A356铸造铝合金的疲劳裂纹萌生及短裂纹扩展研究

研究了A356-T6铸造铝合金的缺口疲劳裂纹萌生与早期扩展行为及机制.结果表明,热等静压试样的疲劳抗力优于非热等静压试样.对于钝缺口试样,疲劳裂纹萌生于缺口根部附近的多个平面,最终哪个裂纹源扩展成主裂纹取决于局部微观组织.对于缺口几何形状不同的热等静压和非热等静压疲劳试样,在疲劳过程中,不管是在高应力状态下,还是在低应力状态下,都出现了铝基体的循环塑性变形和共晶硅粒子断裂导致疲劳裂纹萌生.对于非热等静压试样,铸造缩孔在构件的疲劳过程中起着重要作用,但即使缺口根部存在较大尺度的铸造缩孔,导致了疲劳裂纹萌生,但也同时观察到疲劳裂纹从共晶硅粒子、金属间化合物、铝基体的滑移带和铁基金属间化合物等处萌生.对于脆性的A356铸造铝合金可采用修正的断裂力学参量ΔKn、局部应力范围Δσ或局部应变幅Δε/2作为控制参量来表征疲劳裂纹萌生行为,而缺口有效应力强度因子范围ΔKneff和ΔJs参量可用来表征缺口场中短裂纹扩展行为.     

镍基铸造高温合金的热等静压改性研究

研究了热等静压处理对镍基铸造高温合金内部缺陷及显微组织的影响。结果表明,铸态镍基高温合金中存在大量疏松、孔洞等缺陷,合金由γ相及γ′相两相共存,γ′相的数量较多但分布不均匀,并有少量已发生团聚。1040 ℃热等静压处理可明显减少合金中疏松和孔洞等显微缺陷,增加强化相数量,但γ′相有少量聚集长大。1200 ℃下热等静压处理基本消除了合金中的疏松组织,但仍存在少量的微孔,原始的γ′相溶化并重新析出了细小的二次γ′相。     

HIP法制备CuCr触头的真空电击穿特性

采用热等静压(HIP)固相烧结法制备了近乎完全致密、低氧、氮含量的CuCr合金材料,研究了在不同烧结温度下制备CuCr合金的Cr相颗粒度、电击穿场强及击穿区域,给出了CuCr合金Cr相粒子半径与击穿场强的关系式。结果表明:随着HIP烧结温度的上升,CuCr触头材料的Cr相颗粒度也将逐渐增大,导致真空电击穿场强减小,与此同时真空电击穿烧蚀面积增大,烧蚀坑深度逐步加深。     

热等静压扩散连接CuAgZn/GH909接头组织及力学性能

通过热等静压-扩散连接工艺直接连接CuAgZn和GH909,利用扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)观察接头的显微组织和成分,并通过测试显微硬度和剪切强度研究接头的力学性能.结果表明,CuAgZn/GH909结合界面紧密完整,接头密实、均匀,无未连接的缺陷.接头的最大显微硬度为HV 443,高于...     

TC11钛合金粉末涡轮盘热等静压成形数值模拟研究

为了成形复杂结构的涡轮盘零件,采用粉末热等静压工艺(HIP),设计了粉末净成形和粉-固扩散连接成形两种方案,使用MSC.MARC软件,在Shima模型中嵌入TC11钛合金材料参数进行数值模拟研究。模拟结果显示:粉末净成形的模具变形是粉-固扩散连接成形的2倍左右;粉末净成形的粉末体在热等静压后,关键部位出现明显的密度梯度分布,相对密度较低,粉-固扩散连接成形的相对密度分布的均匀性优于粉末净成形,所以粉-固扩散连接成形方案优于粉末净成形方案。试验结果显示:热等静压工艺可以实现闭式涡轮盘的净成形。     

