烤烟不同基因型钾营养特性研究

为深入了解烤烟钾营养特性,选择烟叶钾含量具有差异的品种,在正常供钾和无外源钾条件下,研究了烤烟不同基因型对矿物钾活化、吸收、转运和积累的特性。结果表明:在供钾充足条件下,高钾基因型烤烟干物质积累、各部位钾含量和体外钾吸收效率显著高于低钾基因型,根系吸收钾素能力、向叶片中转运钾素能力较强。在无外源钾条件下,高钾基因型烤烟烟叶钾含量和整株钾积累量显著低于低钾基因型,耐低钾能力和根系吸钾能力显著低于低钾基因型。高钾基因型烤烟在缺钾时,会通过增大根系量,提高根冠比,增强对生长介质中矿物钾的活化来提高烟株根际钾含量,但是由于根系吸钾能力较弱,对活化出的钾素未能充分利用。高钾基因型具有对钾素敏感,吸收、转运和积累钾素能力强,钾响应度高,但是不耐低钾的特点,这对于高钾烤烟品种选育和营养施肥具有指导意义。      

打顶后施用NAA对烤烟钾素积累及分配的影响

采用盆栽试验,通过插药签方法研究了萘乙酸(NAA)对烤烟钾素积累及分配的影响。结果表明,烤烟打顶后A(0.22%NAA)及B(0.22%NAA 增效剂)药签处理的烟株整株钾素积累量分别比对照(CK)每株平均增多1.06g和1.42g,上部烟叶钾含量分别提高0.39和0.06个百分点,中部烟叶钾含量分别提高0.32和1.17个百分点;A、B药签处理的烟株烟叶中钾素积累量每株比CK平均增多0.49g和0.98g,钾素在烟叶中分配比例分别比CK提高0.25和4.57个百分点。施用NAA不仅提高了烟株的钾素积累量,而且改变了钾素在烟株不同器官中的分配,提高了钾素在烟叶中的分配比例,同时提高了烟叶钾含量。     

不同品种烤烟中后期钾素吸收和积累特征差异

为了探明不同烤烟品种生育中后期叶片中钾素的吸收和积累动态特征,2015年在四川省西昌市采用大田试验,以9个烤烟品种为研究对象,研究了其钾素积累动态。结果表明,移栽后烟叶钾素含量和累积量随时间的变化总体呈先下降再上升,最后又下降的"驼峰"型曲线变化趋势;烤烟品种间、烟叶部位间钾含量和累积量存在显著差异,品种×部位交互作用效果显著。下部叶存在1个钾积累峰,中、上部烟叶有2个积累峰。在施用钾肥时,应考虑品种、叶位差异以及他们之间的交互作用。     

不同施肥模式对褐土和烤烟钙镁营养及烟叶品质的影响

通过试验发现，在褐土上增施微肥使全株钙和镁积累量增加，其中烟茎和烟叶的钙、镁积累量增加，而根系的钙、镁积累量降低。施用腐熟饼肥使烟株根、茎和叶的钙、镁积累量增加。提高氮肥中硝态氮比例(1：1)可在一定程度上促进烟株对钙镁的积累。与不施肥相比，施肥对根系的Ca／Mg变化动态影响最大。施用饼肥对烟叶的Ca／Mg变化动态影响最大。饼肥可提高初烤烟叶的香气量和香气质，改善余味，减轻杂气；微量元素肥料可提高初烤烟叶的香气量。     

不同施肥模式对褐土和烤烟钙镁营养及烟叶品质的影响

通过试验发现,在褐土上增施微肥使全株钙和镁积累量增加,其中烟茎和烟叶的钙、镁积累量增加,而根系的钙、镁积累量降低.施用腐熟饼肥使烟株根、茎和叶的钙、镁积累量增加.提高氮肥中硝态氮比例(11)可在一定程度上促进烟株对钙镁的积累.与不施肥相比,施肥对根系的Ca/Mg变化动态影响最大.施用饼肥对烟叶的Ca/Mg变化动态影响最大.饼肥可提高初烤烟叶的香气量和香气质,改善余味,减轻杂气;微量元素肥料可提高初烤烟叶的香气量.     

