提高无线链路TCP流量性能的方法

无线通信和因特网的结合是未来通信发展的方向,研究无线衰落信道中TCP的性能及改进方案是目前的研究热点之一.本文分析了无线链路高差错率引起的分组丢失对TCP流量性能的影响,讨论了提高无线TCP性能的方法,并对其性能进行了比较.最后提出了需要进一步研究的关键问题.     

一种改善TCP性能的链路层重传方案

有线网络中TCP拥塞控制机制是建立在网络丢包的基础之上的,所以该机制不能适应无线网络中高误码率造成的无线链路丢包的情况。无线链路层重传技术是改善网络性能因无线信道误码率较高而下降的一项重要措施。文中研究了WCDMA无线网络中链路层重传技术对无线TCP数据传输的影响,比较两种重传方案,通过OPNET仿真技术对其进行仿真比较,得出其中一种更有效的改善TCP传输性能的方案。     

卫星通信TCP／IP数据传输技术浅析

主要分析了卫星网中出现的的信道差错率高、传播延迟长和信道不对称性对TCP传播性能产生的不良影响，简单介绍了前向纠错和自动重传两种链路差错控制方案；着重介绍了对TCP协议（包括基本TCP、选择性确认、非对称性和ACK控制等几个方面）的改进，并介绍了在卫星网中实现TCP／IP的方案。     

一种改善TCP性能的cdma2000链路层RLP重传方案

在无线数据传输网络中,物理层帧差错率(FER)是影响网络性能的一个主要因素。无线链路层重传技术是改善网络性能因无线信道误码率较高而下降的一项重要措施。本文主要研究cdma2000无线网络中链路层重传技术对无线TCP数据传输的影响,提出一种cdma2000链路层重传方案,并通过OPNET仿真技术对该重传方案进行仿真,验证了该方案能改善TCP数据在cdma2000无线网络中的传输性能。     

基于跨层架构的无线TCP优化研究

在无线环境下,传输控制协议(TCP)会受到无线信道条件和分层协议栈独立底层协议的影响。文章结合LTE系统,深入分析现有无线TCP协议运用到LTE系统中的缺陷,提出基于跨层架构的无线TCP优化方案。跨层管理实体综合分析物理层信道状态信息,MAC层调度信息和HARQ信息,RLC自动请求重传ARQ信息以及PDCP切换信息做出全局最优判决。文章所提方案可以优化TCP拥塞控制中慢启动算法、拥塞避免算法以及快速重传算法在无线环境下的效率,提供更好的业务服务质量保障以及用户体验。     

卫星网络中的TCP

本文首先介绍了目前广泛应用的三种TCP协议版本，分析了TCP协议的运行机制。然后，文章分析了TCP协议在长延时大延时带宽积和高误码率的卫星信道上传输效率低下的原因。最后，对目前提出的众多TCP协议改进方案进行了描述，并对各种方案的特点作了简单总结。     

基于模糊逻辑的无线网络流量自适应控制

文章在分析现有提高无线TCP性能方案的基础上，提出一种新的流量控制方法，即基于显式窗口反馈的无线网络流量控制方案。在Snoop中引入有线网络的显示窗口自适应（EWA）算法，通过对BS共享缓存的实时监测，应用模糊控制算法预测当前拥塞窗口（cwnd）的大小，并显式反馈给发送端，使TCP的发送窗口能快速响应网络负荷状况的变化．避免分组的丢失。仿真结果表明．该方法增强了网络对拥塞的自适应性以及对无线信道差错的实时处理能力．提高了网络的吞吐量。     

WCDMA中RLC层数据传输功能的研究与实现

无线链路控制协议（RLC）是WCDMA无线接入层（RAN）的重要组成，在无线通信系统中，它可以用来弥补无线信道对TCP性能的影响。本文对RLC三种模式数据传输过程进行了分析，提出了具体的实现方案，同时对缓冲区提出了一种较好的设计方法。这些对WCDMA无线接入层协议栈的开发有一定的指导意义。     

移动通信无线信道配置管理系统

文章主要介绍了移动通信无线信道的配置、调整原则及系统实现方案。以爱尔兰B公式为基准,根据无线小区自身的话务特性,进行加窗处理,研制出无线信道配置调整的原则。并采用Client/Server的开放结构、基于TCP/IP协议的软件编程实现无线信道的配置管理,实现高效率的无线信道调配,提高无线设备资源的利用率,使网络设备资源获得最佳效益。     

选择重传ARQ重排序方法研究

分析了现有的重排序机制,提出了基于PFR方案的分级PFR方案H—PFR,通过保存正确的重排序数据帧,在进行TCP超时重传时,能立刻在本地完成正确排序的数据帧向高层的转发,缩短了延迟时间,节省了信道资源,提高了无线TCP的传输性能。     

Corruption‐aware adaptive increase and adaptive decrease algorithm for TCP error and congestion controls in wireless networks

The conventional TCP tends to suffer from performance degradation due to packet corruptions in the wireless lossy channels, since any corruption event is regarded as an indication of network congestion. This paper proposes a TCP error and congestion control scheme using corruption‐aware adaptive increase and adaptive decrease algorithm to improve TCP performance over wireless networks. In the proposed scheme, the available network bandwidth is estimated based on the amount of the received integral data as well as the received corrupted data. The slow start threshold is updated only when a lost but not corrupted segment is detected by sender, since the corrupted packets still arrive at the TCP receiver. In the proposed scheme, the duplicated ACKs are processed differently by sender depending on whether there are any lost but not corrupted segments at present. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme could significantly improve TCP throughput over the heterogeneous wired and wireless networks with a high bit error rate, compared with the existing TCP and its variants. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Modelling of wireless TCP for short‐lived flows

