温度场模拟激光熔覆TC11钛合金工艺参数的选择

以通过激光熔覆修复钛合金薄壁件并在钛合金表面获得优质激光熔覆涂层为目标,运用ANSYS软件对同步送粉式激光熔覆的温度场进行了三维建模数值模拟。基于该模型对激光熔覆过程中的温度场分布和工艺参数进行了分析。结果表明,激光扫描方向前方的表面温度场相比后方熔池温度小,等温线密集,温度梯度大,熔覆两道后熔覆道1没有重熔,并且对熔覆道2产生预热作用。激光加工的快速加热和冷却的特性显著,冷却时的冷却速度可达104℃/s,在其他工艺参数不变的情况下,理论上在激光功率P=1100 W,扫描速度v=4 mm/s,光斑直径d=1 mm 时模拟过程可获得良好的冶金结合,为修复薄壁零件提供了借鉴和指导作用。     

基于彩色CCD的激光熔覆熔池温度闭环控制研究

为了保持激光熔覆过程中熔池温度的相对稳定,采用比色测温与比例-积分-微分（PID）控制策略相结合的方法实现了熔池温度的闭环控制,搭建了一套基于双通道彩色CCD的激光熔覆成形熔池温度在线测控系统。将发射率ε纳入到待定系数K中,建立了灰度比值与K的对应关系,推导出了熔池温度的计算公式。基于Socket通信实现了温度在工控机与机器人控制器之间的信号传递,设计了基于激光功率变化的温度控制器算法。结果表明,此系统能实时准确地测量并控制熔池温度,控制精度在3%以内;将该系统运用于薄壁圆筒堆积成形实验中,能够有效消除激光熔覆成形过程中的温度累积效应;成形件底部与顶部外径仅相差0.9mm,成形件各处显微组织差异较小,组织致密均匀。该控制方案具有实时性好、成本较低、便于集成应用等优点。     

激光熔覆精准再制造在线监测研究

针对激光熔覆过程由于热输入难以准确控制,导致成型精度及质量难以达到预期的问题,通过搭建激光熔覆熔池监控系统,准确测量熔池尺寸,得出熔覆参数与熔池形貌之间的关系.利用彩色CCD比色测温方法,获取能显示温度场分布的温度伪彩图.结果表明:随着激光功率的变化,熔池形貌会产生较大的变化,而送粉率的变化对熔池形貌的影响表现并不明显...     

空心叶片激光快速成形过程的温度/应力场数值模拟

针对航空发动机空心涡轮叶片激光快速成形(LRF),建立了温度场/应力场瞬态模型,采用有限单元生死技术模拟了熔覆层的沉积生长过程.采用随动强化及米塞斯屈服准则进行了热弹塑性分析,通过间接耦合模拟了TC4钛合金空心叶片激光快速成形的温度场/应力场演变过程.结果分析表明,在TC4钛合金空心叶片激光快速成形过程中,随着熔池的移动和成形高度的增加,温度场和应力场动态演化,其中由于基座的冷却及约束作用和熔池加热及应力释放作用,激光快速成形空心叶片温度和应力/应变场沿高度(z轴)方向呈梯度分布.温度场上高下低,散热方向从上至下,从熔池到基座;应力场下高上低,叶根等效应力最大.空心叶片激光快速成形结束冷却到室温,残余应力与熔覆过程应力分布规律基本相同,只是叶片顶部等效应力有所提高.     

激光熔覆中同轴粉末流温度场的CCD检测

在激光同轴送粉中,存在激光能量的吸收和衰减过程.利用Beer-Lambert定律,建立了同轴送粉中气粉两相流的温度场理论计算模型.依据所建立模型数值模拟研究了激光熔覆中的各种参数对温度场变化的影响,如激光功率、送粉量和送气量等.为验证计算模型的有效性,采用CCD实验测量粉末流温度值,从粉末流温度场分布图中可以看到,实验结果与理论计算结果十分接近.研究粉末流温度场分布情况对提高激光熔覆质量有很大帮助.     

基于CCD激光熔覆成形过程在线监测与控制

激光熔覆快速成形过程中,熔覆层高度是由激光参数,加工工艺,粉末材料等多种因素共同决定。基于CCD实现了对成形过程的实时监测,并通过基于VC++开发的图像处理软件,有效的提取激光熔池中心到激光头之间的高度信息来控制熔覆堆积过程,从而确保了熔覆过程的顺利进行,提高了成形件的加工质量,为激光熔覆快速成形制造技术的在线监测提供了新的手段。     

激光快速成形过程的热行为及其影响

建立了激光快速成形(LRF)过程熔池的比色测温系统，分别采用实时跟踪和定点测量两种方式实现了熔池温度和熔池后沿冷却速率(温度梯度)的测量。结果表明，随着激光功率和送粉率的增大，熔池温度升高，熔池后沿冷却速率减小;随着激光扫描速度的增加，熔池温度下降，熔池后沿冷却速率增大。单道多层熔覆和多道搭接熔覆过程温度检测结果发现，随着沉积层数和沉积道数的增加，成形过程呈现热累积效应，即熔池温度逐渐升高，而熔池后沿的冷却速率则呈现完全相反的趋势。     