钾肥施用量对不同烤烟品种钾素吸收和积累的影响

为解决豫中烟区"黄金叶"品牌基地单元烤烟钾含量较低的问题,以当地主栽烤烟品种中烟100、K326和豫烟12号为材料,研究了3个烤烟品种在不同钾肥用量水平下的钾素吸收积累动态变化。结果表明:3个烤烟品种的干物质积累量随着钾肥用量的增加表现出增加趋势。品种和钾肥用量两因素均对烤烟钾素吸收和积累有显著影响,3个烤烟品种在不同钾肥用量水平下,随移栽期的推进烟株对钾的吸收积累整体呈现"慢—快—慢"的变化规律,根系钾含量逐渐降低,茎和叶钾含量表现出先增加后降低的趋势。施钾量210 kg/hm~2时有利于提高3个烤烟品种成熟期烟叶钾含量以及钾的积累量。     

烟草不同基因型叶片钾积累特性及变异分析

利用5个烟草基因型对烟叶钾积累和干物质积累特性及其变异进行研究,结果表明,烟草叶片的相对钾含量随生育期推延逐步降低,生育后期有两个明显的下降高峰。移栽后75 d至烟叶采收结束单株烟叶的相对钾含量平均下降率为41.83%,此期的干物质积累率平均为21.91%,干物质积累的"稀释效应"不能完全解释烟叶钾含量下降的原因。叶片钾积累特性分析表明,烟叶钾积累达到一定量后积累总量下降,5个基因型单株叶片钾积累量的下降比率在20.06%~42.24%之间,基因型间存在着显著的差异。烟叶的钾积累量却是达到最高点后开始下降,总量减少,积累率为负值,在烟叶成熟期烟叶钾积累总量平均减少了27.45%,是烟草生育后期烟叶相对钾含量下降的重要原因之一。钾积累达到最大值的时间后移是烟草钾高效积累的一个特点。5个烟草基因型的溶液培养试验表明,烟株地上部绝对钾含量与根系总吸收面积和根系活跃吸收面积具有显著的相关性(r=0.8413*、r=0.7871*)。地上部钾含量与根系总吸收面积相关显著(r=0.7555*),但与根系活跃吸收面积相关性不大(r=0.4389)。提高烟叶钾积累量应特别重视培育一个强大的根系。采用12个烤烟基因型进行分析发现,在株高、单株叶数、茎围3个与钾含量有显著相关的因素中,单株叶数和茎围对提高烟叶的钾含量有较大的直接效应。      

河南烟区烤烟叶片含钾量低的原因初探

温室盆栽和大田试验结果揭示．烟叶评吸质量与烟叶含钾量呈正相关。尽管河南植烟土壤含钾量高于南方红壤，但其所产烟叶含钾量却远低于红壤。造成这种现象的主要原因包括土壤水分不足钾素迁移速度低，补充速度赶不上吸收速度的需要；土壤固相对钾的固定，河南烟区上镶中过量的钙对钾吸收的拮抗等。盆栽试验表明烤烟缺钾临界值为烤烟收获后土壤速效钾含量小于150mg／kg。通过调节土壤水分状况，选用吸钾能力高的烤烟品种和调节烤烟的生理活性可以有效地提高烟叶含钾量。     

生物有机肥对烤烟氮磷钾积累、吸收和含量的影响

田间试验研究了生物有机肥对烤烟体内氮、磷、钾积累、吸收和含量的影响.结果表明,烤烟施用生物有机肥提高了烟株体内氮、磷、钾的积累;烤烟对氮素的积累为T3＞T2＞T1＞CK,单株分别积累氮素5.29、4.84、4.20、3.55g;对钾素的积累为T2＞T1＞T3＞CK,分别积累钾素4.92,4.59、4.58、3.92g.施用生物有机肥对烤烟氮素吸收速率的影响是50d前较对照明显升高;对磷素为50 d前施用50%生物有机肥的处理较对照增加,而75%生物有机肥的处理则较对照低;对钾的吸收速率团棵后逐渐增加,50d时达到高峰.施用生物有机肥增加了旺长期烟株体内氮、磷、钾的含量,促进了烟株生长,提高了烤后烟叶含钾量.     