The transmission control protocol (TCP) is one of the most important Internet protocols. It provides reliable transport services between two end‐hosts. Since TCP performance affects overall network performance, many studies have been done to model TCP performance in the steady state. However, recent researches have shown that most TCP flows are short‐lived. Therefore, it is more meaningful to model TCP performance in relation to the initial stage of short‐lived flows. In addition, the next‐generation Internet will be an unified all‐IP network that includes both wireless and wired networks integrated together. In short, modelling short‐lived TCP flows in wireless networks constitutes an important axis of research. In this paper, we propose simple wireless TCP models for short‐lived flows that extend the existing analytical model proposed in [IEEE Commun. Lett. 2002; 6 (2):85–88]. In terms of wireless TCP, we categorized wireless TCP schemes into three types: end‐to‐end scheme, split connection scheme, and local retransmission scheme, which is similar to the classification proposed in [IEEE/ACM Trans. Networking 1997; 756–769]. To validate the proposed models, we performed ns‐2 simulations. The average differences between the session completion time calculated using the proposed model and the simulation result for three schemes are less than 9, 16, and 7 ms, respectively. Consequently, the proposed model provides a satisfactory means of modelling the TCP performance of short‐lived wireless TCP flows. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Novel Fastest Retransmission and Rate Control Schemes for Improving TCP Performance in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks

A number of different authors have considered the problem of performance degradation of transmission control protocol (TCP) in wireless ad hoc networks. We herein show that pauses in packet transmission due to packet losses are the fundamental cause of performance degradation of TCP in wireless ad hoc networks. To minimize the duration of packet transmission pauses, we propose a fast retransmission scheme for improving TCP performance in consideration of the inter-operability of previously deployed TCPs in wireless ad hoc networks. We also propose an additional rate control scheme for TCPs to reduce the probability of packet contention. Using OPNET and NS2 simulations, we show that our proposed schemes can provide a much better performance than conventional TCPs.     

Delayed duplicate acknowledgements: a TCP‐Unaware approach to improve performance of TCP over wireless

Since a TCP sender cannot distinguish between packet losses arising from transmission errors from those due to congestion, TCP tends to perform poorly on wireless links that are prone to transmission errors. Several techniques have previously been proposed to improve TCP performance over wireless links. Existing schemes typically require an intermediate node (typically, a base station) to be TCP‐aware. For instance, the Snoop scheme requires the base station to interpret TCP headers and take appropriate action to help improve TCP performance. This paper proposes an alternative TCP‐unaware technique that attempts to mimic the behavior of the Snoop protocol. Performance evaluation shows that the proposed Delayed Dupacks scheme performs quite well. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

全IP蜂窝通信系统TCP性能的改进

在无线网络中,造成丢包的主要原因是无线链路的高误码率(BER)及主机在区域间移动。如果TCP的丢包处理简单采用启动拥塞控制机制,势必导致网络传输性能恶化。本文以全IP蜂窝通信系统为例,概述TCP/IP协议组用于无线链路的性能问题,提出解决这些问题的方案,分析该方案的优点和局限性。     

TCP-friendly flow control of wireless multimedia using ECN marking

In a wireless network packet losses can be caused not only by network congestion but also by unreliable error-prone wireless links. Therefore, flow control schemes which use packet loss as a congestion measure cannot be directly applicable to a wireless network because there is no way to distinguish congestion losses from wireless losses. In this paper, we extend the so-called TCP-friendly flow control scheme, which was originally developed for the flow control of multimedia flows in a wired IP network environment, to a wireless environment. The main idea behind our scheme is that by using explicit congestion notification (ECN) marking in conjunction with random early detection (RED) queue management scheme intelligently, it is possible that not only the degree of network congestion is notified to multimedia sources explicitly in the form of ECN-marked packet probability but also wireless losses are hidden from multimedia sources. We calculate TCP-friendly rate based on ECN-marked packet probability instead of packet loss probability, thereby effectively eliminating the effect of wireless losses in flow control and thus preventing throughput degradation of multimedia flows travelling through wireless links. In addition, we refine the well-known TCP throughput model which establishes TCP-friendliness of multimedia flows in a way that the refined model provides more accurate throughput estimate of a TCP flow particularly when the number of TCP flows sharing a bottleneck link increases. Through extensive simulations, we show that the proposed scheme indeed improves the quality of the delivered video significantly while maintaining TCP-friendliness in a wireless environment for the case of wireless MPEG-4 video.     

Congestion control with dynamic threshold adaptation and cross‐layer response for TCP Vegas over IEEE 802.11 wireless networks

Wireless technologies provide mobile access and enable rapid andcost‐effective network deployment. But a wireless link is generally accompanied by high interference, transmission errors and a varying latency. The erratic packet losses usually lead to a curbing of the flow of segments on the TCP connection, and thus limit TCP performance. This paper presents a threshold control mechanism with cross‐layer response approach for improving TCP Vegas performance in IEEE 802.11 wireless networks. By making slight modifications to the legacy IEEE 802.11 MAC and TCP, the numerical results reveal that the proposed scheme provides a significant improvement in TCP performance under IEEE 802.11 wireless environments. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

WLAN中TCP性能改进的跨层方案仿真

随着无线网络的迅速发展,如何改进TCP在无线网络中的传输性能这一课题,已经成为国内外研究的热点.文章分析了现有的几种典型的TCP改进方案,并在此基础上介绍一种新的跨层方案.通过在传输层和链路层之间引入ARQ Snoop代理,在链路层检测并重传ARQ分组的同时,协调WLAN MAC子层的ARQ机制与TCP的ARQ策略.