激光熔覆Ni/WC涂层温度场及形貌模拟

根据同轴送粉激光熔覆的特点,利用有限元软件ANSYS模拟温度场的动态过程,采用生死单元法求得熔覆层形貌的三维模型,模拟中加入了熔覆粉末的温升、激光的衰减、相变潜热以及温度对材料热物理性能的影响等因素的影响作用,并且对温度场的结果进行了分析和试验验证。结果表明,熔池前方温度梯度比后方大,熔池最高温度在短时间之后会基本保持稳定。在高锰钢表面采用4000 W多模光纤激光器熔覆镍包WC复合粉末,涂层组织主要为细化树枝晶,通过对熔覆层横截面形貌、组织形貌、温度场分布的观察分析,验证了模拟结果的准确性,可作为制备涂层的工艺的理论参考。     

空间多元密排扭曲薄壁件的激光熔覆成形研究

基于光内送粉技术,进行了空间密排多元扭曲薄壁件的成形研究,获得了熔覆喷头的空间运动轨迹及姿态;根据熔覆层截面与工艺参数之间的解析关系和单道实验,建立了高度工艺模型,并进行了二元扭曲薄壁成形;采用间歇熔覆工艺,完成了多元扭曲密排叶片的堆积。检测结果表明,成形件表面平整,叶片单元最小间隙为6.5mm,叶片厚度基本稳定在2.7mm;各部位组织致密、显微硬度分布较均匀。     

压片预置式激光熔覆温度场的数值模拟模型及其验证

针对压片预置式激光熔覆温度场数值模拟,在建立粉末片模型时提出单独建立粉末片冶金化模型和气孔模型.同时,为了比较真实地模拟压片预置式激光熔覆的物理冶金过程,考虑了粉末片组织形态、接触热阻和厚度的变化对温度场的影响.在数值模拟过程中进行不同组织形态的粉末片物性参数折算、不同接触形式的接触热阻计算以及不同工艺参数下的激光吸收率的选取.通过两组实验对基材熔池的宽度和深度进行验证,表明使用该模型计算出的温度场能较精确地反映激光熔覆过程的温度场.     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Development of the readout system for waveguide multilayer optical card

Waveguide multilayer optical card （WMOC） is a novel storage device of three-dimensional optical information. An advanced readout system fitting for the WMOC is introduced in this paper. The hardware mainly consists of the light source for reading, WMOC, motorized stages addressing unit, microscope imaging unit, CCD detecting unit and PC controlling ＆ processing unit. The movement of the precision motorized stage is controlled by the computer through Visual Basic （VB） language in software. A control panel is also designed to get the layer address and the page address through which the position of the motorized stages can be changed. The WMOC readout system is easy to manage and the readout result is directly displayed on computer monitor.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

Collinear phase-matching study of terahertz-wave generation via difference frequency mixed in GaAs and Inp

The collinearly phase-matching condition of terahertz-wave generation via difference frequency mixed in GaAs and InP is theoretically studied. In collinear phase-matching, the optimum phase-matching wave hands of these two crystals are calculated. The optimum phase-matching wave bands in GaAs and lnP are 0.95-1.38μm and 0.7-0.96μm respectively. The influence of the wavelength choice of the pump wave on the coherent length in THz-wave tuning is also discussed. The influence of the temperature alteration on the phase-matching and the temperature tuning properties in GaAs crystal are calculated and analyzed. It can serve for the following experiments as a theoretical evidence and a reference as well.     

Effects of the alloy compositions on the phonon-polaritons in ternary mixed crystals

Composition dependence of bulk and surface phonon-polaritons in ternary mixed crystals are studied in the framework of the modified random-element-isodisplacement model and the Bom-Huang approximation. The numerical results for Several Ⅱ - Ⅵ and Ⅲ- Ⅴ compound systems are performed, and the polariton frequencies as functions of the compositions for ternary mixed crystals AlxGa1-xAs, GaPxAS1-x, ZnSxSe1-x, GaAsxSb1-x, GaxIn1-xP, and ZnxCd1-xS as examples are given and discussed. The results show that the dependence of the energies of two branches of bulk phonon-polaritons which have phonon-like characteristics, and surface phonon-polaritons on the compositions of ternary mixed crystals are nonlinear and different from those of the corresponding binary systems.     

New insert layer structure OLEDs

An insert layer structure organic electroluminescent device（OLED） based on a new luminescent material （Zn（salen）） is fabricated. The configuration of the device is ITO/CuPc/NPD/Zn（salen）/Liq/LiF/A1/CuPc/NPD/Zn（salen）/Liq/LiF/A1. Effective insert electrode layers comprising LiF（1nm）/Al（5 nm） are used as a single semitransparent mirror, and bilayer cathode LiF（1 nm）/A1（100 nm） is used as a reflecting mirror. The two mirrors form a Fabry-Perot microcavity and two emissive units. The maximum brightness and luminous efficiency reach 674 cd/m^2 and 2.652 cd/A, respectively, which are 2.1 and 3.7 times higher than the conventional device, respectively. The superior brightness and luminous efficiency over conventional single-unit devices are attributed to microcavity effect.