An economic analysis of industrial revenue bonds and the demand for labor

In this paper the standard theory of the derived demand for inputs for the firm has been used to examine the effect on employment of a subsidy to the capital input via an industrial revenue bond. While the effect theoretically is ambiguous in sign, an empirical examination of the industrial revenue bond program in Chicago suggests that, ceteris paribus, employment does increase in firms selected for the program. The estimates of the arc crosselasticity of demand for labor for the groups of firms that participated in the Chicago program range from –.27 to –1.07. Systematic variations in the cross elasticity of demand for labor are found.     

A dynamical model of labor-market change in international labor migrations when demand for labor is exogenous

"Relatively little is known about the long-run behavior of international labor migrations. One of the biggest concerns in immigration debates relates to the continued pressure on the borders of the wealthy countries. This immigration pressure will decline significantly only if the poor nations manage to provide more high-wage jobs. An earlier model of international labor migration is used to derive additional insights into the growth and decline of labor supply in different labor markets resulting from migration. Particular attention is paid to labor demand growth requirements in a sending country so that out-migration will slow down and eventually stop."     

A labor market based theory of regional economic development

The Borts and Stein (1964) theory of regional economic growth and development has been widely accepted and discussed in regional economic development literature. Given their assumption that labor demand conditions are invariant between regions and that the labor demand is highly wage elastic, they conclude that regional growth is primarily supply driven and differences in growth among regions arise due to differences in the growth of labor supply assuming that wage elasticity of labor supply is the same across regions. Muth (1968, 1971) claims to have verified the Borts and Steins (BS) conclusion. We propose a regional labor market based model of economic development similar to BS with certain modifications in assumptions and show that the Borts-Stein-Muth (BSM) conclusion is based upon a narrow view of labor demand and supply elasticities. Our theory demonstrates that regional development is mainly labor demand driven once we adopt a broader view of elasticities. The broader view incorporates the direct effect of wages on labor supply and labor demand as well as the indirect effects of wages through changes in inmigration and firms' formations in a region. Received: March 1998/Accepted: August 1998     

A multinomial analysis of water demand

Observations of water demand in flats are analysed in terms of the combination of outlets simultaneously in use in each flat. The multinomial distribution is then used to predict peak flow rates in each supply system (hot, cold and drinking water) for different sized groups of flats and the total water demand of the flats is similarly predicted. The advantages of this approach to analysis and flow prediction are discussed in the text and possible other areas of application are indicated.     

A dissection of the growth of regional disparities in Chinese labor productivity between 1997 and 2002

This paper quantifies the effects of some proximate causes for the regional productivity disparities of China in 1997 and their growth in the five years thereafter. A novel shift-share approach based on input–output data is used to divide the regional differences, so that explicit attention is paid to the regional consequences of China’s specific role in global production networks (with a focus on sectoral value added coefficients). In the process, a new method is proposed to deflate the data in constant prices. The results show that regions with high labor productivity levels in 1997 generally experienced increases of the employment shares in sectors with high productivity levels.     

A regional analysis of federal reserve districts

The U.S. Federal Reserve System (Fed) has a unique regional structure, one with a large amount of autonomy and authority for its twelve regional district banks. In this paper we briefly review the history behind establishment of this structure in 1913, and address the question, “Does this unchanged regional structure of the Fed make sense today?” Three criteria are used to assess the appropriateness of the regional structure: 1) proportionality of representation in monetary policy decisions, 2) the functional economic nature of Fed district boundaries, and 3) the quality of regional economic reporting by regional district banks. After finding substantial shortcomings in all areas, we propose a more modern set of district boundaries, which improves proportionality of representation, recaptures the functional economic character of Fed districts, while maintaining the possibility of meaningful district-wide regional economic reporting and analysis. Received: March 2001/Accepted: August 2001     

A regional analysis of inflation dynamics in Turkey

A hybrid new Keynesian Phillips curve is estimated with spatial interaction effects among the dependent and the independent variables using data of 67 provinces across Turkey over the period 1987–2001. In contrast to previous studies, backward-looking behavior appears to be more or equally important than forward looking behavior. Furthermore, when the impact of this behavior is split up into a direct effect on the own province and an indirect effect on neighboring provinces, which due to employing a spatial econometric approach is possible, we find significant evidence in favor of convergence. This is an important finding since it corroborates a process of regional integration of inflation rates across Turkey, which is a precondition in the accession process of Turkey to the European Union.     

