Fe-C-Cr-V合金的价电子结构对奥氏体等温转变的影响

本文用余瑞璜先生的“固体与分子经验电子理论”计算了工业牌号的50、50Cr、50CrV钢奥氏体的价电子结构,从原子杂化状态、共价键力大小的价电子深度,讨论了合金相的价电子结构对过冷奥氏体等温转变的影响,并结合60Si_2Mn钢奥氏体的价电子结构,讨论了碳化物形成元素Cr、V和非碳化物形成元素Si在相变中的行为与作用。键距差(BLD)分析的基础数据由余瑞璜先生提供。     

Difference factor between inner- and interlayer bond forces in M3C pattern carbides

The valence electron structures and bond energy of M₃C pattern carbides in white cast irons are calculated on the basis of Yu Ruihuang's empirical electron theory of solids and molecules (E. E. T.) by means of bond length difference method (BLD). Based on the results, a difference factor θ for measuring the difference between inner- and interlayer bond forces is proposed to study the influence of alloying elements Cr, Mn and W on the morphology of Fe₃C during solidification.     

稀土镁对高铬铸铁变质效果的研究

为了研究RE—Mg对Cr15Mo3高铬铸铁铸态及热处理态组织、冲击韧性、硬度、耐磨性等性能的影响规律,提出RE—Mg变质处理工艺的改进方案,通过对比实验的方法,验证了改进方案的可行性．结果表明：铸态未变质的高铬铸铁组织中,奥氏体含量大,碳化物呈粗大网状分布,基体被撕裂;变质后碳化物的网断裂,变细成为鱼骨状,对基体的割裂作用大大减小,基体的连续程度增加．RE—Mg变质处理可使Cr15Mo3高铬铸铁的硬度、冲击韧性、耐磨性都得到提高．本实验条件下,当变质剂加入量WRE-Mg=1．5％时变质效果最好,材料的综合性能最佳．     

Theoretical analysis of alloy multiplying factor by the empirical electron theory of solids and molecules

By introducing the distribution probability of structural units in austenite containing alloying elements and considering its effects on phase transformation, this paper establishes a calculation model of distribution probability of structural units. A new valence electron structure (VES) parameter-transformation effect coefficient of alloying elements (HL), is defined and then studied both theoretically and experimentally. The relationship between the parameter HL and the multiplying factor (the quenching capability factor) of alloying elements is studied. The results indicate that the two parameters (HL and the quenching capability factor) have the same variation characteristic and substance feature. Therefore, the multiplying factor virtually expresses the relative quantity of structural units in the alloying elements-containing austenite. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 50271009, 503334010)     

价电子结构与合金元素对NiAl力学性能的影响

运用固体与分子经验电子理论,计算了添加几种常用合金元素M(M=Cr,Mn,Fe,Co,Cu)的合金(NiM)Al相空间价电子结构,并采用相结构因子nA、ρLV表征和评判了合金元素M对NiAl金属间化合物塑性和硬度的影响。研究结果表明,采用宏合金化的方法虽然可以提高合金的硬度,却降低了合金的塑性。合金化后NiAl硬度增加的次序为(Ni0.875Mn0.125)Al>(Ni0.875Co0.125)Al>(Ni0.875Fe0.125)Al>(Ni0.875Cr0.125)Al>(Ni0.875Cu0.125)Al>NiAl,塑性降低次序则与硬度增加次序相反。     

Statistical values of valence electron structure parameters applied to research on phase transition temperature and eutectoid reaction of titanium alloy

Based on the empirical electron theory of solids and molecules (EET), the statistical values of valence electron structure parameters Sn _A and SE _A which can characterize the properties of alloy phases are calculated, and influences of alloying elements (e.g., V, Nb, Mo, Hf, Zr, Fe, Mn, Co, Cr, Si, and so on) on the phase transition temperature and eutectoid reaction of titanium alloy are discussed with the statistical values of valence electron structure parameters. The research results agree well with real situations. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 50471022, 50741004) and National Key Basic Research Program of China (“973”) (Grant No. 2007CB613807)     

高铬镍合金白口铸铁热疲劳断裂过程的动态观察

用ＨＭ－１００型高温金相显微镜,通过模拟热疲劳的实验方法,动态观察了高铬镍合金白口铸铁热疲劳裂纹的萌生及扩展过程。实验表明：组织为奥氏体加Ｍ２３Ｃ６型碳化物的高铬镍合金白口铸铁热疲劳裂纹主要沿晶界萌生扩展,热疲劳断口为混合型断口。增加含碳量则降低高铬镍合金白口铸铁的热疲劳抗力。     