Hot isostatic pressing of plasma sprayed Ni-base alloys

This article reports the effects of hot isostatic pressing (HIPing) on the microstructure and properties of plasma sprayed Ni-based alloy coatings. Hot isostatic pressing was used as a post- spray treatment on plasma sprayed Ni-5Al, Ni-20Al, and NiCrAl coatings. The aim was to densify the coatings and modify physical properties such as strength, amount of porosity, and hardness. The coatings were HIPed at 750 to 950 ‡C at pressures of 50 to 200 MPa and held for 1 h. The treated coatings were examined by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Coating porosity was determined using a combination of an image analyzer and SEM. Near- zero porosity levels could be obtained, and HIP treatment at increasing temperatures and pressures changed the microstructure and increased the microhardness of the coatings. Mechanical testing of the coatings was performed on a Dynamic Mechanical Analyzer (DMA) from ambient to — 1000 ‡C. The results showed that the elastic modulus of HIPed coatings was greater than as-sprayed coatings up to — 750 ‡C. These changes can be related to plastic flow, interlamellar diffusion, and creep that occur at increased temperatures and pressures.     

The effect of hot isostatic pressing on cast aluminum

Aluminum-silicon alloys are the most important commercial aluminum casting alloys, primarily because of their superior casting characteristics. This article discusses the effect of hot isostatic pressing on the mechanical properties of cast aluminum alloy A356. The effect of low-cost Densal hotisostatic pressing is also examined. C.S.C. Lei earned his Ph.D. in mechanical engineering/solid mechanics at Drexel University in 1987. He is currently a visiting scientist at the Naval Air Warfare Center, Aircraft Division. W.E. Frazier earned his Ph.D. in materials engineering at Drexel University in 1987. He is currently the head of metal, ceramics, and nondestructive evaluation at Naval Air Warfare Center, Aircraft Division. Dr. Frazier is also a member of TMS. E.W. Lee earned his Ph.D. in materials engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology in 1982. He is currently propulsion materials team leader at Naval Air Warfare Center, Aircraft Division.     

Effects of solidification structure on fatigue crack initiation and fatigue strength in Al−Si−Mg cast alloys

Rotating-bending uniaxial fatigue tests and micro-fatigue crack initiation tests were carried out using a permanent mold cast (PMC) and semi-solid die cast (SDC) with Al−7%Si−0.35%Mg composition in order to examine the relationship between solidification structures and fatigue behaviors. The crack length was measured using a replication method. Fatigue strength was improved in SDC, which was almost consistent with the predicted fatigue strength using the size of Si particle cluster. Resistance to fatigue crack initiation and fatigue strength were improved in SDC owing to the finer Si cluster and to higher ultimate tensile strength. Fatigue crack in PMC was preferentially initiated at pores. For SDC, the fatigue crack was initiated at the Si particle/matrix interface, and then sucessively grew along eutectic cell boundaries.     

热等静压对钛不锈钢焊接接头组织性能的影响

TA2/316L爆炸焊接试样在压力150 MPa,温度850 ℃条件下热等静压处理2 h,分别对爆炸态和热等静压态焊接接头进行了抗剪强度测试,重点对比研究了热等静压处理对焊接接头组织形貌、化学成分分布及脆性相的影响.热等静压处理后,原爆炸态接头附近的缺陷被治愈,Ti,Cr,Fe,Ni等元素的相互扩散距离明显增加,但接头中生成的脆性相也增加.结果表明,爆炸态的剪切试样断裂于TA2侧,热等静压态断裂于金属间化合物相.     

热等静压处理对Ti6242合金铸件的组织和拉伸性能的影响

研究Ti6242合金铸件及经热等静压后的组织和拉伸性能变化,观察分析了熔炼铸坯和重力铸造铸件热等静压处理前后的组织,并测试了其拉伸性能。结果表明,热等静压消除了铸造时产生的缩松、缩孔等缺陷,增加了材料的抗拉强度。经热等静压处理后Ti6242合金铸件的抗拉强度(sm)为852 MPa,较熔炼铸坯的提升了9.2%,较重力铸造铸件的提升了3.3%。热等静压处理后Ti6242合金铸件的伸长率为6.32%,较熔炼铸坯的提升了13%,而较重力铸造铸件的降低了8.9%。     