生物钾肥对烤烟含钾量和经济性状的影响

试验研究了生物钾肥对烤烟含钾量和经济性状的影响.结果表明,与对照相比,施用生物钾肥能够显著提高烤烟中、上部叶,上、中、下茎部和叶脉中的含钾量;增大上、中、下部茎以及叶脉、叶片之间的钾浓度梯度,使烤烟钾素的分布更集中于烟株的地上部,为提高中、上部烟叶的含钾量提供钾源,增加钾素的积累.同时提高产量、单叶重、上等烟比例和均价,显著提高产值.     

不同供磷能力的土壤施磷对烤烟根体积、根冠比以及根系伤流组分的影响

以烤烟为供试作物,研究了不同磷水平对烤烟的根体积、根冠比以及伤流强度,伤流液中可溶性糖、磷、钾、钙、锌、镁含量的影响。结果表明,随施磷量的增加,低磷土壤,根体积、伤流强度增大,根冠比呈下降趋势,伤流液中可溶性糖含量先增加,后又稍有下降;中磷土壤,根体积变化趋势是先升高后又降低,根冠比下降,伤流强度增大,可溶性糖含量先增加后又快速下降。低磷土壤施磷能促进烟株对矿质营养的吸收,中磷土壤则表现各异。相关分析表明,低磷土壤烟株伤流液中P和Zn,K和Mg存在显著正相关;中磷土壤伤流液中Mg和伤流强度,Ca和Mg、P、伤流强度存在显著正相关,Zn和伤流强度,Zn和Mg存在显著性负相关。      

低钾胁迫下不同钙浓度对烟草钾吸收的影响

为探讨低钾胁迫下钙对烟株生长发育及钾素吸收的影响及其机制,通过室内水培法,以烟草品种K326为试验材料,设置2个钾水平和6个钙浓度,分别测定烟株生理特征、根系钙离子含量和ATPase活性及烟株各部位钾含量。结果表明,不同钾水平对烟株生长发育及钾吸收影响显著,低钾水平下的烟株地上部及根系物质量、烟株生理指标及各部位钾含量均低于常钾水平,低钾胁迫下烟株地上部及根系钾含量分别降低了71.80%~25.63%和88.68%~45.47%。同一钾水平下,随着钙浓度的升高,烟株各部位物质量、烟株生理指标、烟株各部位钾含量呈现先升高后降低的趋势。低钾胁迫下,烟株各部位物质量、叶片和根系可溶性蛋白含量、叶片POD和CAT酶活性及烟株各部位钾含量以钙浓度为5 mmol/L时表现最佳,其中根系钾含量达到7.323 mg/g。低钾胁迫显著影响烟株生长发育及钾吸收,外界适当的Ca²⁺浓度可以促进烟株K⁺吸收,但过高的Ca²⁺浓度则会对烟株K⁺吸收产生抑制,水培条件下钙浓度为5 mmol/L时最利于烟株生长发育及钾吸收。     

奶粉中钠、钾、镁、钙的"动态透析"离子色谱法测定研究

目的:探索出较为简便易行的奶粉中钠、钾、镁、钙同时测定的方法。方法:使用透析袋将溶解后的奶粉透析后取出分别过C18柱分离后使用20mol/L甲烷磺酸作为淋洗液,用离子色谱法同时分离和测定奶粉中钠、钾、镁、钙这四种物质。结果:选择转速为200r/min室温下动态透析平衡时间只要2h左右,四物质离子色谱峰形较好,其他离子对它的干扰较小,RSD%均小于5%,回收率在95%～105%之间。结论:奶粉中钠、钾、镁、钙的"动态透析"离子色谱法测定是一种较为实用的测定方法。     

Effect of Total and Partial Substitution of Sodium Chloride on the Quality of Cheddar Cheese

