodium resonance fluorescence lidar applications in atmospheric science and astronomy

The mesospheric Na layer is generally confined to the region between 80 and 110 km, with a peak near the mesopause where the density ranges from about 10/sup 3/-10/sup 4/ cm/sup -3/. The layer is an excellent tracer of wave motions, and Na lidar studies are now making important contributions to the gravity waves near the mesopause. In the field of astronomy, Ni lidar techniques are also being developed for creating artificial guide stars that can be used with groundbased adaptive telescopes to compensate image distortion caused by atmospheric turbulence. The design of modern Na resonance fluorescence lidars is described, and applications in atmospheric sciences and astronomy are discussed.<>     

Estimation of gravity wave momentum flux with spectroscopic imaging

Atmospheric gravity waves play a significant role in the dynamics and thermal balance of the upper atmosphere. In this paper, we present a novel technique for automated and robust calculation of momentum flux of high-frequency quasi-monochromatic wave components from spectroscopic imaging and horizontal radar wind measurements. Our approach uses the two-dimensional (2-D) cross periodogram of two consecutive Doppler-shifted time-differenced (TD) images to identify wave components and estimate intrinsic wave parameters. Besides estimating the average perturbation of dominant waves in the whole field of view, this technique applies 2-D short-space Fourier transform to the TD images to identify localized wave events. With the wave parameters acquired, the momentum flux carried by all vertically propagating wave components is calculated using an analytical model relating the measured intensity perturbation to the wave amplitude. This model is tested by comparing wave perturbation amplitudes inferred from spectroscopic images with those from sodium lidar temperature measurements. The proposed technique enables characterization of the variations in the direction and strength of gravity waves with high temporal resolution for each clear data-taking night. The nightly results provide statistical information for investigating seasonal and geographical variations in momentum flux of gravity waves.     

On shape, orientation, and structure of atmospheric cells inside wind rolls in two SAR images

Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images of the sea surface often show roll-vortex structures and other features which, in general, are spread out over several length scales and may present spatial periodicity as well as intermittence. Standard techniques, such as two-dimensional (2-D) Fourier analysis, are unsuitable both when it is of interest to detect intermittent phenomena and to analyze the spatial disposition of the backscatter structures inside the SAR images. For the above reasons, the 2-D continuous wavelet transform analysis has been applied to two European Remote Sensing mission SAR images over the Mediterranean Sea, showing wind rolls and atmospheric gravity waves. Through the evaluation of the wavelet variance map, which ideally corresponds to the 2-D Fourier spectrum, it has been possible to assess the presence of two main energy areas at large (from 7-28 km) and small (from 0.5-2 km) spatial scales. While the large-scale fluctuations may be ascribed to atmospheric gravity waves and other features induced by the surroundings, the small-scale fluctuations reveal the inner structure of the atmospheric wind rolls. The SAR-like maps, obtained by adding the wavelet coefficient maps pertaining to the small scales, have permitted us to highlight the high- and low-intensity backscatter cells associated with the wind rolls. These cells have been statistically characterized by means of the frequency distributions of the size of the cells maximum and minimum axes, of the orientation of the maximum axis, and of their area. The results indicate that high- and low-intensity backscatter cells have similar characteristics in both cases studied: they appear of elliptic shape, with the major axis along the wind roll direction; the average axes ratio is 2.5:1. The frequency distributions of the cell area indicate a continuous distribution of sizes, without significant gaps.     

Probing the clear atmosphere with high power, high resolution radars

Observations of radar echoes from the clear atmosphere are presented and the scattering mechanisms responsible for the two basic types of clear-air echoes are discussed. The commonly observed dot echo originates from a point in space and usually shows little variation in echo intensity over periods of about 0.1 second. The results of the most recent investigations of these clear-air dot targets are consistent with the conclusion that most, if not all, of the dot echoes are caused by insects or birds. The second type of clear-air radar echo appears diffuse in space, and signal intensities vary considerably over periods of less than 0.1 second. The echoes often occur in thin horizontal layers or as boundaries of convective activity; these are characterized by sharp gradients of refractive index. The reflectivity-wavelength dependence of these echoes is consistent with the theory of scattering by fluctuations in refractive index, and the signal intensities can be accounted for by the spectral characteristics of refractive-index variations observed directly. Some features of clear-air atmospheric structures as observed with radar are presented. These structures include thin stable inversions, convective thermals, Bénard convection cells, breaking gravity waves, and high tropospheric layers which are sufficiently turbulent to affect aircraft.     

Effects of foam on ocean surface microwave emission inferred from radiometric observations of reproducible breaking waves

WindSat, the first satellite polarimetric microwave radiometer, and the NPOESS Conical Microwave Imager/Sounder both have as a key objective the retrieval of the ocean surface wind vector from radiometric brightness temperatures. Available observations and models to date show that the wind direction signal is only 1-3 K peak-to-peak at 19 and 37 GHz, much smaller than the wind speed signal. In order to obtain sufficient accuracy for reliable wind direction retrieval, uncertainties in geophysical modeling of the sea surface emission on the order of 0.2 K need to be removed. The surface roughness spectrum has been addressed by many studies, but the azimuthal signature of the microwave emission from breaking waves and foam has not been adequately addressed. Recently, a number of experiments have been conducted to quantify the increase in sea surface microwave emission due to foam. Measurements from the Floating Instrumentation Platform indicated that the increase in ocean surface emission due to breaking waves may depend on the incidence and azimuth angles of observation. The need to quantify this dependence motivated systematic measurement of the microwave emission from reproducible breaking waves as a function of incidence and azimuth angles. A number of empirical parameterizations of whitecap coverage with wind speed were used to estimate the increase in brightness temperatures measured by a satellite microwave radiometer due to wave breaking in the field of view. These results provide the first empirically based parameterization with wind speed of the effect of breaking waves and foam on satellite brightness temperatures at 10.8, 19, and 37 GHz.     

In0．2Ga0．8As-GaAs复合应力缓冲层上的1.3μm InAs／GaAs自组织量子点

用光荧光谱和原子力显微镜测试技术系统研究了在2 nm In0.2Ga0.8As和x ML GaAs的复合应力缓冲层上生长的InAs/GaAs自组织量子点的发光特性和表面形貌.采用In0.2Ga0.8As与薄层GaAs复合的应力缓冲层,由于减少了晶格失配度致使量子点密度从约1.7×109 cm-2显著增加到约3.8×109cm-2.同时,复合层也有利于提高量子点中In的组份,使量子点的高宽比增加,促进量子点发光峰红移.对于x=10 ML的样品室温下基态发光峰达到1350 nm.