热等静压对铁基非晶纳米晶合金软磁性能的影响

在铁基非晶纳米晶合金,普通氮气热处理最佳退火温度的基础上,将热等静压工艺引入到非晶带材磁芯的退火工艺中,探究热等静压工艺对Fe基非晶纳米晶合金软磁性能的影响。用X射线衍射仪、精密磁性元件测试仪和软磁交流设备测量了铁基非晶带材的晶体结构、磁芯的电感L和磁损耗P_s等。结果表明,在频率100 kHz和工作磁感应强度B_m=0.1 T时,普通氮气保护退火样品的矫顽力和磁损耗为2.04 A/m、10.10 W/kg,而热等静压样品则为1.33 A/m、6.58 W/kg,分别降低了53.4%、34.9%;普通氮气保护退火样品的有效磁导率和品质因数为11 579、0.46,而热等静压则为15 980、0.70,分别增加了38.0%、52.2%。     

热等静压工艺对K4125镍基高温合金显微组织的影响

采用3组不同参数的热等静压(HIP)工艺对K4125镍基高温合金进行显微组织演变研究。结果表明,3种热等静压工艺制备的合金中Hf、Mo等在MC碳化物中的分布区域略有不同,Ta、Mo、Co、Cr、Ti及Al等为正偏析元素,W、Ni为负偏析元素,与其他元素相比较,Ni、Co、Cr偏析程度较小,提高热等静压温度及压力,各元素的偏析程度均有所降低,γ/γ′共晶组织含量逐渐减少,同时枝晶干γ′相的尺寸显著降低,但面积分数无明显变化。此外,3种热等静压合金均出现大块状MC碳化物碎化、二次MC碳化物析出及晶界细小碳化物形成等现象,提高热等静压温度及压力后,这种现象加剧,且碳化物中Ta、Ti含量降低,TaC、TiC的分解倾向增加。     

预烧结温度对热等静压法制备Co基金刚石串珠性能的影响

采用合适的工艺流程及参数,将热等静压(Hot Isostatic Pressing,HIP)技术应用于Co基金刚石串珠制备。分析了HIP后胎体性能的变化,并通过扫描电镜(Scanning Electron Microscope,SEM)进行断面微观分析。结果表明:相比较热压烧结,HIP更有助于改善Co基胎体各项性能,对于实验中各组Co基胎体,750℃预烧结胎体的性能提高最多,其中胎体抗弯强度提高了25.2%,胎体对钢基体的夹持力提高了37.9%。显然,HIP可用于Co基金刚石串珠的制备,而预烧结温度对HIP后胎体性能有着重要影响,在合适的预烧结温度下可以获得最佳性能的胎体。     

热等静压温度对FGH95合金组织和持久性能的影响

通过对FGH95合金进行不同温度的热等静压处理、组织形貌观察及持久性能测试,研究热等静压温度对合金组织结构与持久性能的影响。结果表明:在低于γ′相溶解温度进行热等静压时,粗大γ′相沿颗粒边界区域不连续分布;随热等静压温度的升高,合金中一次粗大γ′相的数量、尺寸逐渐减小,经1 140℃固溶处理后,晶粒尺寸无明显变化;合金经1 180℃热等静压及完全热处理后,粗大γ′相完全溶解及γ′相贫化区消失,晶粒尺寸明显长大,γ′相和细小碳化物沿晶界及晶内弥散析出,因而合金具有较好的持久性能;合金在持久性能测试期间的变形机制是位错在基体中滑移及剪切γ′相。     

Influence of hot isostatic pressing on microstructure,properties and deformability of selective laser melting TC4 alloy

The influence of different hot isostatic pressing regimes on microstructure, phase constitution, microhardness, tensile properties and deformability of TC4 alloy fabricated by selective laser melting (SLM) technology was studied. The results show that the microstructure of SLM TC4 alloy is composed of acicular martensite α' phase, and the sample exhibits high microhardness and strength, but low plasticity. After hot isostatic pressing, acicular martensite α' phase transforms into α+β phase, and with the increase of hot isostatic pressing temperature and duration, α phase with coarse lath is gradually refined, and the proportion of α phase is gradually reduced. Because of the change of phase constitution in SLM TC4 alloy after hot isostatic pressing, the grain refinement strengthening is weakened, the density of dislocation is reduced, so that both microhardness and tensile strength are decreased by around 20%, the elongation is increased by more than about 70%, even over 100%, compared with as-deposited TC4 alloy. When the hot isostatic pressing regime is 940℃/3 h/150 MPa, the tensile strength and the elongation achieve optimal match, which are about 890 MPa and around 14.0% in both directions. The fracture mechanism of alloy after 940℃/3 h/150 MPa HIP is dultile fracture. Hot isostatic pressing causes concave deformation of SLM TC4 alloy thin-walled frames, and the deformation degree increases with the increase of temperature.     