Cheddar cheese was manufactured to give 1.6% residual sodium chloride or equivalent amounts (ionic strength basis) of magnesium chloride, calcium chloride, potassium chloride, or 1:1 mixtures of sodium chloride and the chloride salt of magnesium, calcium, or potassium from two split batches of curd. Sensory evaluation after 4 mo ripening at 4°C showed that cheese salted solely with magnesium chloride, calcium chloride, or potassium chloride was extremely bitter and totally unacceptable. There was extensive lipolysis (as measured by free fatty acid development) in the cheese salted with magnesium chloride, calcium chloride, or potassium chloride. Proteolysis was highest in the cheese salted with calcium chloride and magnesium chloride. These cheese gave the lowest Instron values for firmness, hardness, and cuttability. Extensive proteolysis in these cheese may be partly due to the low salt in moisture. Taste panel scores for flavor and texture of the sodium chloride/calcium chloride and sodium chloride/magnesium chloride salted cheese were significantly lower than the scores for the control cheese. Scores for flavor and texture of the potassium chloride/sodium chloride salted cheese were not significantly different from scores of the control cheese.     

Differences in the mineral composition of sound and disordered apple fruits and of sound and pitted tissue

Separation and analyses of sound Cox's Orange Pippin apples and those with disorders, after storage for 18 weeks at 3.3°C, revealed that sound apples had the lowest, apples rotted by Gloeosporium spp slightly higher, apples with bitter pit higher, and apples affected by breakdown even higher proportions of calcium in the residue after extraction with distilled water, although total concentrations of calcium in these samples were in the reverse order. Lower proportions of calcium, magnesium and potassium were extracted by 75% ethanol from fruit with breakdown than from sound apples, and similarly lower proportions of magnesium, and magnesium and potassium were extracted by water from apples with bitter pit and breakdown, respectively. Proportions of phosphorus extracted by either solvent were not obviously related to disorders. The high concentration of magnesium in pitted tissue, in relation to that in adjacent sound tissue, was evenly divided between the fractions soluble and insoluble in water, but that of calcium was mainly in the insoluble fraction.     

干法灰化-离子色谱法测定烟草中的钾、钙和镁

建立了测定烟草中钾、钙和镁的干法灰化-离子色谱方法。结果表明:①钾、钙和镁3种元素可以实现一次进样,同时测定;②相对平均标准偏差RSD<5%;③加标回收率分别为98.0%~105.0%,98.6%～102.3%,97.0%～104.9%;④检出限分别为0.06,0.03,0.05μg/mL。     

Effect of maturity stages on the content of ash components in raw,frozen and canned broad beans

The aim of the present work was to determine the level of ash, potassium, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, manganese, and copper in fresh and preserved broad bean seeds at the stage of milk-wax maturity. The experiments included two broad bean cultivars, four stages of seed maturity being differentiated in each. With the higher maturity stages, the contents of ash, potassium, phosphorus, calcium, and magnesium gradually increased in fresh matter of the two cultivars. The contents of zinc and copper showed a slight decreasing tendency, while the levels of iron and manganese varied. Frozen and canned broad bean seeds of milk-wax maturity, prepared for consumption, were a valuable source of mineral compounds. The more mature the seeds, the greater were the contents of potassium, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, and manganese, and smaller less so for copper, while the levels of iron and zinc varied. Boiled frozen seeds contained more potassium, phosphorus, magnesium, zinc, manganese, and copper than canned products, no differences being found in the contents of calcium and iron. The dehulled seeds contained more phosphorus but less calcium than the intact ones.     