微Cr对中锰球墨铸铁组织与性能的影响

通过加入微量合金元素Cr,研究了Cr对中锰球墨铸铁基体组织和性能的影响。研究结果表明,Cr的加入提高了冷却速率,使石墨球化效果得到改善。而Cr的激冷倾向则对凝固过程产生影响,使马氏体组织更加细化、均匀。从实验数据可以看出,微Cr中锰球墨铸铁在力学性能和耐磨性能方面都要优于普通中锰球墨铸铁。     

变质处理对低铬白口铸铁组织和性能的影响

研究了1^#稀土硅铁合金、钛铁、钒铁、金属碲对低铬白口铸铁金相组织及机械性能的影响。结果表明经过变质处理的白口铸铁晶粒细化,冲击韧性有较大的提高。     

Interface conjunction factors of the second phase particles in alloys and their effects

The second phase in multi-phase alloys has connection with many important phenomena such as aging strengthening, dispersion strengthening, secondary hardening, crystal refinement. In this paper, the interface conjunction factors of the interface between MC(M = V, Nb, Ti) and austenite and martensite are calculate out. The relationship between these factors and the characteristics are analyzed . The reason for the second phases being fine and dispersing and their strengthening and toughening effect on the alloy is explained using the relationship. Based on the relationship, the valence electron structure of the interface between the second phase particles and the matrix can be optimized by changing the alloying elements, which make it possible to design the composition of alloys from the valence electron structure of the second phase particles.     

Influences of copper on solidification structure and hardening behavior of high chromium cast irons

The influences of copper on microstructure and the hardening behavior of high chromium cast irons subjected to sub-critical treatment were investigated. The results show that the microstructure of the as-cast high chromium cast irons consists of retained austenite, martensite and M1C3 type eutectic carbide. When copper is added into high chromium cast irons, austenite and carbide contents are increased. The increased addition of copper content from 0% to 1.84% leads to the increase of austenite and carbide from 15.9% and 20. 0% to 61.0% and 35.5% , respectively. In the process of sub-critical treatment, the retained austenite in the matrix can be precipitated into secondary carbides and then transforms into martensite in cooling process, which causes the secondary hardening of the alloy under sub-critical treatment. High chromium cast irons containing copper in sub-critical treatment appear the second hardening curve peak due to the precipitation of copper from supersaturated matrix.     

镍奥氏体铸铁的制备及磨粒磨损性能

针对高镍奥氏体铸铁成本居高不下的特点,通过加入价格低廉的Mn代替部分昂贵的Ni,并调整Cu、Cr、Si等元素含量,制备低镍奥氏体铸铁,并进行磨粒磨损试验对比研究。结果表明:所制备的低镍铸铁可使基体达到几乎完全的奥氏体组织,且石墨形态和高镍铸铁相近;镍铸铁的力学性能及组织结构成分对材料的耐磨粒磨损性能均有影响,其中硬度和强度越高的镍铸铁,其磨损性能越好;所制备的低镍片状石墨铸铁的耐磨损性能均接近或高于高镍铸铁。     

Effect of vanadium and chromium on the microstructural features of V–Cr–Mn–Ni spheroidal carbide cast irons

The objective of this investigation is to study the influence of vanadium（5.0wt%–10.0wt%） and chromium（0–9.0wt%） on the microstructure and hardness of Cr-V-Mn-Ni white cast irons with spheroidal vanadium carbides. The alloys＇ microstructural features are presented and discussed with regard to the distribution of phase elements. The structural constituents of the alloys are spheroidal VC, proeutectoid cementite, ledeburite eutectic, rosette-shaped carbide eutectic（based on M7C3）, pearlite, martensite, and austenite. Their combinations and area fraction（AF） ratios are reported to be influenced by the alloys＇ chemical composition. Spheroidized VC particles are found to be sites for the nucleation of carbide eutectics. Cr and V are shown to substitute each other in the VC and M7C3 carbides, respectively. Chromium alloying leads to the formation of a eutectic（γ-Fe ＋ М7С3）, preventing the appearance of proeutectoid cementite in the structure. Vanadium and chromium are revealed to increase the total carbide fraction and the amount of austenite in the matrix. Cr is observed to play a key role in controlling the metallic matrix microstructure.     