2397合金高周疲劳性能及裂纹萌生扩展行为

研究了2397-T87铝锂合金的高周疲劳性能及裂纹萌生扩展行为。结果表明:在应力比R=0.1时,2397-T87铝锂合金L方向、LT方向和ST方向光滑试样(K_t=1.0)的疲劳寿命极限分别约为192,243和151 MPa;缺口试样(K_t=3.0)的疲劳寿命极限分别约为72,78和70 MPa。其疲劳裂纹主要萌生于试样表面,以及氧化物、夹杂等脱落形成的空洞,Al(CuFeMn)第二相杂质粒子。驻留滑移带(PSB)和晶粒取向对其疲劳裂纹早期扩展有重要影响。     

热等静压成形FeCrAl不锈钢的组织及脆性分析

采用Thermo-Calc软件对两种铝含量的FeCrAl不锈钢母合金的近平衡态相构成进行了计算分析,采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、能谱分析等方法对经雾化制粉和热等静压成形(HIP)制备的FeCrAl不锈钢的组织及力学性能进行了观察和研究.结果表明:试验钢基体相为BCC结构的α相,主要析出相MC碳化物的析出峰值温度约为700...     

基于Ti-6Al-4V的热等静压与温压成形数值模拟对比研究

为对比研究钛合金的热等静压和温压成形工艺特点,以典型圆柱件成形为例,采用MSC.MARC软件,选取了Shima模型嵌入Ti-6Al-4V材料模型进行数值模拟.通过分析两种工艺过程中粉末体的流动情况和致密度分布,得出粉末体的热等静压是一个先向外膨胀再向中心收缩,最终达到全致密的过程,致密度分布均匀;而温压成形是沿着冲头方向直接进行收缩,致密度不高并存在明显的梯度现象.通过两种成形特点的对比,能分别预测成形方法的变形以及指导两种成形方法的选取.     

Effect of hot isostatic pressing nitrogen on the microstructure and properties of a Ti（C, N）-based cermet

The high-temperature, high-pressure hot isostatic pressing technology was used for depositing hard coatings on Ti（C, N）-based cermets. The rnicrostructure and properties of the sample were investigated using optical microscopy, scan- ning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, electron probe microanalysis, and microhardness tester. The results showed that the rich titanium and nitrogen in surface zone were induced by the heat treatment. The high nitrogen activity of the surface region was the driving force for outward transport of titanium and inward transport of tungsten in the cobalt binder. The toughness and hardness were improved and a hardness gradient was formed. It is the high-temperature, high-pressure N2 that enables closure of holes, thereby alleviating defects and prolonging tool life.     

热等静压处理对K439B高温合金显微组织的影响

对K439B合金进行了1165 ℃/150 MPa,4 h热等静压处理,采用光学显微镜和扫描电镜对比研究了铸态和热等静压态K439B合金的显微组织。结果表明:铸态K439B合金存在0.25%的显微疏松,热等静压后显微疏松基本消除(0.013%)。与铸态相比,经过热等静压处理后合金中的γ/γ′共晶组织体积分数和尺寸减小,各元素分布更加均匀,凝固偏析系数均更接近1。铸态K439B合金枝晶干处γ′相尺寸和体积分数分别是116.9 nm和17.8%,枝晶间部位γ′相尺寸和体积分数分别为244.4 nm和24.9%。热等静压后合金枝晶干部位的γ′相尺寸及体积分数分别为148.0 nm和17.5%,枝晶间部位γ′相尺寸和体积分数分别为159.1 nm和22.8%。热等静压处理使合金枝晶干、枝晶间部位的γ′相尺寸、体积分数和形貌接近,同时γ′相分布变得均匀。