富钾烤烟品种成熟期根系分泌物和根际细菌多样性特征分析

  目的  研究不同钾吸收利用效率烤烟品种成熟期根系分泌物和根际细菌多样性差异,有助于了解烟草富钾品种成熟期高效吸收利用钾素的机理。  方法  选用富钾烤烟品种ND202和常规品种K326、NC89进行盆栽试验,分析了不同烤烟品种成熟期根际主要养分含量、根系分泌物和根际细菌多样性的差异。  结果  成熟期NC89和ND202根际土中的碱解氮和有效磷含量极显著低于K326,速效钾含量3个品种间差异极显著,且为ND202最低。成熟期ND202非根际土的碱解氮极显著高于K326和NC89,有效磷和速效钾含量3个品种间差异极显著且均为ND202最高。3个品种成熟期根系分泌物主要成分含量有差异,ND202根系分泌物有机酸含量占其已检测出根系分泌物总量的81.80%,比NC89高12.86%,比K326高15.98%。3个烤烟品种成熟期根际和非根际土壤主要细菌在门水平和属分类水平上相对丰度有较大差异。根际土壤中链霉菌属、气微菌属和Iamia属的相对丰度表现为ND202 > K326 > NC89,而芽孢杆菌属、硝化螺菌属、乳酸乳球属、Steroidobacter属、Flavisolibacter属和野村菌属的相对丰度则表现为ND202 < K326 < NC89。  结论  成熟期富钾品种ND202具有根际土壤速效钾含量较低而非根际速效钾含量较高、根系分泌物有机酸含量高的特点。成熟期不同钾吸收利用效率烤烟品种的根际土壤与非根际土壤细菌多样性有显著差异。      

低钾胁迫下钙调素拮抗剂对烟草幼苗钾积累的影响

为探讨低钾胁迫下钙调素（CaM）拮抗剂对植株幼苗钾积累的影响及其生理机制,采用室内水培法,以烟草品种K326为试验材料,设置2个钾水平和2种钙调素拮抗剂（氯丙嗪和三氟拉嗪）处理,分别测定叶片钙离子及钙调素含量、植株各部位钾含量、根系钾离子吸收相关基因的相对表达量、植株生理特征。结果表明,与常钾水平相比,低钾胁迫下植株各部位钾含量、叶片抗氧化酶活性、叶绿素含量及光合特性指标（除水汽压饱和亏外）明显降低。其中,植株地上部及根系钾含量分别显著降低了23.80%和55.50%,根系中NKT2、NtKC1和NtHAK1基因的相对表达量分别增加了4.05、2.98和12.74倍。2个钾水平下,施加钙调素拮抗剂后,植株各部位钾含量、抗氧化酶活性、叶绿素含量及光合特性6项指标（除水汽压饱和亏外）明显降低。低钾胁迫下,与未添加钙调素拮抗剂相比,钙调素拮抗剂处理的叶片钙调素含量、植株各部位钾含量、根系钾吸收相关基因表达量、叶绿素总含量及光合特性6项指标（除水汽压饱和亏外）显著降低,其中植株地上部及根系钾含量平均降低了23.69%和60.00%,根系中NKT2、NtKC1和NtHAK1基因的相对表达量平均降低了82.84%、94.18%和52.44%。低钾胁迫下添加钙调素拮抗剂会抑制钙调素含量,阻碍Ca²⁺-CaM复合体的形成,影响信号传导,导致叶片抗氧化酶活性及光合作用降低,根系中K⁺吸收相关基因的表达量减少,抑制植株K⁺吸收和积累。     

Movement and absorption of major minerals and water in ovine gastrointestinal tract

Movement of calcium, chloride, magnesium, potassium, sodium, and water in the intestine of sheep was determined with cerium-141 as an unabsorbed reference substance. Net secretion of phosphorus and sodium, but not of potassium and calcium, was observed to the rumen. Water disappeared from the omasum and was secreted in the abomasum. Chloride secretion occurred in the omasum and more in the abomasum. Extensive secretion in the duodenum increased flows of sodium and potassium 8 to 9 times; of calcium, chloride, and phosphorus 3 to 6 times; of magnesium 1.3 times; and of water 12 times. Reabsorption was rapid in the small intestine, the major site of disappearance of all ions. Rates of disappearance decreased with increasing distance from the pylorus. Little further net disappearance of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, or potassium was found in the large intestine, whereas water, sodium, and chloride disappearance continued. Overall absorption of sodium, potassium, and chloride was approximately 90%, of phosphorus 63%, of calcium 38%, and of magnesium 71%. This study highlights the importance of endogenous secretions in mineral absorption in the sheep.