贝氏体型白口铸铁组织结构及其抗磨料磨损特性的研究

本文应用光学显微镜、电子显微镜、扫透电子显微镜和X-射线衍射仪对贝氏体型白口铸铁的组织结构和形态进行了观察和测试,同时还对上、下贝氏体在不同试验条件下的抗磨性和残余奥氏体在磨损过程中的行为进行了研究。     

铸铁激光表面改性的组织与性能特征的研究

论述了激光表面熔融处理后硬化层的显微组织与性能特征，讨论了组织对硬度分布的影响试验结果表明：经激光表面熔融处理后，球墨铸铁熔化层组织为先共晶奥氏体（快冷后转变为Ｍ＋ＡＲ）＋莱氏体，相变层组织为马氏体＋残余奥氏体＋球状石墨；灰口铸铁的熔化层组织为细小树枝（Ｍ＋ＡＲ）＋弥散分布的树枝间层片状变态莱氏体（Ｍ＋ＡＲ＋Ｆｅ３Ｃ）的变态亚共晶白口组织，相变层组织为马氏体＋残余奥氏体＋片状石墨在相变区，球状石墨周围的组织较复杂，靠近熔化层处的石墨球周围出现双壳层组织，由一层马氏体＋残余奥氏体包围，再围以莱氏体或先共晶奥氏体＋莱氏体组织     

高铬铸铁复合变质剂的研究

通过实验室和生产条件下的试验,研制出一种适用于高铬白口铁的含Ｚｎ,Ｍｇ等元素的多元复合变质剂———Ｚｎ变质剂．采用Ｚｎ变质剂处理的高铬白口铸铁,初生奥氏体细小,碳化物孤立、圆钝,材料的冲击性αＫ≥８Ｊ／ｃｍ２,ＨＲｃ≥６０,其效果相当或优于ＶＴｉ变质剂,悬殊成本低廉．采用ＳＥＭ,ＥＤＡＸ和ＥＰＡ等手段对Ｚｎ变质剂的变质作用进行了分析．     

利用正交设计优化高铬白口铁复合变质剂的组成

采用正交试验的方法研究了高铬铸铁复合变质处理．将国内外常见的几种性能不同但功能互补的变质剂（V、Ti、1#Re、B）组合成复合变质剂,选用四因素三水平正交设计表,采用直观分析和极差分析等方法分析了不同变质处理剂搭配及其水平对高铬铸铁性能的影响。试验结果表明：在本试验条件下,有利于高铬铸铁冲击韧性的最优组合为A1B3C1．有利于高铬铸铁的宏观硬度的最优组合为A1B2C3．通过对相关试验数据进行分析,可以很方便地优选出复合变质剂的组成,获得高铬白口铁几种常见变质处理元素搭配及其水平对白口铁性能的影响,可减少试验次数,降低试验成本,缩短研究周期．     

合金价电子结构对回火转变的影响

根据固体与分子经验电子理论［１］的ＢＬＤ方法，建立了常用合金元素在马氏体中的价电子结构；利用Ｃ－Ｍｅ偏聚结构单元的ｎＡ值及其共价键络上的电子对分布，研究了马氏体价电子结构对回火转变的影响以及对马氏体力学性能的影响；并通过对热处理后的试样进行的透射电镜及能谱分析，验证了固相合金中Ｃ－Ｍｅ偏聚理论［２］．     

高磷铸铁的变质处理及合金化研究

介绍了高磷铸铁的国内外研究应用现状，以及高磷铸铁经变质合金化处理后的组织与性能；比较研究了高、中磷合金铸铁与普通灰铸铁的摩擦性能。研究认为，经变质处理后的高、中磷合金铸铁适合于制作高速机车车辆的专用闸瓦，且性能优良。     

可锻铸铁中上贝氏体转变的研究

借助光学及电子显微镜研究了等温淬火可锻铸铁中上贝氏体的形态和相变特征。结果表明,可锻铸铁中的上贝氏体转变可分为两个阶段:转变初期形成无碳化物贝氏体;转变后期富碳的奥氏体进一步分解为铁素体和渗碳体。这种渗碳体呈极细颗粒状,主要沿α/α边界及α/γ边界分布,也存在于铁素体内。另外,还讨论了含硅钢和球墨铸铁中的类似行为。