Homelessness and the intermediate accommodation sector: A demand and supply analysis

This paper reports on a survey of applications for shelter made to local authority, probation and voluntary sector agencies — the intermediate sector — by homeless individuals in Nottingham, England. It analyses the characteristics of demand for accommodation and models the supply response on the part of accommodating agencies. The problems of the generalised excess demand identified are shown to be irresolvable within the capacities of the intermediate sector itself.     

多项目人工成本控制策略研究

项目是受成本约束的一次性活功,成本管理是项目管理的核心内容之一,人工成本是项目成本的重要组成部分。在多项目环境中,由于项目之间存在相互依赖关系或人力资源竞争关系,人工成本管理变得更为复杂。介绍了多项目人工成本管理的四个原则,并提出了控制人工成本的七项措施。     

A labor market forecast for nuclear-related technicians

During 1975, data was collected on the current and projected future levels of employment and training for nuclear-related technicians in the twelve western states. Survey questionnaires were mailed to over 2600 organizations; 79 percent of these responded to the data request. Inquiries to a 20 percent sample of the non-respondents indicates the survey accounts for approximately 95 percent of the total nuclear-related technician employment in the western states.As of January 1975, over 16, 800 nuclear-related technicians were employed in the western states. By late 1977, the total employment is projected to reach 22,300, a growth rate of ten percent per year over the next three years. Total additional demand (new positions plus replacement for attrition) is projected at 15 to 20 percentper year. Manpower shortages are projected for several types of research and production nuclear-related technicians. Excesses of manpower are projected for several types of nuclear medical and health-related technicians.This survey and analysis was made possible through research funds and facilities of the United States Energy Research and Development Administration.     

太行山前平原农业活动对地下水影响评价

太行山前平原农业用水是地下水消耗的主体,研究农业活动对区域地下水的影响对促进地下水安全和粮食安全具有重要意义。本文在分析太行山前平原用水特征的基础上,确定有效灌溉面积,满足作物需水的有效降水量,以及主要耗水型作物小麦、玉米和蔬菜种植面积作为反映农业活动对地下水影响的指标要素,运用投影寻踪评价模型和MapGIS技术进行影响程度的评价并进行等级划分,最终根据农业活动对地下水影响程度将太行山前平原分为影响制约区、影响较大区、影响一般区和影响较小区四种类型区。     

A regionally-applicable model for the study of the growth of organized labor

The research in this paper contains the design and application of a model to study the regional growth of union membership. It provides techniques to analyze both aggregate regional union membership and the ratio of aggregate regional union membership to aggregate regional employment.Union membership and its ratio to employment are influenced by employment effects (essentially a product market influence) and non-employment effects (factor market influences: government legislation, social opinion, technology, and union organizational efforts). The Product Market Effect and Factor Market Effect are isolated and measurable within the context of the model. In addition to having the advantage of separating employment from all other influences, the model deals with individual industries in a regional setting. Hence, its application is facilitated because agencies in many states collect and publish data on industrial employment and the industrial composition of union membership.In order to demonstrate the model's applicability, it has been applied to Santa Clara County. Union membership in the County rose from 56,300 in 1955 to 104,800 in 1968. Simultaneously, the ratio of union membership to employment declined from.497 in 1955 to.294 in 1968. The regional rise in total union membership between 1955 and 1968 was a composite of regional employment expansion and reductions in some of the regional industry's ratios of union membership to employment. The decline of the ratio of total union membership to total employment in Santa Clara County can be attributed to employment expansion in weakly organized industries (i. e., those with low ratios of union membership to employment) and the declining ratios of union membership to employment within the regional industries.